version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.11.51"
@node Keyboard instruments
@section Keyboard instruments
+@lilypondfile[quote]{keyboard-headword.ly}
+
+This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique
+to keyboard instruments.
+
@menu
* Common notation for keyboards::
* Piano::
@node Common notation for keyboards
@subsection Common notation for keyboards
+This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most keyboard
+instruments.
+
@menu
* References for keyboards::
-* The piano staff::
* Changing staff manually::
* Changing staff automatically::
* Staff-change lines::
@end menu
@node References for keyboards
-@subsubsection References for keyboards
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for keyboards
+
+@cindex piano staves
+@cindex staves, piano
+@cindex staves, keyboard instruments
+@cindex staves, keyed instruments
+@cindex keyboard instrument staves
+@cindex keyed instrument staves
+@funindex PianoStaff
+
+Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
+are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
+notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
+Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
+@code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
+
+The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
+sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This
+section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard
+music.
+
+Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
+number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
+@ref{Collision resolution}.
+
+@item Keyboard music can be written in parallel, as described in
+@ref{Writing music in parallel}.
+
+@item Fingerings are indicated with @ref{Fingering instructions}.
+
+@item Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see
+@ref{List of articulations}.
+
+@item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
-@c TODO add refs
-TBC
+@item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties
+as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in
+@ref{Ties}.
-@node The piano staff
-@subsubsection The piano staff
+@item Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is
+covered in @ref{Arpeggio}.
-Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves.
-These are two normal staves coupled with a brace. The staves
-are largely independent, but sometimes voices can cross between the
-two staves. The same notation is also used for harps and other key
-instruments. The @internalsref{PianoStaff} is especially built to
-handle this cross-staffing behavior. In this section we discuss the
-@internalsref{PianoStaff} and some other pianistic peculiarities.
+@item Tremolo marks are described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
+@item Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are
+demonstrated in @rlearning{Real music example}.
+
+@item Hidden notes can be used to produce ties that cross voices,
+as shown in @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{Real music example},
+@rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Grouping staves},
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Collision resolution},
+@ref{Writing music in parallel},
+@ref{Fingering instructions},
+@ref{List of articulations},
+@ref{Grid lines},
+@ref{Ties},
+@ref{Arpeggio},
+@ref{Tremolo repeats}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{PianoStaff}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
@knownissues
-Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist. See the
-@q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
+@cindex keyboard music, centering dynamics
+@cindex dynamics, centered in keyboard music
+@cindex piano music, centering dynamics
+@cindex centered dynamics in piano music
+@funindex staff-padding
-@cindex cross staff stem
-@cindex stem, cross staff
-@cindex distance between staves in piano music
+Dynamics are not automatically centered, but workarounds do exist. One
+option is the @q{piano centered dynamics} template under
+@rlearning{Piano templates}; another option is to increase the
+@code{staff-padding} of dynamics as discussed in @rlearning{Moving
+objects}.
@node Changing staff manually
-@subsubsection Changing staff manually
-
-@cindex manual staff switches
-@cindex staff switch, manual
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff manually
+
+@cindex changing staff manually
+@cindex manual staff changes
+@cindex staff changes, manual
+@cindex cross-staff notes
+@cindex notes, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff beams
+@cindex beams, cross-staff
+@funindex \change
+@funindex change
Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
+
@example
-\change Staff = @var{staffname} @var{music}
+\change Staff = @var{staffname}
@end example
@noindent
-The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches the
-current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
-@var{staffname}. Typically @var{staffname} is @code{"up"} or
-@code{"down"}. The @code{Staff} referred to must already exist, so
-usually the setup for a score will start with a setup of the staves,
+The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches
+the current voice from its current staff to the staff called
+@var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are
+@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
-@example
-<<
- \new Staff = "up" @{
- \skip 1 * 10 % @emph{keep staff alive}
- @}
- \new Staff = "down" @{
- \skip 1 * 10 % @emph{idem}
- @}
+Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new PianoStaff <<
+ \new Staff = "up" {
+ <e' c'>8
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ g8 fis g
+ \change Staff = "up"
+ <g'' c''>8
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ e8 dis e
+ \change Staff = "up"
+ }
+ \new Staff = "down" {
+ \clef bass
+ % keep staff alive
+ s1
+ }
>>
-@end example
+@end lilypond
+If the beaming needs to be tweaked, make any changes to the stem
+directions first. The beam positions are then measured from the
+center of the staff that is closest to the beam. For a simple
+example of beam tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping
+notation}.
-and the @code{Voice} is inserted afterwards
+@seealso
-@example
-\context Staff = down
- \new Voice @{ @dots{} \change Staff = up @dots{} @}
-@end example
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Stems},
+@ref{Automatic beams}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Beam},
+@rinternals{ContextChange}.
@node Changing staff automatically
-@subsubsection Changing staff automatically
-@cindex Automatic staff changes
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff automatically
-Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the bottom
-staff. The syntax for this is
+@cindex changing staff automatically
+@cindex automatic staff changes
+@cindex staff changes, automatic
+@funindex \autochange
+@funindex autochange
+@funindex PianoStaff
+
+Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the
+bottom staff. The syntax for this is
-@quotation
@example
\autochange @dots{}@var{music}@dots{}
@end example
-@end quotation
@noindent
-This will create two staves inside the current PianoStaff, called
-@code{up} and @code{down}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by
-default.
-
-A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange} has
-no effect on the pitches of @var{music}, so, if necessary, put
-@code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange} like
+This will create two staves inside the current staff group
+(usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and
+@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
+The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle@tie{}C is the
+turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
+in advance.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\new PianoStaff {
+ \autochange {
+ g4 a b c'
+ d'4 r a g
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
-@quotation
-@example
-\autochange \relative @dots{} @dots{}
-@end example
-@end quotation
+@cindex relative music and autochange
+@cindex autochange and relative music
+@funindex \relative
+@funindex relative
+A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange}
+has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
+@code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange}.
-The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the turning
-point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch in
-advance. Here is a practical example
+If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they
+can be created manually with the names @code{"up"} and
+@code{"down"}. The @code{\autochange} command will then switch
+its voice between the existing staves. For example, this is
+necessary to place a key signature in the lower staff:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new PianoStaff
- \autochange \relative c'
- {
- g4 a b c d r4 a g
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\new PianoStaff <<
+ \new Staff = "up" {
+ \new Voice = "melOne" {
+ \key g \major
+ \autochange \relative c' {
+ g8 b a c b d c e
+ d8 r fis, g a2
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ \new Staff = "down" {
+ \key g \major
+ \clef bass
}
+>>
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
-@c Notation Reference: @ref{Manual staff switches}.
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{AutoChangeMusic}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Changing staff manually}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{AutoChangeMusic}.
@knownissues
+@cindex chords, splitting across staves with \autochange
+
The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
-
-@code{\autochange} cannot be inside @code{\times}.
+Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a
+staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.
@node Staff-change lines
-@subsubsection Staff-change lines
-
-
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff-change lines
+
+@cindex staff-change line
+@cindex staff change line
+@cindex cross-staff line
+@cindex cross staff line
+@cindex line, staff-change follower
+@cindex line, cross-staff
+@cindex line, staff-change
@cindex follow voice
@cindex staff switching
-@cindex cross staff
-
+@cindex cross-staff
@funindex followVoice
+@funindex \showStaffSwitch
+@funindex showStaffSwitch
+@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
+@funindex hideStaffSwitch
-Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the notes
-can be printed automatically. This is switched on by setting
-@code{followVoice} to true
+Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the
+notes can be printed automatically:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff="one" {
- \set followVoice = ##t
+ \new Staff = "one" {
+ \showStaffSwitch
c1
- \change Staff=two
+ \change Staff = "two"
b2 a
}
- \new Staff="two" { \clef bass \skip 1*2 }
+ \new Staff = "two" {
+ \clef bass
+ s1*2
+ }
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
+@predefined
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoiceFollower}.
+@code{\showStaffSwitch}, @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
-@predefined
+@seealso
-@funindex \showStaffSwitch
-@code{\showStaffSwitch},
-@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
-@code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-@node Cross-staff stems
-@subsubsection Cross-staff stems
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Note_head_line_engraver},
+@rinternals{VoiceFollower}.
-Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
-of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
-staff, or vice versa.
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
-stemExtend = {
- \once \override Stem #'length = #10
- \once \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
-}
-noFlag = \once \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
+@node Cross-staff stems
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Cross-staff stems
+
+@cindex cross-staff notes
+@cindex cross staff notes
+@cindex notes, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff stems
+@cindex cross staff stems
+@cindex stems, cross-staff
+@cindex chords, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff chords
+@cindex cross staff chords
+@funindex Stem
+@funindex cross-staff
+@funindex length
+@funindex flag-style
+
+Chords that cross staves may be produced:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff {
- \stemDown \stemExtend
- f'4
- \stemExtend \noFlag
- f'8
+ \relative c' {
+ f8 e4 d8 d f e4
+ }
}
\new Staff {
- \clef bass
- a4 a8
+ \relative c' {
+ << {
+ \clef bass
+ % stems may overlap the other staff
+ \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
+ % extend the stems to reach other other staff
+ \override Stem #'length = #12
+ % do not print extra flags
+ \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
+ % prevent beaming as needed
+ a8 g4 f8 f bes\noBeam g4
+ }
+ \\
+ {
+ f,2 bes4 c
+ } >>
+ }
}
>>
@end lilypond
+@snippets
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
+
+@seealso
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Stem}.
+
@node Piano
@subsection Piano
+This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to the
+piano.
+
@menu
* Piano pedals::
@end menu
@node Piano pedals
-@subsubsection Piano pedals
-@cindex Pedals
-
-Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced. Generally, a
-piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
-
-
-Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
-@code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
-@code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
-note or chord
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
-c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
-@end lilypond
-
-What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
-where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
-@code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}. Refer to
-@internalsref{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
-information.
-
-Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
-@code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Piano pedals
+
+@cindex piano pedals
+@cindex pedals, piano
+@cindex sustain pedal
+@cindex sostenuto pedal
+@cindex una corda
+@cindex tre corde
+@cindex sos.
+@cindex U.C.
+@funindex \sustainOn
+@funindex sustainOn
+@funindex \sustainOff
+@funindex sustainOff
+@funindex \sostenutoOn
+@funindex sostenutoOn
+@funindex \sostenutoOff
+@funindex sostenutoOff
+@funindex \unaCorda
+@funindex unaCorda
+@funindex \treCorde
+@funindex treCorde
+
+Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is
+produced: @notation{sustain}, @notation{sostenuto}
+(@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corda} (@notation{U.C.}).
+Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn d e g
+<c, f a>1\sustainOff
+c4\sostenutoOn e g c,
+<bes d f>1\sostenutoOff
+c4\unaCorda d e g
+<d fis a>1\treCorde
@end lilypond
-A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
-obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
-@code{mixed}
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@cindex pedal indication styles
+@cindex pedal indication, text
+@cindex pedal indication, bracket
+@cindex pedal indication, mixed
+@cindex pedal sustain style
+@cindex sustain pedal style
+@funindex pedalSustainStyle
+@funindex mixed
+@funindex bracket
+@funindex text
+
+There are three styles of pedal indications: text, bracket, and mixed.
+The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default
+while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff
\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
-@end lilypond
-
-The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
-style @code{#'text}. The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
-default.
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
-@end lilypond
-
-For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
-@code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
-@code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
-@internalsref{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
-modified. For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
-of the note head
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2\sustainOff
+\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2
+\bar "|."
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-Note that overrides must be placed before the note at which the
-pedal bracket starts.
-
-@c TODO Check relative positions of the sustain pedal and
-@c dynamics are correct (they collided in 2.11.44).
-@c Give example showing this.
+The placement of the pedal commands matches the physical movement of the
+sustain pedal during piano performance. Pedalling to the final bar line
+is indicated by omitting the final pedal up command.
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Ties}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{SustainPedal},
+@rinternals{SustainPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SustainEvent},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedal},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SostenutoEvent},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedal},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaEvent},
+@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket},
+@rinternals{Piano_pedal_engraver}.
@node Accordion
@subsection Accordion
+@cindex accordion
+
+This section discusses notation that is unique to the accordion.
+
@menu
* Discant symbols::
@end menu
@node Discant symbols
-@subsubsection Discant symbols
-
-@c TODO Add text from -user and lsr 194
-TBC
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Discant symbols
+@cindex accordion discant symbols
+@cindex discant symbols, accordion
+@cindex accordion shifts
+@cindex accordion shift symbols
+Accordions are often built with more than one set of reeds that may be
+in unison with, an octave above, or an octave below the written pitch.
+Each accordion maker has different names for the @notation{shifts} that
+select the various reed combinations, such as @notation{oboe},
+@notation{musette}, or @notation{bandonium}, so a system of symbols has
+come into use to simplify the performance instructions.
+@snippets
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{accordion-discant-symbols.ly}
+@seealso
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff