version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
-
-@c "I have finished the first draft." -AH
+@c \version "2.11.51"
@node Keyboard instruments
@section Keyboard instruments
@lilypondfile[quote]{keyboard-headword.ly}
-FIXME add sentence
+This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique
+to keyboard instruments.
@menu
* Common notation for keyboards::
@node Common notation for keyboards
@subsection Common notation for keyboards
-FIXME add sentence
+This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most keyboard
+instruments.
@menu
* References for keyboards::
@end menu
@node References for keyboards
-@subsubsection References for keyboards
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for keyboards
+
+@cindex piano staves
+@cindex staves, piano
+@cindex staves, keyboard instruments
+@cindex staves, keyed instruments
+@cindex keyboard instrument staves
+@cindex keyed instrument staves
+@funindex PianoStaff
Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
-notation is also used for harps and other keyed instruments.
+notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
@code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
-sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. In this
-section we discuss some notation techniques particular to keyboard
+sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This
+section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard
music.
Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
@itemize
+
@item Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
@ref{Collision resolution}.
@item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
@item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties
-as well as ties on arpeggios and tremelos, described in
+as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in
@ref{Ties}.
@item Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is
@end itemize
-@c @snippets
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
-@c {creating-slurs-across-voices.ly}
-
@seealso
Learning Manual:
Notation Reference:
@ref{Grouping staves},
@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Collision resolution},
@ref{Writing music in parallel},
@ref{Fingering instructions},
+@ref{List of articulations},
@ref{Grid lines},
@ref{Ties},
@ref{Arpeggio},
-@ref{Tremolo repeats},
-@ref{List of articulations}.
+@ref{Tremolo repeats}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{PianoStaff}.
@knownissues
-Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist. See the
-@q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
+@cindex keyboard music, centering dynamics
+@cindex dynamics, centered in keyboard music
+@cindex piano music, centering dynamics
+@cindex centered dynamics in piano music
+@funindex staff-padding
-@c TODO Find out status of the dynamics engravers
+Dynamics are not automatically centered, but workarounds do exist. One
+option is the @q{piano centered dynamics} template under
+@rlearning{Piano templates}; another option is to increase the
+@code{staff-padding} of dynamics as discussed in @rlearning{Moving
+objects}.
@node Changing staff manually
-@subsubsection Changing staff manually
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff manually
@cindex changing staff manually
@cindex manual staff changes
@cindex cross-staff beams
@cindex beams, cross-staff
@funindex \change
+@funindex change
Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
@noindent
The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches
-the current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
+the current voice from its current staff to the staff called
@var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are
@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "up" {
<e' c'>8
- \change Staff = down
- g fis g
- \change Staff = up
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ g8 fis g
+ \change Staff = "up"
<g'' c''>8
- \change Staff = down
- e dis e
- \change Staff = up
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ e8 dis e
+ \change Staff = "up"
}
\new Staff = "down" {
\clef bass
- s1 % keep staff alive
+ % keep staff alive
+ s1
}
>>
@end lilypond
@rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
Notation Reference:
-@ruser{Stems},
-@ruser{Automatic beams}.
+@ref{Stems},
+@ref{Automatic beams}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Beam}.
+@rinternals{Beam},
+@rinternals{ContextChange}.
@node Changing staff automatically
-@subsubsection Changing staff automatically
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff automatically
@cindex changing staff automatically
@cindex automatic staff changes
@cindex staff changes, automatic
@funindex \autochange
+@funindex autochange
+@funindex PianoStaff
Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the
bottom staff. The syntax for this is
@noindent
This will create two staves inside the current staff group
(usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and
-@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by default.
-The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the
+@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
+The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle@tie{}C is the
turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
in advance.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new PianoStaff {
\autochange {
- g4 a b c' d' r4 a g
+ g4 a b c'
+ d'4 r a g
}
}
@end lilypond
+@cindex relative music and autochange
+@cindex autochange and relative music
+@funindex \relative
+@funindex relative
+
A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange}
has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
@code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange}.
its voice between the existing staves. For example, this is
necessary to place a key signature in the lower staff:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "up" {
\new Voice = "melOne" {
\key g \major
\autochange \relative c' {
g8 b a c b d c e
- d r fis, g a2
+ d8 r fis, g a2
}
}
}
@knownissues
+@cindex chords, splitting across staves with \autochange
+
The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
-Chords will not be split across the staves; the staff will be
-chosen by the first note named in the chord.
-
+Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a
+staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.
@node Staff-change lines
-@subsubsection Staff-change lines
-
-@cindex staff-change lines
-@cindex cross-staff lines
-@cindex lines, staff-change follower
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff-change lines
+
+@cindex staff-change line
+@cindex staff change line
+@cindex cross-staff line
+@cindex cross staff line
+@cindex line, staff-change follower
+@cindex line, cross-staff
+@cindex line, staff-change
@cindex follow voice
@cindex staff switching
@cindex cross-staff
@funindex followVoice
+@funindex \showStaffSwitch
+@funindex showStaffSwitch
+@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
+@funindex hideStaffSwitch
Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the
notes can be printed automatically:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "one" {
\showStaffSwitch
c1
- \change Staff=two
+ \change Staff = "two"
b2 a
}
- \new Staff = "two" { \clef bass s1*2 }
+ \new Staff = "two" {
+ \clef bass
+ s1*2
+ }
>>
@end lilypond
@predefined
-@funindex \showStaffSwitch
-@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
@code{\showStaffSwitch}, @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
@seealso
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Note_head_line_engraver},
@rinternals{VoiceFollower}.
@node Cross-staff stems
-@subsubsection Cross-staff stems
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Cross-staff stems
@cindex cross-staff notes
+@cindex cross staff notes
@cindex notes, cross-staff
@cindex cross-staff stems
+@cindex cross staff stems
@cindex stems, cross-staff
+@cindex chords, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff chords
+@cindex cross staff chords
+@funindex Stem
+@funindex cross-staff
+@funindex length
+@funindex flag-style
-Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
-of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
-staff, or vice versa.
+Chords that cross staves may be produced:
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff \relative c' {
- f8 e4 d8 <f bes,>2
+ \new Staff {
+ \relative c' {
+ f8 e4 d8 <f bes,>2
+ }
}
- \new Staff \relative c' {
- << {
- \clef bass
- \stemUp
- \override Stem #'length = #12
- \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
- \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
- a8 g4 f8
- } \\
- { f,2 d' }
- >>
+ \new Staff {
+ \relative c' {
+ << {
+ \clef bass
+ % stems may overlap the other staff
+ \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
+ % extend the stems to reach other other staff
+ \override Stem #'length = #12
+ % do not print extra flags
+ \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
+ a8 g4 f8
+ }
+ \\
+ {
+ f,2 d'
+ } >>
+ }
}
>>
@end lilypond
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
@seealso
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Stem}
+@rinternals{Stem}.
@node Piano
@subsection Piano
-FIXME add sentence
+This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to the
+piano.
@menu
* Piano pedals::
@end menu
@node Piano pedals
-@subsubsection Piano pedals
-@cindex Pedals
-
-Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced. Generally, a
-piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
-
-
-Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
-@code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
-@code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
-note or chord
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
-c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Piano pedals
+
+@cindex piano pedals
+@cindex pedals, piano
+@cindex sustain pedal
+@cindex sostenuto pedal
+@cindex una corda
+@cindex tre corde
+@cindex sos.
+@cindex U.C.
+@funindex \sustainOn
+@funindex sustainOn
+@funindex \sustainOff
+@funindex sustainOff
+@funindex \sostenutoOn
+@funindex sostenutoOn
+@funindex \sostenutoOff
+@funindex sostenutoOff
+@funindex \unaCorda
+@funindex unaCorda
+@funindex \treCorde
+@funindex treCorde
+
+Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is
+produced: @notation{sustain}, @notation{sostenuto}
+(@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corda} (@notation{U.C.}).
+Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn d e g
+<c, f a>1\sustainOff
+c4\sostenutoOn e g c,
+<bes d f>1\sostenutoOff
+c4\unaCorda d e g
+<d fis a>1\treCorde
@end lilypond
-What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
-where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
-@code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}. Refer to
-@rinternals{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
-information.
-
-Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
-@code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
-@end lilypond
-
-A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
-obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
-@code{mixed}
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@cindex pedal indication styles
+@cindex pedal indication, text
+@cindex pedal indication, bracket
+@cindex pedal indication, mixed
+@cindex pedal sustain style
+@cindex sustain pedal style
+@funindex pedalSustainStyle
+@funindex mixed
+@funindex bracket
+@funindex text
+
+There are three styles of pedal indications: text, bracket, and mixed.
+The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default
+while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff
\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
-@end lilypond
-
-The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
-style @code{#'text}. The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
-default.
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2\sustainOff
+\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2
+\bar "|."
@end lilypond
-For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
-@code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
-@code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
-@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
-modified. For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
-of the note head
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
-@end lilypond
+The placement of the pedal commands matches the physical movement of the
+sustain pedal during piano performance. Pedalling to the final bar line
+is indicated by omitting the final pedal up command.
-@noindent
-Note that overrides must be placed before the note at which the
-pedal bracket starts.
+@seealso
-@c TODO Check relative positions of the sustain pedal and
-@c dynamics are correct (they collided in 2.11.44).
-@c Give example showing this.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Ties}.
-@seealso
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{SustainPedal},
+@rinternals{SustainPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SustainEvent},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedal},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SostenutoEvent},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedal},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaEvent},
+@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket},
+@rinternals{Piano_pedal_engraver}.
@node Accordion
@subsection Accordion
-FIXME add sentence
+@cindex accordion
+
+This section discusses notation that is unique to the accordion.
@menu
* Discant symbols::
@end menu
@node Discant symbols
-@subsubsection Discant symbols
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Discant symbols
@cindex accordion discant symbols
@cindex discant symbols, accordion
@cindex accordion shifts
-
-@c FIXME: use @notation, not @q.
+@cindex accordion shift symbols
Accordions are often built with more than one set of reeds that may be
in unison with, an octave above, or an octave below the written pitch.
-Each accordian maker has different names for the @q{shifts} that
-select the various reed combinations, such as @q{oboe}, @q{musette}, or
-@q{bandonium}, so a system of symbols has come into use to simplify
-the performance instructions.
+Each accordion maker has different names for the @notation{shifts} that
+select the various reed combinations, such as @notation{oboe},
+@notation{musette}, or @notation{bandonium}, so a system of symbols has
+come into use to simplify the performance instructions.
@snippets
-@c FIXME: invalid snippet name. Check the GDP snippet list.
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
-@c {accordion-discant-symbols.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{accordion-discant-symbols.ly}
@seealso
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff