@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction
-LilyPond is a program to print sheet music. If you have used such
+
+LilyPond is a program to print sheet music. If you have used notation
programs before, then the way to use this program might be surprising
at first sight. To print music with lilypond, you have to enter
musical codes in a file. Then you run LilyPond on the file, and the
\key c \minor r8 c16 b c8 g as c16 b c8 d | g,4
@end lilypond
-We can very well imagine that encoding music using letters may appear
-strange, intimidating or even clumsy at first. Nevertheless, when you
-take the effort to learn the codes and the program you will find that
-it is not so difficult as it seems, entering music can be done
-quickly, and you never have to remember how you made the program do
-something complicated: it's all in the input code, and you only have
-read the file to see how it works. Moreover, when you use LilyPond,
-you are rewarded with very nicely looking output.
-
-This form of computing (produce the output in one go, without user
-intervention), is called @emph{batch} computing, and the program that
-is used is normally called a @emph{compiler}. In contrast, it is now
-fashionable to produce interactive programs that rely on a Graphical
-User Interface (GUI).
-
-When we started with developing LilyPond in a time that were studying
-at the university. Back then GUIs were not as ubiquitous as they are
-today, and we were immersed in the UNIX operating system, where it is
-very common to use compilers to achieve computing tasks, so our
-computerized music engraving experiment took on the form of a
-compiler.
-
-One other decision was also motivated by our academic background. In
-the scientific community it has always been a tradition to share
-knowledge, and to a lesser extent, to share the software you
-wrote. One of the most visible groups that stimulated this philosopy,
-was the Free Software Foundation, whose GNU project aimed to replace
-the closed and proprietary computing solutions with free (as in
-"Libre") variants. We jumped on that bandwagon, and that is the reason
-that you can still get LilyPond at no cost, and with no strings
+@cindex encoding music
+
+Encoding music using letters and digits may appear strange,
+intimidating or even clumsy at first. Nevertheless, when you take the
+effort to learn the codes and the program you will find that it is
+easier than it seems. Entering music can be done quickly, and you
+never have to remember how you made the program do something
+complicated: it's all in the input code, and you only have to read the
+file to see how it works. Moreover, when you use LilyPond, you are
+rewarded with very nicely looking output.
+
+In this chapter, we will explain the reasoning behind this unusual
+design, and how this approach affects you as a user.
+
+@menu
+* Batch processing::
+* Music engraving::
+* Music representation::
+* About this manual::
+@end menu
+
+@node Batch processing
+@section Batch processing
+
+@cindex GUI
+@cindex Batch
+@cindex UNIX
+
+When we started developing LilyPond, we were still studying at the
+university. We were interested in music notation, not as publishers
+or musicians, but as students and scientists. We wanted to figure to
+what extent formatting sheet music could be automated. Back then GUIs
+were not as ubiquitous as they are today, and we were immersed in the
+UNIX operating system, where it is very common to use compilers to
+achieve computing tasks, so our computerized music engraving
+experiment took on the form of a compiler.
+
+@cindex free software
+@cindex sharing software
+
+You can freely use, modify and redistribute LilyPond. This choice was
+also motivated by our academic background. In the scientific community
+it has always been a tradition to share knowledge, also if that
+knowledge was packaged as software. One of the most visible groups
+that stimulated this philosophy, was the Free Software Foundation,
+whose popular GNU project aimed to replace closed and proprietary
+computing solutions with free (as in ``Libre'') variants. We jumped on
+that bandwagon, and released LilyPond as free software. That is the
+reason that you can get LilyPond at no cost and without any strings
attached.
-When we started, we were interested in music notation, not as
-publishers or musicians, but as students and scientists. We wanted
-tried to figure to what extent formatting sheet music could be
-automated. Making sheet music may seem trivial at first (``you print
-5 lines, and then put in the notes at different heights''),
-@emph{music engraving}, i.e. professional music typography, is in
-another ballpark.
-
-The term music engraving derives from the traditional process of music
-printing. A few decades ago, sheet music was made by cutting and
-stamping the music mirrored into zinc or pewter plates. The plate
+
+@node Music engraving
+@section Music engraving
+
+
+
+@cindex engraving
+@cindex typography
+
+Making sheet music may seem trivial at first (``you print 5 lines, and
+then put in the notes at different heights''), @emph{music engraving},
+i.e. professional music typography, is in another ballpark. The term
+`music engraving' derives from the traditional process of music
+printing. Only a few decades ago, sheet music was made by cutting and
+stamping the music into zinc or pewter plates, mirrored. The plate
would be inked, and the depressions caused by the cutting and stamping
-would hold ink thus forming an positive image. Stamping and cutting
-was completely done by hand, and making corrections was cumbersome, so
-engraving had to be correct in one go. As you can imagine this was a
-highly specialized skill, much more so than the traditional process of
-printing books.
-
-In fact, the traditional german craftmanship required six years of
-full-time training, before a student could call himself a master of
+would hold ink. A positive image was formed by pressing paper to the
+plate. Stamping and cutting was completely done by hand. Making
+corrections was cumbersome, so engraving had to be done correctly in
+one go. As you can imagine this was a highly specialized skill, much
+more so than the traditional process of printing books.
+
+@cindex craftsmanship
+@cindex master
+
+The following fact illustrates that. In the traditional German
+craftsmanship six years of full-time training, more than any other
+craft, were required before a student could call himself a master of
the art. After that many more years of practical experience were
-needed to become an established music engraver. Even today, in the
-era of high-speed computers, music requires lots of manual fine tuning
-before it acceptable to be published.
-
-The first step of making music prints is to have the symbols
-available. Unfortunately, most of the knowledge about music engraving
-has not been laid down in an easily accessible form, so when we wanted
-to write a computer program to do create music typography, we
-encountered the first problem: there were no sets of musical symbols
-available: either they were not available freely, or they didn't look
-well to our subtle tastes. That was the reason for us to create a font
-of musical symbols, relying mostly on nice printouts of hand-engraved
-music.
+needed to become an established music engraver. Even today, with the
+use of high-speed computers and advanced software, music requires lots
+of manual fine tuning before it acceptable to be published.
+
+When we wanted to write a computer program to do create music
+typography, we encountered the first problem: there were no sets of
+musical symbols available: either they were not available freely, or
+they didn't look well to our taste. Not let down, we decided to try
+font design ourselves. We created a font of musical symbols, relying
+on nice printouts of hand-engraved music. It was a good decision to
+design our own font. The experience helped develop a typographical
+taste, and it made us appreciate subtle design details. Without that
+experience, we would not have realized how ugly the fonts were that we
+admired at first.
+
@lilypond
-#(define magfact 2.0)
+#(define magfact 3.0)
\score { \notes { as'2 r4 }
\paper {
linewidth = -1.
} } }
@end lilypond
-In the figure above, a few notable glyphs are shown. For example, the
-half-notehead is not elliptic but slightly diamond shaped. The stem
-of a flat symbol should be slightly brushed, i.e. becoming wider at
-the top. Fine endings, such as the one on the bottom of the quarter
-rest, should not end in sharp points, but rather in rounded shapes.
-The blackness of the font must be carefully tuned to the thickness of
-lines, beams and slurs to give a strong yet balanced overall
-impression.
+@cindex musical symbols
+@cindex font
+@cindex blackness
+@cindex balance
-It was a good decision to design our own font. The experience helps
-develop a typographical taste, and it makes one appreciate subtle
-design details. Without that experience, we would not have realized
-how ugly the fonts were that we admired at first.
+The figure above shows a few notable glyphs. For example, the
+half-notehead is not elliptic but slightly diamond shaped. The
+vertical stem of a flat symbol should be slightly brushed,
+i.e. becoming wider at the top. Fine endings, such as the one on the
+bottom of the quarter rest, should not end in sharp points, but rather
+in rounded shapes. Taken together, the blackness of the font must be
+carefully tuned together with the thickness of lines, beams and slurs
+to give a strong yet balanced overall impression.
Producing a strong and balanced look is the real challenge of music
-engraving. It is a recurring theme with many variations. One of these
-variations is choosing spacing. The distances between notes should
-reflect the durations between notes, but adhering with mathematical
-precision to the duration will lead to a poor result. Shown here is an
-example of a motive, printed four times. It is printed using both
-exact, mathematical spacing, and with some corrections. Can you spot
-which is which?
-
+engraving. It is a recurring theme with many variations. In spacing,
+the balance is in a distribution that reflects the character of the
+music. The spacing should not lead to unnatural clusters of black and
+big gaps with white space. The distances between notes should reflect
+the durations between notes, but adhering with mathematical precision
+to the duration will lead to a poor result. Shown here is an example
+of a motive, printed twice. It is printed using both exact,
+mathematical spacing, and with some corrections. Can you spot which is
+which?
+
+@c I can only see the motive printed two times!!! /Mats
+
+@cindex optical spacing
@lilypond
\score { \notes {
\property Staff.NoteSpacing \set #'stem-spacing-correction
= #0.6
c'4 e''4 e'4 b'4 |
- c'4 e''4 e'4 b'4 |
+ \stemDown b'4 e''4 a'4 e''4| \stemBoth
\property Staff.NoteSpacing \override #'stem-spacing-correction
= #0.0
\property Staff.StaffSpacing \override #'stem-spacing-correction
= #0.0
c'4 e''4 e'4 b'4 |
- c'4 e''4 e'4 b'4 |
+ \stemDown b'4 e''4 a'4 e''4|
}
\paper { linewidth = -1. } }
@end lilypond
+@cindex regular rhythms
+@cindex regular spacing
+
The fragment that was printed uses only quarter notes: notes that are
-played in a constant regular rhythm. The spacing should reflect
+played in a constant rhythm. The spacing should reflect
that. Unfortunately, the eye deceives us a little: the eye not only
notices the distance between note heads, but also between consecutive
-stems. Depending on the different vertical positions, the notes of a
-upstem-downstem should be put farther apart, and the notes of a
-down-up combination should be put closer. The first two measures are
-printed with this correction, the last two measures without. The notes
-in the last two measures form downstem/upstems clumps of notes.
-
-Experts have the knowledge to make such adjustments themselves by
-hand. For a skilled engraver, a computer drawing program is sufficient
-to produce excellent music typography. However, laypeople don't have
-the knowledge to think of such details. For a musician, the interface
-of a program should be familiar. This is a place where there is a
-choice of two paradigms: most musicians are familiar with notation,
-and with music. Most graphically oriented programs offer an interface
-that shows notation, and allow you to enter the music by placing notes
-on a staff.
-
-
-Interactive programs always have to load and save their data from
-files on the disk. In a program that deals with music notation, the
-notation always has to converted to some kind of representation of the
-music inside.
-
-[todo]
-
-
-When we view the problem of making beautiful sheet music for a given
-piece of music as a scientific puzzle, then we can only solve that
-puzzle if it is well-stated. Hence, when we design an input format, we
-want it to be neatly defined and have precise semantics. Such formats
-also have the advantage of being easier to write code for.
-
-
-Many music encodings exist today but most of the encodings have not
-been tailored either for human use, or for processing it with a
-computer. By its nature, LilyPond input has both features: it is
-concise, suitable for human input, and it can be processed
-automatically: it may be converted into MIDI or into print.
-
-
-However, one big problem with music, is that there are no standards
-for encoding music. Sure, you can record performances using MIDI, but
-that offers far too little information for adequate musicological
-purposes. With LilyPond we've taken a reverse approach: we have tried
-to come up with musical format that can cater virtually all music as
-long as it can be notated.
-
-LilyPond input focuses on musical concepts such as pitch, duration and
-music expressions. Musical data is rhythmic, and implies an ordering
-of events. This ordering is used to create compound musical concepts:
-Large musical structures are built recursively from smaller
-expressions: a sequence of music expressions forms a new, longer and
-bigger music expression. In this sense, the input is recursive. It
-shares this property with very music encodings. The recursive nature
-will appeal to the more hackerish musician.
-
-
-
-
-@ignore
-
-
-
-Nowadays, we still don't know everything about music notation, and we
-are still trying to use
-
-
-LilyPond is a free program that produces high quality sheet music.
-
-The features that set LilyPond apart from other music printing
-programs are
-
-@itemize
-@item Freely available under terms of the GNU GPL
-@item Carefully designed music font
-@item Lots of music formatting knowledge
-@item Sophisticated formatting functions
-@item Output is configurable using Scheme
-@item Highly modular design
-@item Semantic input format
-*@item Input can be generated, inspected and modified via builtin Scheme
- interpreter.
-@item Runs on both Unix and MS Windows
-@item Multiple output formats
-@item Easily embed musical fragments in LaTeX, Texinfo and HTML documents.
-@item Works as a compiler: edit input in your favorite text editor
-@end itemize
-
-If you need to print out existing arrangements, composition, new
-editions, or musical excercises, then LilyPond will suit you.
-LilyPond is not interactive, and is probably not suited for creating
-new compositions.
-
-@menu
-* Why LilyPond::
-* The Feta Font::
-* Engraving::
-* Semantic input format::
-* A programming approach::
-* About this manual::
-* Bug reports::
-* Web site::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Why LilyPond
-@section Why LilyPond
-
-LilyPond originally started out as an interesting hobby
-project. Intrigued by music notation we set out to write a program to
-produce high-quality music printouts, with minimal user intervention.
-
-Engraving, the art of printing music is a very complex craftmanship,
-that tries to make a typographically beautiful rendering of a piece of
-music. The purpose of nicely engraved music is to ease the way music
-is read. The typographical decisions have underlying logic, and to us
-scientists, this begs the question: what is this logic, and can we
-cast this logic into the more concrete form a computer program.
+stems. The notes of a up-stem/down-stem combination should be put
+farther apart, and the notes of a down-up combination should be put
+closer together, all depending on the combined vertical positions of
+the notes. The first two measures are printed with this correction,
+the last two measures without. The notes in the last two measures form
+downstem/upstems clumps of notes.
+
+We hope that these examples show that music typography is a subtle
+business, and that it requires skill and knowledge to produce good
+engraving. It was our challenge to see if we could put such knowledge
+into a computer program.
+
+
+@node Music representation
+@section Music representation
+
+
+One of the big questions when making programs, is what kind of input
+the program should expect. Many music notation programs offer a
+graphical interface that shows notation, and allow you to enter the
+music by placing notes on a staff. Although this is a obvious way to
+design a program, from our point of view, it is cheating. After all,
+the core message of a piece of music notation simply is the music
+itself. If you start by offering notation to the user, you have
+already skipped one conversion, even if it is implicit. If we want to
+generate music notation from something else, then the obvious
+candidate for the source is the music itself.
+
+On paper this theory sounds very good. In practice, it opens a can of
+worms. What really @emph{is} music? Many philosophical treatises must
+have been written on the subject. Even if you are more practically
+inclined, you will notice that there exist an enormous number of ways
+to represent music in a computer, and they are much more incompatible
+than the formats for word processors and spreadsheets. Anyone who has
+tried to exchange data files from between different notation programs
+can attest to this.
+
+@cindex music representation
+@cindex music expressions
+@cindex input format
+
+This problem is caused by the two-dimensional nature of music: in
+polyphonic music, notes have time and pitch as their two coordinates,
+and they often are related in both directions. Computer files on the
+other hand are essentially one-dimensional: they are a long stream of
+characters. When you represent music in a file, then you have to
+flatten this two-dimensional information breaking either timing or
+pitch relations, and there is no universal agreement on how to do
+this.
+
+Fortunately, we have a concrete application, so we don't run the risk
+of loosing ourselves in philosophical arguments over the essence of
+music. We want to produce a printed score from a music
+representation, so this gives us a nice guide for designing a format:
+we need a format containing mainly musical elements, such as pitch and
+duration, but also enough information to print a score. Our users
+have to key in the music into the file directly, so the input format
+should have a friendly syntax. Finally, we as programmers and
+scientists want a clean formal definition. After all, producing music
+notation is a difficult problem, and in the scientific world, problems
+can only be solved if they are well-specified. Moreover, formally
+defined formats are easier to write programs for.
+
+These ideas shaped our music representation: it is a compact format
+that can easily be typed by hand. It complex musical constructs from
+simple entities like notes and rests, in much the same way that one
+builds complex formulas from simple expressions such as numbers and
+mathematical operators. The strict separation between musical
+information and typesetting also gives a blueprint of the program:
+first it reads the music representation, then it interprets the
+music---reading it `left-to-right', and translating the musical
+information to a layout specification. When the layout is computed,
+the resulting symbols are written to an output file.
+
+
+@node About this manual
+@section About this manual
+
+
+As you will notice in the coming pages the program makes good
+decisions in a lot of cases: what comes out of LilyPond generally
+looks good. The default layout of lilypond even is suitable for
+publication for some specific files. However, some aspects of the
+formatting are not yet very good. For us programmers, this gives
+inspiration for improving the program. However, most users are more
+interested in improving their printouts, and then they have to make
+manual adjustments to the output. Another aspect of our system of
+encoding through ASCII then shows: it can be complicated to fine tune
+the layout of a piece. There is no graphical user interface, where you
+can simply click and drag a symbol. On the other hand, if you have
+written the code for tuning one specific aspect of the layout, then
+you can simply store the file on disk, retrieve it when you need it:
+there is no need to remember how you did it, since it is all in the
+input file.
+
+@cindex snippets
+@cindex adjusting output
+
+Lilypond also comes with a huge collection of snippets that show all
+kinds of tricks. This collection is much needed, because of the way
+LilyPond is structured. It is a large program, but almost all of the
+internal functionality is exported: that is, the variables that are
+internally used for formatting the sheet music are available directly
+to the user. These are variables to control thicknesses, distances,
+and other formatting options. There are a huge number of them, and it
+would be impossible to describe them all in a hand-written
+manual. There is no need to despair, there is an `automatic' manual,
+that lists all of the variables that are available. It is directly
+generated from the definitions that LilyPond itself uses, so it is
+always up to date. If you are reading this from a screen: it is
+available from the web, and is included with most binary
+distributions. If you're reading this from paper, then we advise you
+to use the digital version anyway: the hyperlinks make finding topics
+in the lilypond-internals manual much easier.
+
+@cindex variables
+@cindex properties
+@cindex lilypond-internals
+@cindex internal documentation
+
+For those who really want to get their hands dirty: it is even
+possible to add your own functionality, by extending LilyPond in the
+built-in scripting language, a dialect of the powerful programming
+language Scheme. There is no real distinction between what a user can
+do and what a programmer is allowed to do.
+
+@cindex Scheme
+@cindex extending lilypond
+
+In summary, this manual does not pretend to be exhaustive, but it is
+merely a guide that tries to explain the most important principles,
+and shows popular input idioms. The rest of the manual is structured
+as follows: it starts with a tutorial that explains how to use
+lilypond. In the tutorial, a number of fragments of increasing
+complexity are shown and explained. Then comes the reference manual,
+which gives more detailed information on all features. If you're new
+to lilypond, then you should start reading the tutorial, and
+experiment for yourself. If you already have some experience, then
+you can simply use the manual as reference: there is an extensive
+index.@footnote{If you are looking for something, and you can't find it
+by using the index, that is considered a bug. In that case, please
+file a bug report}
+
+@cindex bugreport
+@cindex index
+@cindex tutorial
+@cindex overview of manual
+@cindex idiom
-LilyPond is our concrete answer to this question, but besides being an
-interesting hobby project, it also allows people that don't know much
-about notation and engraving to print fine sheet music.
-With LilyPond, we hope to give back a little to the Free Software
-Community that gave us so much, and if possible, give people the
-opportunity to publish sheet music with high quality layout. In our
-utopic vision, some day LilyPond will help create more beautiful music.
-@end ignore
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff