Other chords may be entered by suffixing a colon and introducing a
modifier (which may include a number if desired)
+
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
\chordmode { e1:m e1:7 e1:m7 }
@end lilypond
+
The first number following the root is taken to be the @q{type} of the
chord, thirds are added to the root until it reaches the specified
-number
+number. The exception is @code{c:13}, for which the 11 is omitted.
+
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
-\chordmode { c:3 c:5 c:6 c:7 c:8 c:9 c:10 c:11 }
+\chordmode { c:3 c:5 c:6 c:7 c:8 c:9 c:10 c:11 c:13}
@end lilypond
@cindex root of chord
More complex chords may also be constructed adding separate steps
to a chord. Additions are added after the number following
the colon and are separated by dots
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
\chordmode { c:5.6 c:3.7.8 c:3.6.13 }
@end lilypond
+
Chord steps can be altered by suffixing a @code{-} or @code{+} sign
to the number
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
\chordmode { c:7+ c:5+.3- c:3-.5-.7- }
@end lilypond
+
Removals are specified similarly and are introduced by a caret. They
must come after the additions
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
\chordmode { c^3 c:7^5 c:9^3.5 }
@end lilypond
@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim]
\new ChordNames \with {
\override BarLine #'bar-size = #4
- voltaOnThisStaff = ##t
\consists Bar_engraver
\consists "Volta_engraver"
}
Song texts must be aligned with the notes of their melody.
@end itemize
-There are a few different ways to define lyrics; the shall begin
+There are a few different ways to define lyrics; we shall begin
by examining the simplest method, and gradually increase complexity.
@menu
* Setting simple songs::
* Entering lyrics::
-* Hyphens and extenders::
-* The Lyrics context::
-* Melismata::
-* Another way of entering lyrics::
+* Aligning lyrics to a melody::
+* Working with lyrics and identifiers::
* Flexibility in placement::
* Spacing lyrics::
* More about stanzas::
@cindex spaces, in lyrics
@cindex quotes, in lyrics
-Lyrics are entered in a special input mode. This mode is introduced
+Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
by the keyword @code{\lyricmode}, or by using @code{\addlyrics} or
@code{\lyricsto}. In this mode you can enter lyrics,
with punctuation and accents, and the input @code{d} is not parsed as
of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable
explicitly, like in the example above, or by automatically aligning
the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
-or @code{\lyricsto}. For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}.
+or @code{\lyricsto}.
+@c TODO: broken
+@c For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}.
A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character, and ends
with
any space or digit. The following characters can be any character
-that is not a digit or white space. One important consequence of this
-is that a word can end with @code{@}}. The following example is
-usually a mistake in the input file. The syllable includes a @code{@}}, so
-the
-opening brace is not balanced
+that is not a digit or white space.
+
+Any character that is not a digit or white space will be regarded as
+part of the syllable; one important consequence of this is that a word
+can end with @code{@}}, which often leads to the following mistake:
+
@example
-\lyricmode @{ twinkle@}
+\lyricmode @{ lah- lah@}
@end example
+In this example, the @code{@}} is included in the final syllable, so the
+opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not
+compile.
+
+
@funindex \property in \lyricmode
@noindent
combination of a backslash followed by one of @code{`}, @code{'},
@code{"}, or @code{^}.
-To define indentifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode}
+To define identifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode}
must be used.
@example
-@node Hyphens and extenders
-@subsection Hyphens and extenders
-
-@cindex hyphens
-
-Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{--} between syllables.
-The hyphen will have variable length depending on the space between
-the syllables and it will be centered between the syllables.
-
-@cindex melisma
-@cindex extender
-
-When a lyric is sung over many notes (this is called a melisma), this is
-indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable and the
-next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered as
-@samp{__}.
-
-In tighly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
-happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum
-distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length}
-(threshold below which hyphens are removed).
-
-@seealso
-
-Program reference: @internalsref{LyricHyphen}, @internalsref{LyricExtender}.
-
+@node Aligning lyrics to a melody
+@subsection Aligning lyrics to a melody
+@funindex \lyricmode
+@funindex \addlyrics
+@funindex \lyricsto
-@node The Lyrics context
-@subsection The Lyrics context
Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called
@internalsref{Lyrics}.
\new Lyrics \lyricmode @dots{}
@end example
+There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
+of the syllables:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+by automatically aligning
+the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
+or @code{\lyricsto}.
+
+@item
+or by specifying the duration of each syllable
+explicitly, using @code{\lyricmode}
+@end itemize
+
+@menu
+* Automatic syllable durations::
+* Another way of entering lyrics::
+* Assigning more than one syllable to a single note::
+* More than one note on a single syllable::
+* Extenders and hyphens::
+@end menu
+
+@node Automatic syllable durations
+@subsubsection Automatic syllable durations
+
@cindex automatic syllable durations
-@funindex \lyricsto
@cindex lyrics and melodies
-This will place the lyrics according to the durations that were
-entered. The lyrics can also be aligned under a given melody
-automatically. In this case, it is no longer necessary to enter the
-correct duration for each syllable. This is achieved by combining the
+The lyrics can be aligned under a given melody
+automatically. This is achieved by combining the
melody and the lyrics with the @code{\lyricsto} expression
@example
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" @{ LYRICS @}
@end example
-For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to setup the
-hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g.,
+@node Another way of entering lyrics
+@subsubsection Another way of entering lyrics
+
+Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\addlyrics} or
+@code{\lyricsto}. In this case,
+syllables are entered like notes -- but with pitches replaced by text -- and the
+duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly. For example:
+
@example
-\new ChoirStaff <<
- \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @}
- \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @}
- \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @}
- \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @}
->>
+play2 the4 game2.
+sink2 or4 swim2.
@end example
+
+The alignment to a melody can be specified with the
+@code{associatedVoice} property,
+
+ @example
+\set associatedVoice = #"lala"
+ @end example
+
+ @noindent
+The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of
+a @internalsref{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines
+will not be formatted properly.
+
+Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations,
+
+@lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
+<< \new Voice = "melody" {
+ \time 3/4
+ c2 e4 g2.
+ }
+ \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
+ \set associatedVoice = #"melody"
+ play2 the4 game2.
+ } >>
+@end lilypond
-and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines
+@seealso
+
+Program reference: @internalsref{Lyrics}.
-@example
-\context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano"
- @emph{the lyrics}
-@end example
-@noindent
-The final input would resemble
+@node Assigning more than one syllable to a single note
+@subsubsection Assigning more than one syllable to a single note
-@example
-<<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >>
- \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc}
- \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc}
- @emph{etc}
->>
-@end example
+
+@funindex _
+@cindex ties, in lyrics
+
+In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
+surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
+between syllables, or use tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric
+tie@footnote{The lyric ties is implemented with the Unicode character
+U+203F, so be
+sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
+glyph.}.
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\time 3/4
+\relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
+\addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
+\addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
+\addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
+@end lilypond
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic},
-@internalsref{Lyrics}.
+Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic}.
+@c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata"
+@c the new title might be more self-explanatory
-@node Melismata
-@subsection Melismata
-The @code{\lyricsto} command detects melismata: it only puts one
+@node More than one note on a single syllable
+@subsubsection More than one note on a single syllable
+
+@cindex melisma
+@cindex melismata
+@cindex phrasing, in lyrics
+
+Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be sung on one
+single syllable; such vocalises are called melismas, or melismata.
+
+@c this method seems to be the simplest; therefore
+@c it might be better to present it first - vv
+
+You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_}
+for every note
+that is part of the melisma.
+
+@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
+{ \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
+ c d( e) f f( e) e e }
+\addlyrics
+ { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _ e }
+@end lilypond
+
+In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you
+set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above.
+
+However, the @code{\lyricsto} command can also
+detect melismata automatically: it only puts one
syllable under a tied or slurred group of notes. If you want to force
an unslurred group of notes to be a melisma, insert @code{\melisma}
after the first note of the group, and @code{\melismaEnd} after the
beamed, and automatic beaming (see @ref{Setting automatic beam
behavior}) is switched off.
+@c TODO: there might be some more relevant place for
+@c the following link (?)
+
@cindex SATB
@cindex choral score
Melismata are not detected automatically, and extender lines must be
inserted by hand.
+@node Extenders and hyphens
+@subsubsection Extenders and hyphens
-@node Another way of entering lyrics
-@subsection Another way of entering lyrics
+@cindex melisma
+@cindex extender
-Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\lyricsto}. In this case the
-duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly, for example,
+Melismata are indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable
+and the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered
+as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two underscore
+characters).
-@example
-play2 the4 game2.
-sink2 or4 swim2.
-@end example
+@cindex hyphens
-The alignment to a melody can be specified with the
-@code{associatedVoice} property,
+Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{ -- } between syllables of a same word
+(note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters). The hyphen
+will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted
+depending on the space between the syllables.
-@example
-\set associatedVoice = #"lala"
-@end example
+In tighly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
+happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum
+distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length}
+(threshold below which hyphens are removed).
-@noindent
-The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of
-a @internalsref{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines
-will not be formatted properly.
+@seealso
-Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations,
+Program reference: @internalsref{LyricExtender},
+@internalsref{LyricHyphen}
-@lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
-<< \new Voice = "melody" {
- \time 3/4
- c2 e4 g2.
- }
- \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
- \set associatedVoice = #"melody"
- play2 the4 game2.
- } >>
-@end lilypond
+@node Working with lyrics and identifiers
+@subsection Working with lyrics and identifiers
+@cindex lyrics, identifiers
+
+To define identifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{\lyricmode}
+must be used. You do not have to enter durations though, if you add
+@code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto}
+when invoking your identifier.
+
+@example
+verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
+\score @{
+ <<
+ \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
+ \autoBeamOff
+ \time 2/4
+ c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
+ @}
+ \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
+ >>
+@}
+@end example
+
+@c TODO: Move the following section to
+@c "Working with lyrics and identifiers"
+
+For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to setup the
+hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g.,
+@example
+\new ChoirStaff <<
+ \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @}
+ \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @}
+ \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @}
+ \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @}
+>>
+@end example
+
+and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines
+
+@example
+\context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano"
+@emph{the lyrics}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The final input would resemble
+
+@example
+<<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >>
+ \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc}
+ \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc}
+@emph{etc}
+>>
+@end example
+
+@seealso
+
@c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug
+Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic},
+@internalsref{Lyrics}.
@node Flexibility in placement
@subsection Flexibility in placement
* Lyrics to multiple notes of a melisma::
* Divisi lyrics::
* Switching the melody associated with a lyrics line::
-* Specifying melismata within the lyrics::
* Lyrics independent of notes::
@end menu
@code{lahlah} to @code{associatedVoice}.
-@node Specifying melismata within the lyrics
-@subsubsection Specifying melismata within the lyrics
-
-It is also possible to define melismata entirely in the lyrics. This
-can be done by entering @code{_} for every note that is part of the
-melisma.
-
-@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
-{ \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
- c d( e) f f( e) e e }
-\addlyrics
- { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _ e }
-@end lilypond
-
-In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you
-set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above.
-
-
@node Lyrics independent of notes
@subsubsection Lyrics independent of notes
@node More about stanzas
@subsection More about stanzas
-@c what's this doing here?
-@cindex phrasing, in lyrics
-
@cindex stanza number
@subsubsection Adding stanza numbers
\clef "G_8"
b16 d16 g16 b16 e16
\textSpannerDown
-\override TextSpanner #'bound-details #'left #'text = "XII "
+\override TextSpanner #'bound-details #'left #'text = #"XII "
g16\startTextSpan
b16 e16 g16 e16 b16 g16\stopTextSpan
e16 b16 g16 d16
@ref{Figured bass}
@end itemize
-Here are all suptopics at a glance:
+Here are all subtopics at a glance:
@menu
* Ancient note heads::
@refbugs
Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the
-correpsonding note heads.
+corresponding note heads.
The episem line is not displayed in many cases. If it is displayed,
the right end of the episem line is often too far to the right.