Other chords may be entered by suffixing a colon and introducing a
modifier (which may include a number if desired)
+
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
\chordmode { e1:m e1:7 e1:m7 }
@end lilypond
+
The first number following the root is taken to be the @q{type} of the
chord, thirds are added to the root until it reaches the specified
-number
+number. The exception is @code{c:13}, for which the 11 is omitted.
+
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
-\chordmode { c:3 c:5 c:6 c:7 c:8 c:9 c:10 c:11 }
+\chordmode { c:3 c:5 c:6 c:7 c:8 c:9 c:10 c:11 c:13}
@end lilypond
@cindex root of chord
More complex chords may also be constructed adding separate steps
to a chord. Additions are added after the number following
the colon and are separated by dots
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
\chordmode { c:5.6 c:3.7.8 c:3.6.13 }
@end lilypond
+
Chord steps can be altered by suffixing a @code{-} or @code{+} sign
to the number
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
\chordmode { c:7+ c:5+.3- c:3-.5-.7- }
@end lilypond
+
Removals are specified similarly and are introduced by a caret. They
must come after the additions
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
\chordmode { c^3 c:7^5 c:9^3.5 }
@end lilypond
@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim]
\new ChordNames \with {
\override BarLine #'bar-size = #4
- voltaOnThisStaff = ##t
\consists Bar_engraver
\consists "Volta_engraver"
}
Song texts must be aligned with the notes of their melody.
@end itemize
-There are a few different ways to define lyrics; the simplest
-way is to use the @code{\addlyrics} function.
+There are a few different ways to define lyrics; we shall begin
+by examining the simplest method, and gradually increase complexity.
@menu
* Setting simple songs::
* Entering lyrics::
-* Hyphens and extenders::
-* The Lyrics context::
-* Melismata::
-* Another way of entering lyrics::
+* Aligning lyrics to a melody::
+* Working with lyrics and identifiers::
* Flexibility in placement::
* Spacing lyrics::
* More about stanzas::
@node Setting simple songs
@subsection Setting simple songs
-The easiest way to add lyrics to a melody is to append
@cindex \addlyrics
+
+The easiest way to add lyrics to a melody is to append
+
@example
\addlyrics @{ @var{the lyrics} @}
@end example
@end lilypond
The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphony settings. For these
-cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and @code{\lyricmode}.
+cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and @code{\lyricmode}, as will be
+introduced in @ref{Entering lyrics}.
@cindex lyrics
@funindex \lyricmode
@cindex punctuation
+@cindex spaces, in lyrics
+@cindex quotes, in lyrics
-Lyrics are entered in a special input mode. This mode is introduced
+Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
by the keyword @code{\lyricmode}, or by using @code{\addlyrics} or
@code{\lyricsto}. In this mode you can enter lyrics,
with punctuation and accents, and the input @code{d} is not parsed as
a pitch, but rather as a one letter syllable. Syllables are entered
like notes, but with pitches replaced by text. For example,
+
@example
\lyricmode @{ Twin-4 kle4 twin- kle litt- le star2 @}
@end example
of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable
explicitly, like in the example above, or by automatically aligning
the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
-or @code{\lyricsto}. For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}.
+or @code{\lyricsto}.
+@c TODO: broken
+@c For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}.
A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character, and ends
with
any space or digit. The following characters can be any character
-that is not a digit or white space. One important consequence of this
-is that a word can end with @code{@}}. The following example is
-usually a mistake in the input file. The syllable includes a @code{@}}, so
-the
-opening brace is not balanced
+that is not a digit or white space.
+
+Any character that is not a digit or white space will be regarded as
+part of the syllable; one important consequence of this is that a word
+can end with @code{@}}, which often leads to the following mistake:
+
@example
-\lyricmode @{ twinkle@}
+\lyricmode @{ lah- lah@}
@end example
+In this example, the @code{@}} is included in the final syllable, so the
+opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not
+compile.
+
+
@funindex \property in \lyricmode
@noindent
Similarly, a period which follows an alphabetic sequence is included in
the resulting string. As a consequence, spaces must be inserted around
-property commands
+property commands: do @emph{not} write
+
+@example
+\override Score.LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+but instead use
+
@example
\override Score . LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
@end example
combination of a backslash followed by one of @code{`}, @code{'},
@code{"}, or @code{^}.
-To define indentifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode}
+To define identifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode}
must be used.
@example
-@node Hyphens and extenders
-@subsection Hyphens and extenders
-
-@cindex hyphens
-
-Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{--} between syllables.
-The hyphen will have variable length depending on the space between
-the syllables and it will be centered between the syllables.
-
-@cindex melisma
-@cindex extender
-
-When a lyric is sung over many notes (this is called a melisma), this is
-indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable and the
-next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered as
-@samp{__}.
-
-In tighly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
-happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum
-distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length}
-(threshold below which hyphens are removed).
-
-@seealso
-
-Program reference: @internalsref{LyricHyphen}, @internalsref{LyricExtender}.
-
+@node Aligning lyrics to a melody
+@subsection Aligning lyrics to a melody
+@funindex \lyricmode
+@funindex \addlyrics
+@funindex \lyricsto
-@node The Lyrics context
-@subsection The Lyrics context
Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called
@internalsref{Lyrics}.
\new Lyrics \lyricmode @dots{}
@end example
+There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
+of the syllables:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+by automatically aligning
+the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
+or @code{\lyricsto}.
+
+@item
+or by specifying the duration of each syllable
+explicitly, using @code{\lyricmode}
+@end itemize
+
+@menu
+* Automatic syllable durations::
+* Another way of entering lyrics::
+* Assigning more than one syllable to a single note::
+* More than one note on a single syllable::
+* Extenders and hyphens::
+@end menu
+
+@node Automatic syllable durations
+@subsubsection Automatic syllable durations
+
@cindex automatic syllable durations
-@funindex \lyricsto
@cindex lyrics and melodies
-This will place the lyrics according to the durations that were
-entered. The lyrics can also be aligned under a given melody
-automatically. In this case, it is no longer necessary to enter the
-correct duration for each syllable. This is achieved by combining the
+The lyrics can be aligned under a given melody
+automatically. This is achieved by combining the
melody and the lyrics with the @code{\lyricsto} expression
@example
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" @{ LYRICS @}
@end example
-For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to setup the
-hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g.,
+@node Another way of entering lyrics
+@subsubsection Another way of entering lyrics
+
+Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\addlyrics} or
+@code{\lyricsto}. In this case,
+syllables are entered like notes -- but with pitches replaced by text -- and the
+duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly. For example:
+
@example
-\new ChoirStaff <<
- \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @}
- \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @}
- \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @}
- \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @}
->>
+play2 the4 game2.
+sink2 or4 swim2.
@end example
+
+The alignment to a melody can be specified with the
+@code{associatedVoice} property,
+
+ @example
+\set associatedVoice = #"lala"
+ @end example
+
+ @noindent
+The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of
+a @internalsref{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines
+will not be formatted properly.
+
+Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations,
+
+@lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
+<< \new Voice = "melody" {
+ \time 3/4
+ c2 e4 g2.
+ }
+ \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
+ \set associatedVoice = #"melody"
+ play2 the4 game2.
+ } >>
+@end lilypond
-and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines
+@seealso
+
+Program reference: @internalsref{Lyrics}.
-@example
-\context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano"
- @emph{the lyrics}
-@end example
-@noindent
-The final input would resemble
+@node Assigning more than one syllable to a single note
+@subsubsection Assigning more than one syllable to a single note
-@example
-<<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >>
- \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc}
- \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc}
- @emph{etc}
->>
-@end example
+
+@funindex _
+@cindex ties, in lyrics
+
+In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
+surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
+between syllables, or use tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric
+tie@footnote{The lyric ties is implemented with the Unicode character
+U+203F, so be
+sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
+glyph.}.
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\time 3/4
+\relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
+\addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
+\addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
+\addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
+@end lilypond
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic},
-@internalsref{Lyrics}.
+Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic}.
+
+@c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata"
+@c the new title might be more self-explanatory
+
+
+@node More than one note on a single syllable
+@subsubsection More than one note on a single syllable
+
+@cindex melisma
+@cindex melismata
+@cindex phrasing, in lyrics
+
+Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be sung on one
+single syllable; such vocalises are called melismas, or melismata.
+
+@c this method seems to be the simplest; therefore
+@c it might be better to present it first - vv
+
+You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_}
+for every note
+that is part of the melisma.
+@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
+{ \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
+ c d( e) f f( e) e e }
+\addlyrics
+ { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _ e }
+@end lilypond
-@node Melismata
-@subsection Melismata
+In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you
+set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above.
-The @code{\lyricsto} command detects melismata: it only puts one
+However, the @code{\lyricsto} command can also
+detect melismata automatically: it only puts one
syllable under a tied or slurred group of notes. If you want to force
an unslurred group of notes to be a melisma, insert @code{\melisma}
after the first note of the group, and @code{\melismaEnd} after the
beamed, and automatic beaming (see @ref{Setting automatic beam
behavior}) is switched off.
+@c TODO: there might be some more relevant place for
+@c the following link (?)
+
@cindex SATB
@cindex choral score
Melismata are not detected automatically, and extender lines must be
inserted by hand.
+@node Extenders and hyphens
+@subsubsection Extenders and hyphens
-@node Another way of entering lyrics
-@subsection Another way of entering lyrics
+@cindex melisma
+@cindex extender
-Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\lyricsto}. In this case the
-duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly, for example,
+Melismata are indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable
+and the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered
+as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two underscore
+characters).
-@example
-play2 the4 game2.
-sink2 or4 swim2.
-@end example
+@cindex hyphens
-The alignment to a melody can be specified with the
-@code{associatedVoice} property,
+Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{ -- } between syllables of a same word
+(note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters). The hyphen
+will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted
+depending on the space between the syllables.
-@example
-\set associatedVoice = #"lala"
-@end example
+In tighly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
+happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum
+distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length}
+(threshold below which hyphens are removed).
-@noindent
-The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of
-a @internalsref{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines
-will not be formatted properly.
+@seealso
-Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations,
+Program reference: @internalsref{LyricExtender},
+@internalsref{LyricHyphen}
-@lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
-<< \new Voice = "melody" {
- \time 3/4
- c2 e4 g2.
- }
- \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
- \set associatedVoice = #"melody"
- play2 the4 game2.
- } >>
-@end lilypond
+@node Working with lyrics and identifiers
+@subsection Working with lyrics and identifiers
+@cindex lyrics, identifiers
+To define identifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{\lyricmode}
+must be used. You do not have to enter durations though, if you add
+@code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto}
+when invoking your identifier.
+
+@example
+verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
+\score @{
+ <<
+ \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
+ \autoBeamOff
+ \time 2/4
+ c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
+ @}
+ \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
+ >>
+@}
+@end example
+
+@c TODO: Move the following section to
+@c "Working with lyrics and identifiers"
+
+For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to setup the
+hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g.,
+@example
+\new ChoirStaff <<
+ \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @}
+ \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @}
+ \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @}
+ \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @}
+>>
+@end example
+
+and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines
+
+@example
+\context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano"
+@emph{the lyrics}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+
+The final input would resemble
+
+@example
+<<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >>
+ \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc}
+ \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc}
+@emph{etc}
+>>
+@end example
+
+@seealso
+
@c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug
+Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic},
+@internalsref{Lyrics}.
@node Flexibility in placement
@subsection Flexibility in placement
* Lyrics to multiple notes of a melisma::
* Divisi lyrics::
* Switching the melody associated with a lyrics line::
-* Specifying melismata within the lyrics::
* Lyrics independent of notes::
@end menu
@code{lahlah} to @code{associatedVoice}.
-@node Specifying melismata within the lyrics
-@subsubsection Specifying melismata within the lyrics
-
-It is also possible to define melismata entirely in the lyrics. This
-can be done by entering @code{_} for every note that is part of the
-melisma.
-
-@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
-{ \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
- c d( e) f f( e) e e }
-\addlyrics
- { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _ e }
-@end lilypond
-
-In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you
-set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above.
-
-
@node Lyrics independent of notes
@subsubsection Lyrics independent of notes
@node More about stanzas
@subsection More about stanzas
-@c what's this doing here?
-@cindex phrasing, in lyrics
-
@cindex stanza number
@subsubsection Adding stanza numbers
its fleece was white as snow.
}
-\book{
- \score{ <<
- \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
- \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
- >>
- \layout { }
- }
- \markup { \column{
- \line{ Verse 2. }
- \line{ All the children laughed and played }
- \line{ To see a lamb at school. }
- }
+\score{ <<
+ \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
+ \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
+>>
+ \layout { }
+}
+\markup { \column{
+ \line{ Verse 2. }
+ \line{ All the children laughed and played }
+ \line{ To see a lamb at school. }
}
- \markup{
- \wordwrap-string #"
- Verse 3.
+}
+\markup{
+ \wordwrap-string #"
+ Verse 3.
- Mary took it home again,
+ Mary took it home again,
- It was against the rule."
- }
+ It was against the rule."
}
@end lilypond
\clef "G_8"
b16 d16 g16 b16 e16
\textSpannerDown
-\override TextSpanner #'bound-details #'left #'text = "XII "
+\override TextSpanner #'bound-details #'left #'text = #"XII "
g16\startTextSpan
b16 e16 g16 e16 b16 g16\stopTextSpan
e16 b16 g16 d16
@ref{Figured bass}
@end itemize
-Here are all suptopics at a glance:
+Here are all subtopics at a glance:
@menu
* Ancient note heads::
@refbugs
Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the
-correpsonding note heads.
+corresponding note heads.
The episem line is not displayed in many cases. If it is displayed,
the right end of the episem line is often too far to the right.
When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and
@code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around.
Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures
-have overlapping extender lines. To avoid this problem, plese
+have overlapping extender lines. To avoid this problem, please
use @code{stacking-dir} on @code{BassFigureAlignment}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff