version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.51"
+@c \version "2.12.0"
@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks
created in a score.
@menu
-* Attached to notes::
-* Curves::
-* Lines::
+* Attached to notes::
+* Curves::
+* Lines::
@end menu
Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
@menu
-* Articulations and ornamentations::
-* Dynamics::
-* New dynamic marks::
+* Articulations and ornamentations::
+* Dynamics::
+* New dynamic marks::
@end menu
@node Articulations and ornamentations
@unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
@cindex articulations
+@cindex ornamentation
@cindex scripts
@cindex ornaments
@cindex espressivo
@cindex downbow
@cindex foot marks
@cindex organ pedal marks
+@cindex pedal marks, organ
@cindex turn
@cindex open
@cindex stopped
@cindex coda
@cindex varcoda
+@funindex -
+
A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
this syntax:
@end lilypond
@cindex marcato
-@cindex stopped
@cindex tenuto
@cindex staccatissimo
@cindex accent
Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
-consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
-signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for
-@notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
-@notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
-and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as
-follows:
+consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
+articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
+@notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
+@notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
+Their corresponding output appears as follows:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4-^ c-+ c-- c-|
-c4-> c-. c-_
+c4-> c-. c2-_
@end lilypond
The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{tenuto},
@rglos{accent},
Notation Reference:
@ref{Direction and placement},
-@ref{List of articulations}.
+@ref{List of articulations},
+@ref{Trills}.
Installed Files:
@file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
@rinternals{TextScript}.
-@knownissues
-
-These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
-MIDI rendering of the music.
-
-
@node Dynamics
@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
@cindex absolute dynamics
@cindex dynamics
@cindex dynamics, absolute
+
@funindex \ppppp
+@funindex ppppp
@funindex \pppp
+@funindex pppp
@funindex \ppp
+@funindex ppp
@funindex \pp
+@funindex pp
@funindex \p
+@funindex p
@funindex \mp
+@funindex mp
@funindex \mf
+@funindex mf
@funindex \f
+@funindex f
@funindex \ff
+@funindex ff
@funindex \fff
+@funindex fff
@funindex \ffff
+@funindex ffff
@funindex \fp
+@funindex fp
@funindex \sf
+@funindex sf
@funindex \sff
+@funindex sff
@funindex \sp
+@funindex sp
@funindex \spp
+@funindex spp
@funindex \sfz
+@funindex sfz
@funindex \rfz
+@funindex rfz
Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
@code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
@code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
@code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
-be manually placed above or below the staff, see
+be manually placed above or below the staff, see
@ref{Direction and placement}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
@end lilypond
@cindex hairpin
+@cindex crescendo
+@cindex decrescendo
+@cindex diminuendo
+
@funindex \<
@funindex \>
@funindex \!
@funindex \cr
+@funindex cr
@funindex \decr
+@funindex decr
A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
+@cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
+@cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
+
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4\< c\! d\> e\!
<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
@cindex espressivo articulation
+@funindex \espressivo
+@funindex espressivo
+
In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
one note:
g1\espressivo
@end lilypond
-@cindex crescendo
-@cindex decrescendo
-@cindex diminuendo
+
+@funindex \crescTextCresc
+@funindex crescTextCresc
+@funindex \dimTextDecresc
+@funindex dimTextDecresc
+@funindex \dimTextDecr
+@funindex dimTextDecr
+@funindex \dimTextDim
+@funindex dimTextDim
+@funindex \crescHairpin
+@funindex crescHairpin
+@funindex \dimHairpin
+@funindex dimHairpin
Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
-instead of hairpins. The built-in commands that enable these text
-modes are @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
+instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
+extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
+@code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
@code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
-@code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert to
-hairpins again:
+@code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
+to hairpins again:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c4\< d e f\!
-e4\> d c b\!
\crescTextCresc
-c4\< d e f\!
+c2\< d | e f\!
\dimTextDecresc
-e4\> d c b\!
+e2\> d | c b\!
\crescHairpin
-c4\< d e f\!
+c2\< d | e f\!
+\dimHairpin
+e2\> d\!
@end lilypond
+
To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
+@cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
+@cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
+
+@funindex DynamicLineSpanner
+
+
Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
+@funindex \dynamicUp
+@funindex dynamicUp
+@funindex \dynamicDown
+@funindex dynamicDown
+@funindex \dynamicNeutral
+@funindex dynamicNeutral
@predefined
-
-@funindex \dynamicUp
@code{\dynamicUp},
-@funindex \dynamicDown
@code{\dynamicDown},
-@funindex \dynamicNeutral
@code{\dynamicNeutral},
-@funindex \crescTextCresc
@code{\crescTextCresc},
-@funindex \dimTextDim
@code{\dimTextDim},
-@funindex \dimTextDecr
@code{\dimTextDecr},
-@funindex \dimTextDecresc
@code{\dimTextDecresc},
-@funindex \crescHairpin
@code{\crescHairpin},
-@funindex \dimHairpin
@code{\dimHairpin}.
+@endpredefined
@snippets
{printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes.ly}
+{vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
@seealso
-
-@c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
-
Music Glossary:
+@rglos{al niente},
@rglos{crescendo},
-@rglos{decrescendo}.
+@rglos{decrescendo},
+@rglos{hairpin}.
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
Notation Reference:
@ref{Direction and placement},
-@ref{New dynamic marks}.
+@ref{New dynamic marks},
+@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
+@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
\relative c' {
- <d e>16 <d e>
- <d e>2.._\moltoF
+ <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
+ <d e>2..
}
@end lilypond
@cindex dynamics, editorial
@cindex dynamics, parenthesis
+@cindex editorial dynamics
+@funindex \bracket
+@funindex bracket
+@funindex \dynamic
+@funindex dynamic
In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
in @ref{Formatting text}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-roundf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
- \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } }
-boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
+roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
+ \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
+boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
\relative c' {
- c1_\roundf
- c1_\boxf
+ c1_\roundF
+ c1_\boxF
}
@end lilypond
-By default, markup objects are aligned to the left side of a note
-head, but authentic dynamic marks are always centered on the note
-head. New, centered dynamic marks can be created using the
-following function:
-
@cindex make-dynamic-script
+@funindex make-dynamic-script
+
+Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
+@code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only
+contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
}
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-The dynamic font only contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and
-@code{z}. In order to use other font families, it is necessary to
-use markup mode in its Scheme form, as explained in
-@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
+In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as
+its argument. In the following example, using
+@code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of
+markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note
+head.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
+ \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
+ \dynamic f
+ \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
+boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
+roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
+boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
+\relative c' {
+ c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
+ g,1_\boxFdynamic
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
+explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup
- #:normal-text "molto"
- #:dynamic "f"))
+moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
+ (markup #:normal-text "molto"
+ #:dynamic "f"))
\relative c' {
<d e>16 <d e>
<d e>2..\moltoF
}
@end lilypond
-@noindent
Font settings in markup mode are described in
-@ref{Common markup commands}.
+@ref{Selecting font and font size}.
@seealso
-
Notation Reference:
@ref{Formatting text},
-@ref{Common markup commands},
-@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
+@ref{Selecting font and font size},
+@ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
+@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
+@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
doits.
@menu
-* Slurs::
-* Phrasing slurs::
-* Breath marks::
-* Falls and doits::
+* Slurs::
+* Phrasing slurs::
+* Breath marks::
+* Falls and doits::
@end menu
@node Slurs
<c e>2( <b d>2)
@end lilypond
+@cindex slurs, manual placement
+@cindex slurs, below notes
+@cindex slurs, above notes
+@funindex \slurDown
+@funindex slurDown
+@funindex \slurNeutral
+@funindex slurNeutral
+
Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
@ref{Direction and placement}.
c2( d)
@end lilypond
-Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once.
-For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+@cindex phrasing slur
+@cindex multiple slurs
+@cindex simultaneous slurs
+@cindex slur, phrasing
+@cindex slurs, multiple
+@cindex slurs, simultaneous
+
+Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
+slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
+once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+
+@cindex slur style
+@cindex solid slur
+@cindex dotted slur
+@cindex dashed slur
+@cindex slur, solid
+@cindex slur, dotted
+@cindex slur, dashed
+@cindex solid slur
+@cindex dotted slur
+@cindex dashed slur
+@cindex sytle, slur
+@funindex \slurDashed
+@funindex slurDashed
+@funindex \slurDotted
+@funindex slurDotted
+@funindex \slurSolid
+@funindex slurSolid
Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
style:
g4( e c2)
@end lilypond
+@funindex \slurUp
+@funindex slurUp
-@predefined
-@funindex \slurUp
+@predefined
@code{\slurUp},
-@funindex \slurDown
@code{\slurDown},
-@funindex \slurNeutral
@code{\slurNeutral},
-@funindex \slurDashed
@code{\slurDashed},
-@funindex \slurDotted
@code{\slurDotted},
-@funindex \slurSolid
@code{\slurSolid}.
+@endpredefined
@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{slur}.
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
+
Notation Reference:
@ref{Direction and placement},
@ref{Phrasing slurs}.
@cindex phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing marks
+@cindex slur, phrasing
+@cindex mark, phrasing
@funindex \(
@funindex \)
e2) d\)
@end lilypond
+@funindex \phrasingSlurUp
+@funindex phrasingSlurUp
+@funindex \phrasingSlurDown
+@funindex phrasingSlurDown
+@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
+@funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
+@funindex phrasingSlurDashed
+@funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
+@funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
+@funindex phrasingSlurDotted
+@funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
+@funindex phrasingSlurSolid
+
Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
@end lilypond
-Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
+@cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
+@cindex multiple phrasing slurs
+@cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
+@cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
+@cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
+@cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
+Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
-@predefined
+Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
+style for phrasing slurs:
-@funindex \phrasingSlurUp
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurDashed
+g4\( e c2\)
+\phrasingSlurDotted
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurSolid
+g4\( e c2\)
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@predefined
@code{\phrasingSlurUp},
-@funindex \phrasingSlurDown
@code{\phrasingSlurDown},
-@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
-@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
+@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
+@code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
+@code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
+@code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
+@endpredefined
@seealso
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
Notation Reference:
@ref{Direction and placement}.
@unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
@cindex breath marks
+@cindex pause mark
@funindex \breathe
+@funindex breathe
Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{caesura}.
Notation Reference:
@ref{Divisiones}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
-@c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{BreathingSign}.
@cindex falls
@cindex doits
@funindex \bendAfter
+@funindex bendAfter
@notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
c2-\bendAfter #-8
@end lilypond
-The dash (@tie{-}) immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
+The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
@seealso
-
-@c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
-@c Music Glossary:
-@c @rglos{falls},
-@c @rglos{doits}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{fall},
+@rglos{doit}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
@menu
-* Glissando::
-* Arpeggio::
-* Trills::
+* Glissando::
+* Arpeggio::
+* Trills::
@end menu
@node Glissando
@cindex glissando
@funindex \glissando
+@funindex glissando
A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
to a note:
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{glissando}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
-@c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
-@c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
-@c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
-
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Glissando}.
@knownissues
-Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
+Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
supported.
@cindex broken chord
@cindex chord, broken
+@funindex \arpeggio
+@funindex arpeggio
+@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
+@funindex arpeggioArrowUp
+@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
+@funindex arpeggioArrowDown
+@funindex \arpeggioNormal
+@funindex arpeggioNormal
+
An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
<c e g c>1\arpeggio
@end lilypond
-The direction of an arpeggio is indicated by adding an arrowhead
-to the wiggly line. The commands @code{\arpeggioArrowUp} and
-@code{\arpeggioArrowDown} are used for this task.
-@code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back to an arrow-less arpeggio:
+Different types of arpeggios may be written.
+@code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
\arpeggioArrowUp
<c e g c>2\arpeggio
\arpeggioArrowDown
<c e g c>2\arpeggio
\arpeggioNormal
-<c e g c>1\arpeggio
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
@end lilypond
-The command @code{\arpeggioBracket} can be used to create a square
-bracket on the left of a chord, indicating that the chord should
-@emph{not} be arpeggiated. @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back
-to a regular arpeggio:
+@cindex arpeggio symbols, special
+@cindex special arpeggio symbols
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-<c e g c>2
-\arpeggioBracket
-<c e g c>2\arpeggio
-\arpeggioNormal
-<c e g c>1\arpeggio
-@end lilypond
+@funindex \arpeggioBracket
+@funindex arpeggioBracket
+@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
+@funindex arpeggioParenthesis
-A @emph{parenthesis} style bracket may be attached to a chord
-construct instead of a square bracket.
+Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
<c e g c>2
+\arpeggioBracket
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
\arpeggioParenthesis
<c e g c>2\arpeggio
\arpeggioNormal
-<c e g c>1\arpeggio
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
@end lilypond
Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
information, see @ref{Ties}.
-@predefined
-@funindex \arpeggio
+@predefined
@code{\arpeggio},
-@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
@code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
-@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
@code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
-@funindex \arpeggioNormal
@code{\arpeggioNormal},
-@funindex \arpeggioBracket
@code{\arpeggioBracket},
-@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
@code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
+@endpredefined
@snippets
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{arpeggio}.
@knownissues
+@cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
+@cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
+@cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
+
It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
time.
@unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
@cindex trills
+
@funindex \trill
+@funindex trill
+@funindex \startTrillSpan
+@funindex startTrillSpan
+@funindex \stopTrillSpan
+@funindex stopTrillSpan
Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
@code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
Longer trills with an extender line are made with
-@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
-following example, the trill is combined with grace notes. To
-achieve precise control over the placement of the grace notes, see
-@ref{Grace notes}.
+@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d1~\startTrillSpan
+d1
+c2\stopTrillSpan r2
+@end lilypond
+
+In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
+The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
+the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1 \afterGrace
-d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] }
-c4
+d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
+e2 r2
@end lilypond
@cindex pitched trills
@cindex trills, pitched
+@funindex \pitchedTrill
+@funindex pitchedTrill
Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
-@c This syntax example doesn't look nice. -pm
-
-@c @example
-@c @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
-@c @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
-@c @end example
-
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
d\stopTrillSpan
@end lilypond
+@cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
+@cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
+@cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
+
In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
@predefined
-
-@funindex \startTrillSpan
@code{\startTrillSpan},
-@funindex \stopTrillSpan
@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
+@endpredefined
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{trill}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{TrillSpanner}.
+
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff