version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.11.51"
@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks
@lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
+This section lists various expressive marks that can be
+created in a score.
+
@menu
* Attached to notes::
* Curves::
@node Attached to notes
@subsection Attached to notes
+This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
+attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
+Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
+
@menu
* Articulations and ornamentations::
* Dynamics::
@end menu
@node Articulations and ornamentations
-@subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
@cindex articulations
@cindex scripts
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4-^ c-+ c-- c-|
-c-> c-. c-_
+c4-> c-. c-_
@end lilypond
The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
@rglos{portato}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Direction and placement}.
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{List of articulations}.
Installed Files:
@file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
@node Dynamics
-@subsubsection Dynamics
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
@cindex absolute dynamics
@cindex dynamics
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2\ppp c\mp
-c\rfz c^\mf
-c_\spp c^\ff
+c2\rfz c^\mf
+c2_\spp c^\ff
@end lilypond
@cindex hairpin
A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
-@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. A
-@notation{decrescendo} mark is started with @code{\>} and is also
-terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or another
-@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. @code{\cr}
-and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}.
-@notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this notation.
+crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
+started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
+absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
+@code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
+@code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
+notation.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2\< c\!
c1\!
@end lilypond
-Spacer notes are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
+Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4\< c\! d\> e\!
@cindex espressivo articulation
In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
-the appropriate choice to indicate a @notation{crescendo} and
-@notation{decrescendo} on one note:
+the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
+one note:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2 b4 a
@cindex crescendo
@cindex decrescendo
@cindex diminuendo
-@funindex \setTextCresc
-@funindex \setTextDim
-@funindex \setTextDecr
-@funindex \setTextDecresc
-@funindex \setHairpinCresc
-@funindex \setHairpinDim
-@funindex \setHairpinDecresc
-
-@notation{Crescendos} and @notation{decrescendos} can be engraved
-as textual markings instead of hairpins. The built-in commands
-that enable these text modes are @code{\setTextCresc},
-@code{\setTextDecresc}, @code{\setTextDecr}, and
-@code{\setTextDim}. The corresponding @code{\setHairpinCresc},
-@code{\setHairpinDim}, and @code{\setHairpinDecresc} commands will
-revert to hairpins again:
+
+Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
+instead of hairpins. The built-in commands that enable these text
+modes are @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
+@code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
+@code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert to
+hairpins again:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c\< d e f\!
-e\> d c b\!
-\setTextCresc
-c\< d e f\!
-\setTextDecresc
-e\> d c b\!
-\setHairpinCresc
-c\< d e f\!
+c4\< d e f\!
+e4\> d c b\!
+\crescTextCresc
+c4\< d e f\!
+\dimTextDecresc
+e4\> d c b\!
+\crescHairpin
+c4\< d e f\!
@end lilypond
To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
@funindex \dynamicDown
@code{\dynamicDown},
@funindex \dynamicNeutral
-@code{\dynamicNeutral}.
+@code{\dynamicNeutral},
+@funindex \crescTextCresc
+@code{\crescTextCresc},
+@funindex \dimTextDim
+@code{\dimTextDim},
+@funindex \dimTextDecr
+@code{\dimTextDecr},
+@funindex \dimTextDecresc
+@code{\dimTextDecresc},
+@funindex \crescHairpin
+@code{\crescHairpin},
+@funindex \dimHairpin
+@code{\dimHairpin}.
@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes.ly}
-@c I can't figure this one out. Consider removing this. -pm
-
-@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line
-break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the
-first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line.
-To change this behavior, use
-
-@example
-\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
-@end example
-
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
-@c The following snippet goes in input/new/
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-@c {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
-
-The text used for @notation{crescendos} and
-@notation{decrescendos} can be changed by modifying the context
-properties @code{crescendoText} and @code{decrescendoText}. The
-style of the spanner line can be changed by modifying the
-@code{'style} property of @code{DynamicTextSpanner}. The default
-value is @code{'hairpin}, and other possible values include
-@code{'line}, @code{'dashed-line}, and @code{'dotted-line}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" }
-\set crescendoSpanner = #'text
-\override DynamicTextSpanner #'style = #'dotted-line
-a2\< a
-a2 a
-a2 a
-a2 a\mf
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
@seealso
@rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Direction and placement}.
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{New dynamic marks}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
@node New dynamic marks
-@subsubsection New dynamic marks
+@unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
@cindex new dynamic marks
@cindex dynamic marks, new
-It is possible to print new dynamic marks or text that should be
-aligned with dynamics. Use @code{make-dynamic-script} to create
-these marks. Note that the dynamic font only contains the
-characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
-
-Some situations (such as dynamic marks) have preset font-related
-properties. If you are creating text in such situations, it is
-advisable to cancel those properties with @code{normal-text}. See
-@ref{Text markup commands} for more details.
-
-@cindex make-dynamic-script
+The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
+@code{\markup} objects.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
+moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
+
\relative c' {
- c4 c c\sfzp c
+ <d e>16 <d e>
+ <d e>2.._\moltoF
}
@end lilypond
@cindex dynamics, editorial
@cindex dynamics, parenthesis
-It is also possible to print dynamics in round parenthesis or
-square brackets. These are often used for adding editorial
-dynamics.
+In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
+brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
+in @ref{Formatting text}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-rndf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
+roundf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
\dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } }
boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
\relative c' {
- c1_\rndf
+ c1_\roundf
c1_\boxf
}
@end lilypond
+By default, markup objects are aligned to the left side of a note
+head, but authentic dynamic marks are always centered on the note
+head. New, centered dynamic marks can be created using the
+following function:
+
+@cindex make-dynamic-script
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
+\relative c' {
+ c4 c c\sfzp c
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+The dynamic font only contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and
+@code{z}. In order to use other font families, it is necessary to
+use markup mode in its Scheme form, as explained in
+@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup
+ #:normal-text "molto"
+ #:dynamic "f"))
+\relative c' {
+ <d e>16 <d e>
+ <d e>2..\moltoF
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+Font settings in markup mode are described in
+@ref{Common markup commands}.
+
@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Formatting text},
+@ref{Common markup commands},
+@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
@node Curves
@subsection Curves
+This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
+are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
+doits.
+
@menu
* Slurs::
* Phrasing slurs::
@end menu
@node Slurs
-@subsubsection Slurs
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
@cindex slurs
-A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or
-@emph{legato}. They are entered using parentheses:
+@notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4)
+f4( g a) a8 b(
+a4 g2 f4)
<c e>2( <b d>2)
@end lilypond
-Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with
-@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either
-@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the
-default). Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff,
-see @ref{Direction and placement}.
+Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
+@ref{Direction and placement}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c4_( c) c^( c)
+c2( d)
+\slurDown
+c2( d)
+\slurNeutral
+c2( d)
@end lilypond
-Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once. To print
-a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once.
+For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+
+Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
+style:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4( e g2)
+\slurDashed
+g4( e c2)
+\slurDotted
+c4( e g2)
+\slurSolid
+g4( e c2)
+@end lilypond
@predefined
@rglos{slur}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Direction and placement}.
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{Phrasing slurs}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
@node Phrasing slurs
-@subsubsection Phrasing slurs
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing marks
@funindex \(
@funindex \)
-A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
-indicate a musical sentence. It is written using @code{\(} and
+@notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
+musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
@code{\)} respectively:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\time 6/4 c\( d( e) f( e) d\)
+c4\( d( e) f(
+e2) d\)
@end lilypond
-Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
-normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects. A
-@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead,
-use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
-@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. Phrasing slurs may be manually
-placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Direction
-and placement}.
+Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
+normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
+@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
+slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
+@ref{Direction and placement}.
-You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
+\phrasingSlurUp
+c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
+@end lilypond
+
+Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
@predefined
@node Breath marks
-@subsubsection Breath marks
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
@cindex breath marks
@funindex \breathe
Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c4 \breathe d4
+c2. \breathe d4
@end lilypond
+Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
+divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
+
@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
+@cindex caesura
+@cindex railroad tracks
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{inserting-a-caesura.ly}
+
@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Divisiones}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
@c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
@node Falls and doits
-@subsubsection Falls and doits
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
@cindex falls
@cindex doits
@funindex \bendAfter
@notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
-the @code{\bendAfter} command:
+the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
+is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
+indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
+@emph{beyond} the main note.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2-\bendAfter #+4
-c-\bendAfter #-4
-c-\bendAfter #+8
-c-\bendAfter #-8
+c2-\bendAfter #-4
+c2-\bendAfter #+8
+c2-\bendAfter #-8
@end lilypond
-The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when
-writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
+The dash (@tie{-}) immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
+command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
@snippets
@node Lines
@subsection Lines
+This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
+follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
+
@menu
* Glissando::
* Arpeggio::
@end menu
@node Glissando
-@subsubsection Glissando
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
@cindex glissando
@funindex \glissando
-A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted
-by a line or a wavy line between two notes. A
-@notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to
-a note:
+A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
+to a note:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c2\glissando c'
-\override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag
+g2\glissando g'
c2\glissando c,
@end lilypond
+Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
+@ref{Line styles}.
@snippets
-@c Modify, add description, and put in input/new/
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-@c {suppressing-warnings-for-clashing-note-columns.ly}
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t
-
-\relative c' <<
- { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\
- { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, }
->>
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{contemporary-glissando.ly}
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{glissando}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Line styles}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
@node Arpeggio
-@subsubsection Arpeggio
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
@cindex arpeggio
@cindex broken chord
@cindex chord, broken
-@c Add documentation for new 'parenthesis' style arpeggio. Maybe
-@c create a new \arpeggioParen command, or something similar. -pm
+An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
+is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+<c e g c>1\arpeggio
+@end lilypond
-You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a
-@notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an
-@code{\arpeggio} to the chord:
+The direction of an arpeggio is indicated by adding an arrowhead
+to the wiggly line. The commands @code{\arpeggioArrowUp} and
+@code{\arpeggioArrowDown} are used for this task.
+@code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back to an arrow-less arpeggio:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-<c e g c>\arpeggio
+\arpeggioArrowUp
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+\arpeggioArrowDown
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+\arpeggioNormal
+<c e g c>1\arpeggio
@end lilypond
-A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket},
-is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be
-arpeggiated:
+The command @code{\arpeggioBracket} can be used to create a square
+bracket on the left of a chord, indicating that the chord should
+@emph{not} be arpeggiated. @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back
+to a regular arpeggio:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+<c e g c>2
\arpeggioBracket
-<c e g c>\arpeggio
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+\arpeggioNormal
+<c e g c>1\arpeggio
@end lilypond
-The direction of the arpeggio can be denoted by adding an
-arrowhead to the wiggly line. This is done with the commands
-@code{arpeggioUp} and @code{arpeggioDown}. @code{arpeggioNeutral}
-reverts to the arrow-less version:
+A @emph{parenthesis} style bracket may be attached to a chord
+construct instead of a square bracket.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\new Voice {
- \arpeggioUp
- <c e g c>\arpeggio
- \arpeggioDown
- <c e g c>\arpeggio
- \arpeggioNeutral
- <c e g c>\arpeggio
-}
+<c e g c>2
+\arpeggioParenthesis
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+\arpeggioNormal
+<c e g c>1\arpeggio
@end lilypond
-@notation{Arpeggios} can be explicitly written out using
-@notation{ties}. For more information, see @ref{Ties}.
+Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
+information, see @ref{Ties}.
@predefined
@funindex \arpeggio
@code{\arpeggio},
-@funindex \arpeggioUp
-@code{\arpeggioUp},
-@funindex \arpeggioDown
-@code{\arpeggioDown},
-@funindex \arpeggioNeutral
-@code{\arpeggioNeutral},
+@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
+@code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
+@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
+@code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
+@funindex \arpeggioNormal
+@code{\arpeggioNormal},
@funindex \arpeggioBracket
-@code{\arpeggioBracket}.
+@code{\arpeggioBracket},
+@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
+@code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
@snippets
@seealso
-@c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{arpeggio}.
arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
time.
+The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
+cross-staff arpeggios.
+
@node Trills
-@subsubsection Trills
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
@cindex trills
@funindex \trill
-Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
-articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
+Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
+@code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
-Long running @notation{trills} are made with
+Longer trills with an extender line are made with
@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
-following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
-combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the
-placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.
+following example, the trill is combined with grace notes. To
+achieve precise control over the placement of the grace notes, see
+@ref{Grace notes}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1 \afterGrace
@cindex pitched trills
@cindex trills, pitched
-@notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
-specified pitch can be typeset with the command
-@code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:
+Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
+be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
+argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
+note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
-@example
-@code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
-@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
-@end example
+@c This syntax example doesn't look nice. -pm
+
+@c @example
+@c @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
+@c @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
+@c @end example
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
+\pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
d\stopTrillSpan
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-The first argument is the main note. The pitch of the second is
-printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
+In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
+the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
+workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
+The second measure illustrates this method:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
+g\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
+g\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
+g\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
+g\stopTrillSpan
+@end lilypond
@predefined
-@code{\startTrillSpan},
@funindex \startTrillSpan
-@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
+@code{\startTrillSpan},
@funindex \stopTrillSpan
+@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{trill}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
+@ref{Grace notes}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff