@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks
-@lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16]
-{expressive-headword.ly}
+@lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
@menu
* Attached to notes::
@node Attached to notes
@subsection Attached to notes
-
@menu
* Articulations and ornamentations::
* Dynamics::
@end menu
@node Articulations and ornamentations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
+@subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations
@cindex articulations
@cindex scripts
@cindex ornaments
-A variety of symbols can appear above and below notes to indicate
-different characteristics of the performance. All these symbols
-can be attached to a note using the syntax
-@var{note}@code{\}@var{name}.
+A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
+and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
+this syntax:
-The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
-articulations}.
+@example
+@var{note}\@var{name}
+@end example
-Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry. They
-are used by adding a dash and the character signifying
-the articulation to the note name. The available shorthands and
-their output are:
+The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
+articulations}. For example:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
-c4-. c-- c-+ c-|
-c-> c-^ c-_
+c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
+c1\fermata
@end lilypond
-The marks are automatically placed, but the direction can be
-forced as well. Like other pieces of LilyPond code,
-@code{_}@tie{}will place them below the staff, and@tie{}@code{^}
-will place them above. This applies both to the shorthands and
-the fully named articulations. For the shorthands, the dash
-itself should be omitted; the direction signs replace it:
+@cindex marcato
+@cindex stopped
+@cindex tenuto
+@cindex staccatissimo
+@cindex accent
+@cindex staccato
+@cindex portato
+
+Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
+Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
+consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
+signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for
+@notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
+@notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
+and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as
+follows:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
-c4^^ c4_^
-c\fermata c^\fermata c_\fermata
+c4-^ c-+ c-- c-|
+c-> c-. c-_
@end lilypond
+The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
+in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
+may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
+@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
-@cindex accent
-@cindex marcato
-@cindex staccatissimo
@cindex espressivo
@cindex fermata
-@cindex stopped
-@cindex staccato
-@cindex portato
-@cindex tenuto
@cindex upbow
@cindex downbow
@cindex foot marks
@cindex varcoda
-@commonprop
+@snippets
+
+@c Send these snippets to Valentin for the LSR.
-The meanings of the shorthands can be changed. They are defined
-in @file{ly/@/script@/-init@/.ly}, where the variables
-@code{dashDot}, @code{dashDash}, @code{dashPlus}, @code{dashBar},
-@code{dashLarger}, @code{dashHat}, and @code{dashUnderscore}
-are associated with the default articulation marks. If you want,
-e.g., @code{-+} to produce a trill instead of a "+", you can
-redefine the variable in your document:
+The shorthands are defined in @file{ly/@/script@/-init@/.ly},
+where the variables @code{dashHat}, @code{dashPlus},
+@code{dashDash}, @code{dashBar}, @code{dashLarger},
+@code{dashDot}, and @code{dashUnderscore} are assigned default
+values. The default values for the shorthands can be modified.
+For example, to associate the @code{-+} (@code{dashPlus})
+shorthand with the @notation{trill} symbol instead of the default
+@notation{+} symbol, assign the value @code{trill} to the variable
+@code{dashPlus}:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\relative c'' { c-+ }
closer it will be put to the note. In this example, the
@code{TextScript} (the sharp symbol) first has the lowest
priority, so it is put lowest in the first example. In the
-second, the prall trill (the @code{Script}) has the
+second, the @notation{prall trill} (the @code{Script}) has the
lowest, so it is on the inside. When two objects have the same
priority, the order in which they are entered decides which one
comes first.
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}
+Music Glossary: @rglos{tenuto}, @rglos{accent}, @rglos{staccato},
+@rglos{portato}.
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Script},
@internalsref{TextScript}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
MIDI rendering of the music.
@node Dynamics
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
+@subsubsection Dynamics
@cindex dynamics
@funindex \pppp
@code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p}, @code{\mp},
@code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff}, @code{\ffff},
@code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp}, @code{\spp},
-@code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks can be placed
-above or below the staff with@tie{}@code{_} and@tie{}@code{^},
-just like articulation marks.
+@code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may be manually
+placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
+and placement}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2\ppp c\mp
c_\spp c_\staccato^\ff
@end lilypond
+@cindex hairpin
@funindex \<
@funindex \>
@funindex \!
+@funindex \cr
+@funindex \decr
-A crescendo mark is started with @code{\<} and terminated with
-@code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. A decrescendo is started with
-@code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute
-dynamic. @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of
-@code{\<} and @code{\>}. They can be engraved either using a
-graphical sign (a @q{hairpin}), or with textual signs.
+A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
+terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. A
+@notation{decrescendo} is started with @code{\>} and is also
+terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. @code{\cr} and
+@code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}. They
+can be engraved either using a graphical sign (a
+@notation{hairpin}), or with textual signs.
Because these marks are bound to notes, you must use spacer notes
if multiple marks are needed during one note.
<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\! \> s4\! } >>
@end lilypond
-This may give rise to very short hairpins. To lengthen them, use
-for example @code{minimum-length} in
-@internalsref{Voice}.@internalsref{Hairpin}:
+This may give rise to very short hairpins. To lengthen them, the
+following code can be used, for example:
@example
\override Voice.Hairpin #'minimum-length = #5
@end example
@noindent
-A hairpin normally starts at the left edge of the beginning note
-and ends on the right edge of the ending note. If the ending note
-falls on the downbeat, the hairpin ends on the immediately
-preceding bar line. This may be modified by setting the
-@code{hairpinToBarline} property:
-@cindex hairpin
+A @notation{hairpin} normally starts at the left edge of the
+beginning note and ends on the right edge of the ending note. If
+the ending note falls on the downbeat, the @notation{hairpin} ends
+on the immediately preceding bar line. The following example
+illustrates this behavior:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
e4\< e2. e1\!
@end lilypond
@cindex espressivo, articulation
+
In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
suitable to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on the one note:
@cindex al niente
@cindex niente, al
-Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation) by
-setting the @code{circled-tip} property:
+Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation):
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t
@cindex crescendo
@cindex decrescendo
@cindex diminuendo
-
-You can use text saying @emph{cresc.}, @emph{decr.}, or
-@emph{dim.} instead of hairpins with the commands \setTextCresc,
-\setTextDim, and \setTextDecresc. The corresponding
-\setHairpinCresc, \setHairpinDim, and \setHairpinDecresc will
-revert to hairpins again:
+@funindex \setTextCresc
+@funindex \setTextDim
+@funindex \setTextDecresc
+@funindex \setHairpinCresc
+@funindex \setHairpinDim
+@funindex \setHairpinDecresc
+
+You can use text saying @notation{cresc.}, @notation{decr.}, or
+@notation{dim.} instead of hairpins with the commands
+@code{\setTextCresc}, @code{\setTextDim}, and
+@code{\setTextDecresc}. The corresponding
+@code{\setHairpinCresc}, @code{\setHairpinDim}, and
+@code{\setHairpinDecresc} will revert to hairpins again:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\setTextCresc
@internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}.
-@refcommands
+@predefined
@funindex \dynamicUp
@code{\dynamicUp},
@code{\dynamicNeutral}.
-@commonprop
+@snippets
Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be
vertically aligned. If you want to ensure that dynamics are
You may also use this property if the dynamics are colliding with
other notation.
-Crescendi and decrescendi that cross a line break will be
-continued on the second line. If they end on the first note of a
-new line, nothing will be printed on that line. To change this
-behavior, use
+@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line
+break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the
+first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line.
+To change this behavior, use
@example
\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
@end example
-Text style dynamic changes (such as @emph{cresc.} and @emph{dim.})
-are printed with a dashed line showing their extent. To surpress
-printing this line, use
+Text style dynamic changes (such as @notation{cresc.} and
+@notation{dim.}) are printed with a dashed line showing their
+extent. To suppress printing this line, use
@example
\override DynamicTextSpanner #'dash-period = #-1.0
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{hairpin}, @rglos{crescendo},
-@rglos{decrescendo}.
+@c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{crescendo}, @rglos{decrescendo}.
Learning Manual: @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{DynamicText},
@internalsref{Hairpin}. Vertical positioning of these symbols is
@end menu
@node Slurs
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
+@subsubsection Slurs
@cindex slurs
-A slur indicates that notes are to be played bound or
+A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or
@emph{legato}. They are entered using parentheses:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with
@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either
-@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (automatically
-selected). The shorthands are also available: by
-adding@tie{}@code{_} or@tie{}@code{^} before the opening
-parentheses, the direction is also set.
+@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the
+default). Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff,
+see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4_( c) c^( c)
@end lilypond
-Only one slur can be printed at once. If you need to print a long
-slur over a few small slurs, please see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once. To print
+a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
-@refcommands
+@predefined
@funindex \slurUp
@code{\slurUp},
@code{\slurSolid}.
-@commonprop
+@snippets
Some composers write two slurs when they want legato chords. This
can be achieved in LilyPond by setting @code{doubleSlurs},
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}
+Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Slur}.
@node Phrasing slurs
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
+@subsubsection Phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing marks
+@funindex \(
+@funindex \)
A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
indicate a musical sentence. It is written using @code{\(} and
normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects. A
@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead,
use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
-@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}, or use the shorthands@tie{}@code{_}
-and@tie{}@code{^}.
+@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. Phrasing slurs may be manually
+placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
+and placement}.
You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.
-@refcommands
+@predefined
@funindex \phrasingSlurUp
@code{\phrasingSlurUp},
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{PhrasingSlur}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{PhrasingSlur}
@node Breath marks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
+@subsubsection Breath marks
+
+@cindex breath marks
+@funindex \breathe
Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
The glyph of the breath mark can be tuned by overriding the
@code{text} property of the @code{BreathingSign} layout object
d4
@end lilypond
+
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}, @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
+@c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}
@node Falls and doits
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
+@subsubsection Falls and doits
+
+@cindex falls
+@cindex doits
+@funindex \bendAfter
+
+@notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
+the @code{\bendAfter} command:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
+c2-\bendAfter #+4
+c-\bendAfter #-4
+c-\bendAfter #+8
+c-\bendAfter #-8
+@end lilypond
-Falls and doits can be added to notes using the @code{\bendAfter}
-command,
+The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when
+writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+The @code{shortest-duration-space} property may have to be tweaked
+to adjust the shape of @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
+
+@c Fix this snippet. The tweak does not work. -pm
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\override Score.SpacingSpanner #'shortest-duration-space = #3.0
c4-\bendAfter #-3
@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+
+@c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
+@c Music Glossary: @rglos{falls}, @rglos{doits}.
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
+
+
@node Lines
@subsection Lines
@end menu
@node Glissando
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
+@subsubsection Glissando
@cindex glissando
@funindex \glissando
-A glissando is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted by a line
-or a wavy line between two notes. It is requested by attaching
-@code{\glissando} to a note:
+A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted
+by a line or a wavy line between two notes. A
+@notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to
+a note:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2\glissando c'
c2\glissando c,
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{falls}, @rglos{doits}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{glissando}
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
@c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
@c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
@c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{Glissando}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{Glissando}
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
supported.
@node Arpeggio
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
+@subsubsection Arpeggio
@cindex arpeggio
@cindex broken chord
-@funindex \arpeggio
-You can specify an arpeggio sign (also known as broken chord) on a
-chord by attaching an @code{\arpeggio} to the chord:
+You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a
+@notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an
+@code{\arpeggio} to the chord:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
<c e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond
-A square bracket on the left is used to indicate that the chord
-should @emph{not} be arpeggiated:
+A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket},
+is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be
+arpeggiated:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\arpeggioBracket
@end lilypond
-@refcommands
+@predefined
+@funindex \arpeggio
@code{\arpeggio},
@funindex \arpeggioUp
@code{\arpeggioUp},
@code{\arpeggioBracket}.
-@commonprop
+@snippets
In a @code{PianoStaff}, it is possible to let an arpeggio cross
between the staves by setting the property
@seealso
+@c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{arpeggio}
+
Notation Reference: @ref{Ties}, for writing out arpeggios.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Arpeggio},
@internalsref{PianoStaff}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
@node Trills
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
+@subsubsection Trills
+
+@cindex trills
+@funindex \trill
-Short trills are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
+Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
-Long running trills are made with @code{\startTrillSpan} and
-@code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the following example, it is shown in
-the common combination with grace notes. If a more precise
-control of the placement of the grace notes is needed, see
-@ref{Grace notes}.
+Long running @notation{trills} are made with
+@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
+following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
+combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the
+placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c1 \afterGrace
@cindex pitched trills
-Trills that should be executed on an explicitly specified pitch
-can be typeset with the command @code{pitchedTrill}, and the
-syntax @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote}@code{\startTrillSpan}
-@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
+@notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
+specified pitch can be typeset with the command
+@code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:
+
+@example
+@code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
+@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
+@end example
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
-@refcommands
+@predefined
@code{\startTrillSpan},
@funindex \startTrillSpan
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{expressive}
+Music Glossary: @rglos{trill}
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{TrillSpanner}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{TrillSpanner}
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff