@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks
-@lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16]
-{expressive-headword.ly}
+@lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
@menu
* Attached to notes::
@node Attached to notes
@subsection Attached to notes
-
@menu
* Articulations and ornamentations::
* Dynamics::
@cindex scripts
@cindex ornaments
-A variety of symbols can appear above and below notes to indicate
-different characteristics of the performance. All these symbols
-can be attached to a note using the syntax
-@var{note}@code{\}@var{name}.
-
-The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
-articulations}.
-
-Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
-Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
-consists of a dash (@code{-}) followed by a symbol signifying the
-articulation. The available shorthands are:
-
-@itemize
-@item
-@code{-^} (@notation{marcato})
-
-@item
-@code{-+} (@notation{stopped})
-
-@item
-@code{--} (@notation{tenuto})
-
-@item
-@code{-|} (@notation{staccatissimo})
+A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
+and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
+this syntax:
-@item
-@code{->} (@notation{accent})
+@example
+@var{note}\@var{name}
+@end example
-@item
-@code{-.} (@notation{staccato})
+The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
+articulations}. For example:
-@item
-@code{-_} (@notation{portato})
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
+c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
+c1\fermata
+@end lilypond
-@end itemize
+@cindex marcato
+@cindex stopped
+@cindex tenuto
+@cindex staccatissimo
+@cindex accent
+@cindex staccato
+@cindex portato
-and their corresponding output:
+Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
+Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
+consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
+signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for
+@notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
+@notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
+and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as
+follows:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4-^ c-+ c-- c-|
c-> c-. c-_
@end lilypond
-The marks are automatically placed, but the direction can be
-forced as well. Like other pieces of LilyPond code,
-@code{_}@tie{}will place them below the staff, and@tie{}@code{^}
-will place them above. This applies both to the shorthands and
-the fully named articulations. For the shorthands, the dash
-itself should be omitted; the direction signs replace it:
+The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
+in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
+may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
+@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
-c4^^ c4_^
-c\fermata c^\fermata c_\fermata
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@cindex accent
-@cindex marcato
-@cindex staccatissimo
@cindex espressivo
@cindex fermata
-@cindex stopped
-@cindex staccato
-@cindex portato
-@cindex tenuto
@cindex upbow
@cindex downbow
@cindex foot marks
@snippets
+@c Send these snippets to Valentin for the LSR.
+
The shorthands are defined in @file{ly/@/script@/-init@/.ly},
where the variables @code{dashHat}, @code{dashPlus},
@code{dashDash}, @code{dashBar}, @code{dashLarger},
@seealso
+Music Glossary: @rglos{tenuto}, @rglos{accent}, @rglos{staccato},
+@rglos{portato}.
+
Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Script},
@code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p}, @code{\mp},
@code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff}, @code{\ffff},
@code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp}, @code{\spp},
-@code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks can be placed
-above or below the staff with@tie{}@code{_} and@tie{}@code{^},
-just like articulation marks.
+@code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may be manually
+placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
+and placement}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2\ppp c\mp
c_\spp c_\staccato^\ff
@end lilypond
+@cindex hairpin
@funindex \<
@funindex \>
@funindex \!
+@funindex \cr
+@funindex \decr
A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. A
@notation{decrescendo} is started with @code{\>} and is also
terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. @code{\cr} and
@code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}. They
-can be engraved either using a graphical sign (a @q{hairpin}), or
-with textual signs.
+can be engraved either using a graphical sign (a
+@notation{hairpin}), or with textual signs.
Because these marks are bound to notes, you must use spacer notes
if multiple marks are needed during one note.
<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\! \> s4\! } >>
@end lilypond
-This may give rise to very short hairpins. To lengthen them, use
-for example @code{minimum-length} in
-@internalsref{Voice}.@internalsref{Hairpin}:
+This may give rise to very short hairpins. To lengthen them, the
+following code can be used, for example:
@example
\override Voice.Hairpin #'minimum-length = #5
@end example
@noindent
-A hairpin normally starts at the left edge of the beginning note
-and ends on the right edge of the ending note. If the ending note
-falls on the downbeat, the hairpin ends on the immediately
-preceding bar line. This may be modified by setting the
-@code{hairpinToBarline} property:
-@cindex hairpin
+A @notation{hairpin} normally starts at the left edge of the
+beginning note and ends on the right edge of the ending note. If
+the ending note falls on the downbeat, the @notation{hairpin} ends
+on the immediately preceding bar line. The following example
+illustrates this behavior:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
e4\< e2. e1\!
@end lilypond
@cindex espressivo, articulation
+
In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
suitable to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on the one note:
@cindex al niente
@cindex niente, al
-Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation) by
-setting the @code{circled-tip} property:
+Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation):
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t
@cindex crescendo
@cindex decrescendo
@cindex diminuendo
-
-You can use text saying @emph{cresc.}, @emph{decr.}, or
-@emph{dim.} instead of hairpins with the commands \setTextCresc,
-\setTextDim, and \setTextDecresc. The corresponding
-\setHairpinCresc, \setHairpinDim, and \setHairpinDecresc will
-revert to hairpins again:
+@funindex \setTextCresc
+@funindex \setTextDim
+@funindex \setTextDecresc
+@funindex \setHairpinCresc
+@funindex \setHairpinDim
+@funindex \setHairpinDecresc
+
+You can use text saying @notation{cresc.}, @notation{decr.}, or
+@notation{dim.} instead of hairpins with the commands
+@code{\setTextCresc}, @code{\setTextDim}, and
+@code{\setTextDecresc}. The corresponding
+@code{\setHairpinCresc}, @code{\setHairpinDim}, and
+@code{\setHairpinDecresc} will revert to hairpins again:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\setTextCresc
You may also use this property if the dynamics are colliding with
other notation.
-Crescendi and decrescendi that cross a line break will be
-continued on the second line. If they end on the first note of a
-new line, nothing will be printed on that line. To change this
-behavior, use
+@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line
+break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the
+first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line.
+To change this behavior, use
@example
\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
@end example
-Text style dynamic changes (such as @emph{cresc.} and @emph{dim.})
-are printed with a dashed line showing their extent. To surpress
-printing this line, use
+Text style dynamic changes (such as @notation{cresc.} and
+@notation{dim.}) are printed with a dashed line showing their
+extent. To suppress printing this line, use
@example
\override DynamicTextSpanner #'dash-period = #-1.0
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{hairpin}, @rglos{crescendo},
-@rglos{decrescendo}.
+@c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{crescendo}, @rglos{decrescendo}.
Learning Manual: @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
@cindex slurs
-A slur indicates that notes are to be played bound or
+A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or
@emph{legato}. They are entered using parentheses:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with
@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either
-@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (automatically
-selected). The shorthands are also available: by
-adding@tie{}@code{_} or@tie{}@code{^} before the opening
-parentheses, the direction is also set.
+@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the
+default). Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff,
+see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4_( c) c^( c)
@end lilypond
-Only one slur can be printed at once. If you need to print a long
-slur over a few small slurs, please see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once. To print
+a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
@predefined
@seealso
+Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}
+
Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Slur}.
@cindex phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing marks
+@funindex \(
+@funindex \)
A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
indicate a musical sentence. It is written using @code{\(} and
normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects. A
@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead,
use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
-@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}, or use the shorthands@tie{}@code{_}
-and@tie{}@code{^}.
+@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. Phrasing slurs may be manually
+placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
+and placement}.
You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.
Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{PhrasingSlur}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{PhrasingSlur}
@node Breath marks
@subsubsection Breath marks
+@cindex breath marks
+@funindex \breathe
+
Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
d4
@end lilypond
+
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks},
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
@c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}
@node Falls and doits
@subsubsection Falls and doits
-Falls and doits can be added to notes using the @code{\bendAfter}
-command,
+@cindex falls
+@cindex doits
+@funindex \bendAfter
+
+@notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
+the @code{\bendAfter} command:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
+c2-\bendAfter #+4
+c-\bendAfter #-4
+c-\bendAfter #+8
+c-\bendAfter #-8
+@end lilypond
+
+The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when
+writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+The @code{shortest-duration-space} property may have to be tweaked
+to adjust the shape of @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
+
+@c Fix this snippet. The tweak does not work. -pm
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\override Score.SpacingSpanner #'shortest-duration-space = #3.0
c4-\bendAfter #-3
@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+
+@c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
+@c Music Glossary: @rglos{falls}, @rglos{doits}.
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
+
+
@node Lines
@subsection Lines
@cindex glissando
@funindex \glissando
-A glissando is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted by a line
-or a wavy line between two notes. It is requested by attaching
-@code{\glissando} to a note:
+A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted
+by a line or a wavy line between two notes. A
+@notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to
+a note:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2\glissando c'
c2\glissando c,
@end lilypond
-@snippets
+@snippets
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{falls}, @rglos{doits}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{glissando}
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
@c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
@c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
@c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{Glissando}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{Glissando}
@knownissues
@cindex arpeggio
@cindex broken chord
-@funindex \arpeggio
-You can specify an arpeggio sign (also known as broken chord) on a
-chord by attaching an @code{\arpeggio} to the chord:
+You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a
+@notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an
+@code{\arpeggio} to the chord:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
<c e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond
-A square bracket on the left is used to indicate that the chord
-should @emph{not} be arpeggiated:
+A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket},
+is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be
+arpeggiated:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\arpeggioBracket
@predefined
+@funindex \arpeggio
@code{\arpeggio},
@funindex \arpeggioUp
@code{\arpeggioUp},
@seealso
+@c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{arpeggio}
+
Notation Reference: @ref{Ties}, for writing out arpeggios.
Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
@node Trills
@subsubsection Trills
-Short trills are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
+@cindex trills
+@funindex \trill
+
+Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
-Long running trills are made with @code{\startTrillSpan} and
-@code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the following example, it is shown in
-the common combination with grace notes. If a more precise
-control of the placement of the grace notes is needed, see
-@ref{Grace notes}.
+Long running @notation{trills} are made with
+@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
+following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
+combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the
+placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c1 \afterGrace
@cindex pitched trills
-Trills that should be executed on an explicitly specified pitch
-can be typeset with the command @code{pitchedTrill}, and the
-syntax @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote}@code{\startTrillSpan}
-@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
+@notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
+specified pitch can be typeset with the command
+@code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:
+
+@example
+@code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
+@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
+@end example
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
@seealso
+Music Glossary: @rglos{trill}
+
Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{TrillSpanner}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{TrillSpanner}