Output: changing the appearance of individual
objects. For example, changing stem directions or the location of
subscripts.
-
+
@item
Context: changing aspects of the translation from music events to
-notation. For example, giving each staff a separate time signature.
-
+notation. For example, giving each staff a separate time signature.
+
@item
Global layout: changing the appearance of the spacing, line
breaks, and page dimensions. These modifications are discussed
* The \override command::
@end menu
-
+
@node Automatic notation
@section Automatic notation
Common rules for typesetting accidentals have been placed in a
function. This function is called as follows
-@cindex @code{set-accidental-style}
+@findex set-accidental-style
@example
#(set-accidental-style 'STYLE #('CONTEXT#))
@end example
should be used instead.
@item modern
-@cindex @code{modern} style accidentals
+@findex modern style accidentals
This rule corresponds to the common practice in the 20th century. This rule
prints the same accidentals as @code{default}, but temporary
accidentals also are canceled in other octaves. Furthermore,
@end lilypond
@item @code{modern-cautionary}
-@cindex @code{modern-cautionary}
+@findex modern-cautionary
This rule is similar to @code{modern}, but the ``extra'' accidentals
(the ones not typeset by @code{default}) are typeset as cautionary
accidentals. They are printed in reduced size or with parentheses
cis' c'' cis'2 | c'' c'
@end lilypond
-@cindex @code{modern-voice}
+@findex modern-voice
@item modern-voice
This rule is used for multivoice accidentals to be read both by musicians
playing one voice and musicians playing all voices. Accidentals are
typeset for each voice, but they @emph{are} canceled across voices in
the same @internalsref{Staff}.
-@cindex @code{modern-voice-cautionary}
+@findex modern-voice-cautionary
@item modern-voice-cautionary
This rule is the same as @code{modern-voice}, but with the extra
accidentals (the ones not typeset by @code{voice}) typeset
some of them are typeset as cautionaries.
@item piano
-@cindex @code{piano} accidentals
+@findex piano accidentals
This rule reflects 20th century practice for piano notation. Very similar to
@code{modern} but accidentals also get canceled
across the staves in the same @internalsref{GrandStaff} or
@internalsref{PianoStaff}.
@item piano-cautionary
-@cindex @code{#(set-accidental-style 'piano-cautionary)}
+@findex #(set-accidental-style 'piano-cautionary)
Same as @code{#(set-accidental-style 'piano)} but with the extra
accidentals typeset as cautionaries.
@item no-reset
-@cindex @code{no-reset} accidental style
+@findex no-reset accidental style
This is the same as @code{default} but with accidentals lasting
``forever'' and not only until the next measure
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1]
@node Setting automatic beam behavior
@subsection Setting automatic beam behavior
-@cindex @code{autoBeamSettings}
-@cindex @code{(end * * * *)}
-@cindex @code{(begin * * * *)}
+@findex autoBeamSettings
+@findex (end * * * *)
+@findex (begin * * * *)
@cindex automatic beams, tuning
@cindex tuning automatic beaming
this rule should apply. Set @code{n} and @code{m} to @code{'*'}
to have this apply in any time signature.
-@item @code{a/b} is the position in the bar at which the beam should
+@item @code{a/b} is the position in the bar at which the beam should
begin/end.
@item @code{context} is optional, and it specifies the context at which
@cindex automatic beam generation
@cindex autobeam
-@cindex @code{autoBeaming}
+@findex autoBeaming
@cindex lyrics
If beams are used to indicate melismata in songs, then automatic
@refcommands
-@cindex @code{\autoBeamOff}
+@findex \autoBeamOff
@code{\autoBeamOff},
-@cindex @code{\autoBeamOn}
+@findex \autoBeamOn
@code{\autoBeamOn}.
@context{Score} can contain many @context{Staff} contexts.
@quotation
-@image{context-example,1600%,,eps}
+@image{context-example,5cm,,}
@end quotation
Each context has the responsibility for enforcing some notation rules,
@ifhtml
@internalsref{Contexts}.
@end ifhtml
-@ifnothtml
+@ifnothtml
Translation @arrow{} Context.
@end ifnothtml
The easiest command is @code{\new}, and it also the quickest to type.
It is prepended to a music expression, for example
-@cindex @code{\new}
+@findex \new
@cindex new contexts
@cindex Context, creating
interpreting the @var{music expression} with that.
A practical application of @code{\new} is a score with many
-staves. Each part that should be on its own staff, is preceded with
+staves. Each part that should be on its own staff, is preceded with
@code{\new Staff}.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment]
context already earlier with the same name.
-@cindex @code{\context}
+@findex \context
@item
Like @code{\new}, the @code{\context} command also directs a music
so the texts can be properly aligned to its notes,
@example
-\new Lyrics \lyricsto "@b{tenor}" @var{lyrics}
+\new Lyrics \lyricsto "@b{tenor}" @var{lyrics}
@end example
@noindent
@code{\context}, it is usually applied to @context{Voice}
@example
-\applyOutput #@var{function} % apply to Voice
+\applyOutput #'@var{context} #@var{function} % apply to Voice
@end example
To have it interpreted at the @context{Score} or @context{Staff} level use
these forms
@example
-\context Score \applyOutput #@var{function}
-\context Staff \applyOutput #@var{function}
+\context \applyOutput #'Score #@var{function}
+\context \applyOutput #'Staff #@var{function}
@end example
@end itemize
@subsection Changing context properties on the fly
@cindex properties
-@cindex @code{\set}
+@findex \set
@cindex changing properties
Each context can have different @emph{properties}, variables contained
For example,
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
-R1*2
+R1*2
\set Score.skipBars = ##t
R1*2
@end lilypond
have no effect.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
-R1*2
+R1*2
\set skipBars = ##t
R1*2
@end lilypond
`on-the-fly', during the music, so that the setting only affects the
second group of eighth notes.
-@cindex @code{\unset}
+@findex \unset
There is also an @code{\unset} command,
@example
specified for a bottom context, so the two statements
@example
-\set Voice.autoBeaming = ##t
-\set autoBeaming = ##t
-@end example
+\set Voice.autoBeaming = ##t
+\set autoBeaming = ##t
+@end example
@noindent
are equivalent.
@code{Note_head_engraver} and the @code{Staff} context contains a
@code{Key_signature_engraver}.
-For a full a description of each plug-in, see
+For a full a description of each plug-in, see
@ifhtml
@internalsref{Engravers}.
@end ifhtml
@ifhtml
@internalsref{Contexts}
@end ifhtml
-@ifnothtml
+@ifnothtml
Program reference @arrow Translation @arrow{} Context.
@end ifnothtml
lists the engravers used for that context.
starting a new context with @code{\new} or @code{\context}, and
modifying it,
-@cindex @code{\with}
+@findex \with
@example
\new @var{context} \with @{
objects. The settings used for printing these objects are also stored by
context. By changing these settings, the appearance of objects can be
altered.
-
+
The syntax for this is
@example
The command
@verbatim
-\override Staff.Stem #'thickness = #4.0
+\override Staff.Stem #'thickness = #4.0
@end verbatim
@noindent
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
c4
-\override Staff.Stem #'thickness = #4.0
+\override Staff.Stem #'thickness = #4.0
c4
c4
c4
Analogous to @code{\set}, the @var{context} argument may be left out,
causing it to default to @context{Voice}, and adding @code{\once} applies
-the change during one timestep only
+the change during one timestep only
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
c4
-\once \override Stem #'thickness = #4.0
+\once \override Stem #'thickness = #4.0
+c4
c4
-c4
@end lilypond
The @code{\override} must be done before the object is
\override Slur #'thickness = #3.0
c8[( c
\override Beam #'thickness = #0.6
-c8 c])
+c8 c])
@end lilypond
@noindent
@end example
Here @code{\Staff} takes the existing definition for context @context{Staff} from the
-identifier @code{\Staff}.
+identifier @code{\Staff}.
The statements
@example
}}
\relative c'' {
- a4 d8 bes8 \new ImproVoice { c4^"ad lib" c
- c4 c^"undress" c_"while playing :)" c }
- a1
+ a4 d8 bes8 \new ImproVoice { c4^"ad lib" c
+ c4 c^"undress" c_"while playing :)" c }
+ a1
}
@end lilypond
@}
@end example
-@cindex @code{\accepts}
+@findex \accepts
Contexts form hierarchies. We want to hang the @context{ImproVoice}
under @context{Staff}, just like normal @code{Voice}s. Therefore, we
modify the @code{Staff} definition with the @code{\accepts}
@example
\context @{
\Staff
- \accepts ImproVoice
+ \accepts ImproVoice
@}
@end example
-@cindex @code{\denies}
+@findex \denies
The opposite of @code{\accepts} is @code{\denies},
which is sometimes needed when reusing existing context definitions.
\relative c'' @{
a4 d8 bes8
\new ImproVoice @{
- c4^"ad lib" c
+ c4^"ad lib" c
c4 c^"undress"
c c_"while playing :)"
@}
a1
@}
@end example
-
-
+
+
@node The \override command
@section The \override command
@item the layout object: here @code{Stem}.
@item the layout property: here @code{thickness}.
@item a sensible value: here @code{3.0}.
-@end itemize
+@end itemize
Some tweakable options are called ``subproperties'' and reside inside
properties. To tweak those, use commands in the form
@cindex internal documentation
@cindex finding graphical objects
-@cindex graphical object descriptions
+@cindex graphical object descriptions
@cindex tweaking
-@cindex @code{\override}
+@findex \override
@cindex internal documentation
We demonstrate how to glean this information from the notation manual
@quotation
Accepted by: @internalsref{Fingering_engraver},
-@end quotation
+@end quotation
@noindent
That link brings us to the documentation for the Engraver, the
@item @internalsref{Fingering}:
@internalsref{Fingering} objects are created by:
-@b{@internalsref{Fingering_engraver}}
+@internalsref{Fingering_engraver}
@item @internalsref{Fingering_engraver}:
-Music types accepted: @b{@internalsref{fingering-event}}
+Music types accepted: @internalsref{fingering-event}
@item @internalsref{fingering-event}:
Music event type @code{fingering-event} is in Music expressions named
-@b{@internalsref{FingerEvent}}
+@internalsref{FingerEvent}
@end itemize
This path goes against the flow of information in the program: it
chapter lists all the definitions used and all properties that may be
tuned.
-
+
@node Layout interfaces
@subsection Layout interfaces
@quotation
@code{padding} (dimension, in staff space):
-
+
@code{0.5}
@end quotation
@node Determining the grob property
@subsection Determining the grob property
-Recall that we wanted to change the position of the @b{2} in
+Recall that we wanted to change the position of the @b{2} in
@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
c-2
Since the @b{2} is vertically positioned next to its note, we have to
meddle with the interface associated with this positioning. This is
-done using @code{side-position-interface}. The page for this interface
+done using @code{side-position-interface}. The page for this interface
says
@quotation
@item padding
(dimension, in staff space)
-Add this much extra space between objects that are next to each other.
+Add this much extra space between objects that are next to each other.
@end table
@end quotation
the @internalsref{Fingering_engraver} plug-in says
@quotation
-Fingering_engraver is part of contexts: @dots{} @b{@internalsref{Voice}}
+Fingering_engraver is part of contexts: @dots{} @internalsref{Voice}
@end quotation
@node Objects connected to the input
@subsection Objects connected to the input
-@cindex @code{\tweak}
+@findex \tweak
In some cases, it is possible to take a short-cut for tuning graphical
objects. For objects that result directly from a piece of the input,
\tweak #'color #red d
g
\tweak #'duration-log #1 a
->4-\tweak #'padding #10 -.
+>4-\tweak #'padding #10 -.
@end lilypond
As you can see, properties are set directly in the objects directly,
@code{studlyCaps}. They mostly control the translation from
music to notatino, eg. @code{localKeySignature} (for determining
whether to print accidentals), @code{measurePosition} (for
-determining when to print a barline). Context properties can
+determining when to print a barline). Context properties can
change value over time while interpreting a piece of music;
@code{measurePosition} is an obvious example of
this. Context properties are modified with @code{\set}.
@node Difficult tweaks
@subsection Difficult tweaks
-There are a few classes of difficult adjustments.
+There are a few classes of difficult adjustments.
@itemize @bullet
In the following example, we define a procedure
@code{my-callback}. This procedure
-
+
@itemize @bullet
@item
determines if we have been split across line breaks
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
#(define (my-callback grob)
(let* (
- ; have we been split?
+ ; have we been split?
(orig (ly:grob-original grob))
; if yes, get the split pieces (our siblings)
(eq? (car (last-pair siblings)) grob))
(ly:grob-set-property! grob 'extra-offset '(-2 . 5)))))
-\relative c'' {
+\relative c'' {
\override Tie #'after-line-breaking =
#my-callback
c1 ~ \break c2 ~ c
@code{\outputProperty} function, which works similar to @code{\once
\override}, but uses a different syntax,
-@example
+@example
\outputProperty
#"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn" % Grob name
-#'line-break-system-details % Property name
+#'line-break-system-details % Property name
#'((next-padding . 20)) % Value
@end example
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