version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
+@c \version "2.11.38"
+
@node Ancient notation
@section Ancient notation
@cindex Petrucci
@cindex mensural
+@menu
+* Introduction to ancient notation::
+* Alternative note signs::
+* Additional note signs::
+* Pre-defined contexts::
+* Transcribing ancient music::
+* Editorial markings::
+@end menu
+
+@node Introduction to ancient notation
+@subsection Introduction to ancient notation
+
+@menu
+* Ancient notation supported::
+@end menu
+
+@node Ancient notation supported
+@subsubsection Ancient notation supported
+
Support for ancient notation includes features for mensural notation
and Gregorian Chant notation. There is also limited support for
-figured bass notation.
+figured bass notation, see @ref{Figured bass}.
Many graphical objects provide a @code{style} property, see
@itemize
@c Here are all subtopics at a glance:
-@menu
-* Alternative note signs for ancient music::
-* Additional note signs for ancient music::
-* Pre-defined contexts::
-* Musica ficta accidentals::
-* Figured bass::
-@end menu
-
-@node Alternative note signs for ancient music
-@subsection Alternative note signs for ancient music
+@node Alternative note signs
+@subsection Alternative note signs
@menu
-* Ancient note heads::
-* Ancient accidentals::
-* Ancient rests::
-* Ancient clefs::
-* Ancient flags::
-* Ancient time signatures::
+* Ancient note heads::
+* Ancient accidentals::
+* Ancient rests::
+* Ancient clefs::
+* Ancient flags::
+* Ancient time signatures::
@end menu
@node Ancient note heads
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient note heads
+@subsubsection Ancient note heads
@cindex note heads, ancient
useful when transcribing mensural music, e.g., for the incipit. The
@code{mensural} style produces note heads that mimic the look of note
heads in historic printings of the 16th century. Finally, the
-@code{petrucci} style also mimicks historic printings, but uses bigger
+@code{petrucci} style also mimics historic printings, but uses bigger
note heads.
The following example demonstrates the @code{neomensural} style
@node Ancient accidentals
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient accidentals
+@subsubsection Ancient accidentals
@cindex accidentals
Use the @code{glyph-name-alist} property of grob
@internalsref{Accidental} and @internalsref{KeySignature} to select
-ancient accidentals.
+ancient accidentals.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,staffsize=26]
\score {
{
- \fatText
+ \textLengthOn
s^\markup {
\column {
"vaticana"
As shown, not all accidentals are supported by each style. When
trying to access an unsupported accidental, LilyPond will switch to a
different style, as demonstrated in
-@lsr{ancient,ancient-accidentals.ly}.
+@c @lsr{ancient,ancient-accidentals.ly}.
Similarly to local accidentals, the style of the key signature can be
controlled by the @code{glyph-name-alist} property of the
@seealso
-In this manual: @ref{Pitches}, @ref{Accidentals}, and
+Notation Reference: @ref{Pitches}, @ref{Accidentals}, and
@ref{Automatic accidentals}, give a general introduction of the use of
accidentals. @ref{Key signature}, gives a general introduction of
the use of key signatures.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{KeySignature}.
-Examples: @lsrdir{ancient}
+Examples: @c @lsrdir{ancient}
@node Ancient rests
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient rests
+@subsubsection Ancient rests
@cindex rests, ancient
There are no 32th and 64th rests specifically for the mensural or
neo-mensural style. Instead, the rests from the default style will be
-taken. See @lsr{pitches,rests} for a chart of all rests.
+taken. See @c @lsr{pitches,rests} for a chart of all rests.
There are no rests in Gregorian Chant notation; instead, it uses
@ref{Divisiones}.
@seealso
-In this manual: @ref{Rests}, gives a general introduction into the use of
+Notation Reference: @ref{Rests}, gives a general introduction into the use of
rests.
@node Ancient clefs
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient clefs
+@subsubsection Ancient clefs
@cindex clefs
@seealso
-In this manual: see @ref{Clef}.
+Notation Reference: see @ref{Clef}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
The mensural g clef is mapped to the Petrucci g clef.
@node Ancient flags
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient flags
+@subsubsection Ancient flags
@cindex flags
music, the default flag style should be used. There are no flags in
Gregorian Chant notation.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
The attachment of ancient flags to stems is slightly off due to a
change in early 2.3.x.
scope for mensural notation).
@node Ancient time signatures
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient time signatures
+@subsubsection Ancient time signatures
@cindex time signatures
@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,quote]
{
- \fatText
+ \textLengthOn
\time 2/2
c1^\markup { \hspace #-2.0 \typewriter default }
This manual: @ref{Time signature}, gives a general introduction to
the use of time signatures.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Ratios of note durations do not change with the time signature. For
example, the ratio of 1 brevis = 3 semibrevis (tempus perfectum) must
addressable with @code{\time}. Use a @code{\markup} instead
-@node Additional note signs for ancient music
-@subsection Additional note signs for ancient music
+@node Additional note signs
+@subsection Additional note signs
@menu
-* Ancient articulations::
-* Custodes::
-* Divisiones::
-* Ligatures::
-* White mensural ligatures::
-* Gregorian square neumes ligatures::
+* Ancient articulations::
+* Custodes::
+* Divisiones::
+* Ligatures::
+* White mensural ligatures::
+* Gregorian square neumes ligatures::
@end menu
@node Ancient articulations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient articulations
+@subsubsection Ancient articulations
@cindex articulations
}
@end lilypond
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the
corresponding note heads.
the right end of the episem line is often too far to the right.
@node Custodes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Custodes
+@subsubsection Custodes
@cindex custos
@cindex custodes
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Custos}.
Examples:
-@lsr{ancient,custodes@/.ly}.
+@c @lsr{ancient,custodes@/.ly}.
@node Divisiones
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Divisiones
+@subsubsection Divisiones
@cindex divisio
@cindex divisiones
@lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right]{divisiones.ly}
-@refcommands
+@predefined
@funindex \virgula
@code{\virgula},
@seealso
-In this manual: @ref{Breath marks}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Breath marks}.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}.
-Examples: @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
+Examples: @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
@node Ligatures
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ligatures
+@subsubsection Ligatures
@cindex Ligatures
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Ligatures need special spacing that has not yet been implemented. As
a result, there is too much space between ligatures most of the time,
with the same effect and is believed to be stable.
@menu
-* White mensural ligatures::
-* Gregorian square neumes ligatures::
+* White mensural ligatures::
+* Gregorian square neumes ligatures::
@end menu
@node White mensural ligatures
-@unnumberedsubsubsec White mensural ligatures
+@subsubsection White mensural ligatures
@cindex Mensural ligatures
@cindex White mensural ligatures
}
@end lilypond
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Horizontal spacing is poor.
@node Gregorian square neumes ligatures
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian square neumes ligatures
+@subsubsection Gregorian square neumes ligatures
@cindex Square neumes ligatures
@cindex Gregorian square neumes ligatures
}
@end lilypond
-@refcommands
+@predefined
The following head prefixes are supported
@funindex \augmentum
Use the unary music function @code{\augmentum} to add augmentum dots.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
When an @code{\augmentum} dot appears at the end of the last staff
within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a
@subsection Pre-defined contexts
@menu
-* Gregorian Chant contexts::
-* Mensural contexts::
+* Gregorian Chant contexts::
+* Mensural contexts::
@end menu
@node Gregorian Chant contexts
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian Chant contexts
+@subsubsection Gregorian Chant contexts
@cindex VaticanaVoiceContext
@cindex VaticanaStaffContext
@node Mensural contexts
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural contexts
+@subsubsection Mensural contexts
@cindex MensuralVoiceContext
@cindex MensuralStaffContext
}
@end lilypond
-@node Musica ficta accidentals
-@subsection Musica ficta accidentals
+@node Transcribing ancient music
+@subsection Transcribing ancient music
+
+@menu
+* Ancient and modern from one source::
+* Incipits::
+* Mensurstriche layout::
+* Transcribing Gregorian chant::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Ancient and modern from one source
+@subsubsection Ancient and modern from one source
+
+@c TODO Add text
+@c Here among others the snippets about reducing note length
+TBC
+
+
+@node Incipits
+@subsubsection Incipits
+
+@c TODO Add text
+@c clefs, mensuration signs etc from lsr and -user
+@c use snippet Transcription-of-ancient-music-with-incipit
+
+TBC
+
+
+@node Mensurstriche layout
+@subsubsection Mensurstriche layout
+
+@c TODO Add text
+@c from lsr and -user
+TBC
+
+
+@node Transcribing Gregorian chant
+@subsubsection Transcribing Gregorian chant
+
+@c TODO Add text
+@c extract from 1.6.1.1
+TBC
+
+
+@node Editorial markings
+@subsection Editorial markings
+
+@menu
+* Annotational accidentals::
+* Baroque rhythmic notation::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Annotational accidentals
+@subsubsection Annotational accidentals
In European music from before about 1600, singers were often
expected to chromatically alter notes at their own initiative.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Accidental_engraver} engraver and
the @internalsref{AccidentalSuggestion} object.
-@node Figured bass
-@subsection Figured bass
-
-@cindex Basso continuo
-
-@c TODO: musicological blurb about FB
-
-
-LilyPond has support for figured bass
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-<<
- \new Voice { \clef bass dis4 c d ais g fis}
- \new FiguredBass \figuremode {
- < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] >
- < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] >
- < _ >4 < 6 5/>4
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an input
-mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, where you can enter bass figures
-as numbers, and there is a context called @internalsref{FiguredBass} that
-takes care of making @internalsref{BassFigure} objects.
-
-In figures input mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by
-@code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>}
-@example
-<4 6>
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { <4 6> }
-@end lilypond
-
-Accidentals are added when you append @code{-}, @code{!}, and @code{+}
-to the numbers. A plus sign is added when you append @code{\+}, and
-diminished fifths and sevenths can be obtained with @code{5/} and @code{7/}.
-
-@example
-<4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/>
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\figures { <4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> }
-@end lilypond
-
-Spaces may be inserted by using @code{_}. Brackets are
-introduced with @code{[} and @code{]}. You can also include text
-strings and text markups, see @ref{Overview of text markup commands}.
-
-@example
-< [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup @{ \number 6 \super (1) @} >
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} > }
-@end lilypond
-
-
-It is also possible to use continuation lines for repeated figures,
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,relative=1]
-<<
- \new Staff {
- \clef bass
- c4 c c
- }
- \figures {
- \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <4 6> <3 6> <3 7>
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-In this case, the extender lines always replace existing figures.
-
-The @code{FiguredBass} context doesn't pay attention to the actual
-bass line. As a consequence, you may have to insert extra figures to
-get extender lines below all notes, and you may have to add @code{\!}
-to avoid getting an extender line, e.g.
-
-@lilypond[relative=1]
-<<
- \new Voice
- \figures {
- \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <6 4->4. <6 4->16. <6 4->32 <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5->
- }
- {
- \clef bass
- f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f8. es16 d8 es
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-When using continuation lines, common figures are always put in the
-same vertical position. When this is unwanted, you can insert a rest
-with @code{r}. The rest will clear any previous alignment. For
-example, you can write
-
-@example
- <4 6>8 r8
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-instead of
-@example
- <4 6>4
-@end example
-
-Accidentals and plus signs can appear before or after the numbers,
-depending on the @code{figuredBassAlterationDirection} and
-@code{figuredBassPlusDirection}
-properties
-
-@lilypond
- \figures {
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #1
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #1
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #-1
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- }
-@end lilypond
-
-
-Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord
-support, it is much simpler. The @code{\figuremode} mode simply
-stores the numbers and @internalsref{FiguredBass} context prints them
-as entered. There is no conversion to pitches and no realizations of
-the bass are played in the MIDI file.
-
-Internally, the code produces markup texts. You can use any of the
-markup text properties to override formatting. For example, the
-vertical spacing of the figures may be set with @code{baseline-skip}.
-
-
-Figured bass can also be added to @code{Staff} contexts
-directly. In this case, their vertical position is adjusted
-automatically.
-
-@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote]
-<<
- \new Staff = someUniqueName
- \relative c'' {
- c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c'
- }
- %% send to existing Staff.
- \context Staff = someUniqueName
- \figuremode {
- <4>4 <6 10>8 s8
-
- \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <4 6>4 <4 6>
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@commonprop
+@node Baroque rhythmic notation
+@subsubsection Baroque rhythmic notation
-By default, this method produces figures above the notes. To get
-figures below the notes, use
-
-@example
-\override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction = #DOWN
-@end example
-
-
-@refbugs
-
-When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and
-@code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around.
-Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures
-have overlapping extender lines. To avoid this problem, please
-use @code{stacking-dir} on @code{BassFigureAlignment}.
-
-
-@seealso
+@c TODO Add text
+@c try Till Rettig
+@c Add example of white noteheads:
+@c In the french baroque some composers used white noteheads in slow pieces,
+@c mainly in 3/2-time. A quarter looks there like a eighth with a white
+@c notehead. (Franz-Rudolf Kuhnen)
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{NewBassFigure},
-@internalsref{BassFigureAlignment}, @internalsref{BassFigureLine},
-@internalsref{BassFigureBracket}, and
-@internalsref{BassFigureContinuation} objects and
-@internalsref{FiguredBass} context.
+@c TODO Add example of this:
+@c I was referring to e.g. notated a8. a16, which should, if I
+@c remember correctly, be interpreted more like a8.. a32 (in the french
+@c style). The editor might want to show that rythmic figure above the
+@c staff as an hint to performers. (Karl Hammer)
+TBC
\ No newline at end of file
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