Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+ version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
+ Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.12.0"
+@c \version "2.14.0"
@node Simultaneous notes
@menu
* Chorded notes::
+* Chord repetition::
* Simultaneous expressions::
* Clusters::
@end menu
@cindex chords
@cindex brackets, angle
-@cindex angle brackets
-@cindex relative pitch in chords
@funindex <
@funindex >
@funindex <...>
A chord is formed by enclosing a set of pitches between @code{<}
-and @code{>}. A chord may be followed by a duration and/or a set
-of articulations, just like simple notes:
+and @code{>}. A chord may be followed by a duration just like simple
+notes.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-<c e g>2 <c f a>4-> <e g c>-.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a c e>1 <a c e>2 <f a c e>4 <a c>8. <g c e>16
@end lilypond
-Relative mode can be used for pitches in chords. The octave of each
-pitch is chosen using the preceding pitch as a reference except in
-the case of the first pitch in a chord: the reference for the first
-pitch is the @emph{first} pitch of the preceding chord.
+Chords may also be followed by articulations, again just like simple
+notes.
-For more information about chords, see @ref{Chord notation}.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a c e>1\fermata <a c e>2-> <f a c e>4\prall <a c>8.^| <g c e>16-.
+@end lilypond
+
+The notes within the chord themselves can also be followed by articulation
+and ornamentation.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a c\prall e>1 <a-> c-^ e>2 <f-. a c-. e-.>4 <a-+ c-->8. <g\fermata c e\turn>16
+@end lilypond
+
+However some notation, such as dynamics, hairpins and slurs must be
+attached to the chord, rather than notes within the chord, otherwise
+they will not print.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a\f c( e>1 <a c) e>\f <a\< c e>( <a\! c e>) <a c e>\< <a c e> <a c e>\!
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex relative pitch, chords
+@cindex chords, relative pitch
+
+Relative mode can be used for pitches in chords. The first note of
+each chord is always relative to the first note of the chord that
+came before it, or in the case where no preceding chord exists, the
+pitch of the last note that came before the chord. All remaining notes
+in the chord are relative to the note that came before it
+@emph{within the same chord}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a c e>1 <f a c> <a c e> <f' a c> <b, e b,>
+@end lilypond
+For more information about chords, see @ref{Chord notation}.
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rlearning{Combining notes into chords}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Chord notation}.
+@ref{Chord notation},
+@ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
+@ref{Relative octave entry},
+@ref{Multiple voices}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Simultaneous notes}.
+@knownissues
+Chords containing more than two pitches within a staff space,
+such as @samp{<e f! fis!>}, create overlapping noteheads.
+Depending on the situation, better representations might involve
+
+@itemize
+
+@item
+temporary use of @ref{Multiple voices},
+@samp{<< f! \\ <e fis!> >>},
+
+@item
+enharmonic transcription of one or more pitches,
+@samp{<e f ges>}, or
+
+@item
+@ref{Clusters}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@node Chord repetition
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Chord repetition
+
+In order to save typing, a shortcut can be used to repeat the preceding
+chord. The chord repetition symbol is @code{q}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a c e>1 q <f a c>2 q
+@end lilypond
+
+As with regular chords, the chord repetition symbol can be used with
+durations, articulations, markups, slurs, beams, etc. as only the
+pitches of the previous chord are duplicated.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a c e>1\p^"text" q2\<( q8)[-| q8.]\! q16-1-2-3 q8\prall
+@end lilypond
+
+The chord repetition symbol always remembers the last instance of
+a chord so it is possible to repeat the most recent chord even if
+other non-chorded notes or rests have been added since.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a c e>1 c4 q2 r8 q8
+@end lilypond
+
+However, the chord repetition symbol does not retain any dynamics,
+articulation or ornamentation within, or attached to the previous chord.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<a-. c\prall e>1\sfz c4 q2 r8 q8
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Chord notation},
+@ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
+
+Installed Files:
+@file{ly/chord-repetition-init.ly}.
+
@node Simultaneous expressions
@unnumberedsubsubsec Simultaneous expressions
@end lilypond
@noindent
-Here, voices are instantiated explicitly and are given names. The
-@code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour} commands set up the voices
+Here, voices are instantiated explicitly and are given names. The
+@code{\voiceOne} @dots{} @code{\voiceFour} commands set up the voices
so that first and third voices get stems up, second and fourth
voices get stems down, third and fourth voice note heads are
horizontally shifted, and rests in the respective voices are
The @code{<< @{...@} \\ @{...@} >>} construct, where the two (or
more) expressions are separated by double backslashes, behaves
differently to the similar construct without the double backslashes:
-@emph{all} the expressions within this contruct are assigned
+@emph{all} the expressions within this construct are assigned
to new @code{Voice} contexts. These new @code{Voice} contexts
are created implicitly and are given the fixed names @code{"1"},
@code{"2"}, etc.
This syntax can be used where it does not matter that temporary
voices are created and then discarded. These implicitly created
voices are given the settings equivalent to the effect of the
-@code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour} commands, in the order in
+@code{\voiceOne} @dots{} @code{\voiceFour} commands, in the order in
which they appear in the code.
In the following example, the intermediate voice has stems up,
@code{Voice} contexts as explained in @rlearning{Contexts and engravers} and
@rlearning{Explicitly instantiating voices}.
+@strong{@i{Voice order}}
+
+When entering multiple voices in the input file, use the following
+order:
+
+@example
+Voice 1: highest
+Voice 2: lowest
+Voice 3: second highest
+Voice 4: second lowest
+Voice 5: third highest
+Voice 6: third lowest
+etc.
+@end example
+
+Though this may seem counterintuitive, it simplifies the automatic
+layout process. Note that the odd-numbered voices are given
+upstems, and the even-numbered voices are given downstems:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\new Staff <<
+ \time 2/4
+ { f''2 } % 1: highest
+ \\
+ { c'2 } % 2: lowest
+ \\
+ { d''2 } % 3: second-highest
+ \\
+ { e'2 } % 4: second-lowest
+ \\
+ { b'2 } % 5: third-highest
+ \\
+ { g'2 } % 6: third-lowest
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
@strong{@i{Identical rhythms}}
In the special case that we want to typeset parallel pieces of music
>>
@end lilypond
-The @code{\voiceNeutralstyle} command is used to revert to the
+The @code{\voiceNeutralStyle} command is used to revert to the
standard presentation.
same note head and opposite stem direction are automatically
merged, but notes with different note heads or the same stem
direction are not. Rests opposite a stem in a different voice
-are shifted vertically.
+are shifted vertically. The following example shows three
+different circumstances, on beats 1 and 3 in bar 1 and beat 1
+in bar 2, where the automatic merging fails.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
<<
@end lilypond
Notes with different note heads may be merged, with the
-exception of half-note heads and quarter-note heads:
+exception of half-note heads and quarter-note heads, as shown
+below. Here the note heads on beat 1 of bar 1 are now merged:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
<<
>>
@end lilypond
-Note heads with different dots may be merged:
+Note heads with different dots as shown in beat 3 of bar 1 may be
+also be merged:
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
<<
The half note and eighth note at the start of the second measure
-are incorrectly merged because @code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn}
-cannot successfully complete the merge when three or more notes
-line up in the same column, and in this case a warning is given.
-To allow the merge to work properly a @code{\shift} must be applied
-to the note that should not be merged. Here, @code{\shiftOn} is
-applied to move the top @notation{g} out of the column, and
-@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn} then works properly.
+are incorrectly merged because the automatic merge cannot
+successfully complete the merge when three or more notes line up in
+the same note column, and in this case the merged note head is
+incorrect. To allow the merge to select the correct note head
+a @code{\shift} must be applied to the note that should not be
+merged. Here, @code{\shiftOn} is applied to move the top
+@notation{g} out of the column, and @code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn}
+then works properly.
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
<<
s1
e8 a b c d2
}
-
>>
@end lilypond
-The @code{\shiftOn}, @code{\shiftOnn}, and @code{\shiftOnnn}
-commands specify the degree to which chords of the current voice
-should be shifted. The outer voices (normally: voices one and
-two) have @code{\shiftOff}, while the inner voices (three and
-four) have @code{\shiftOn}. @code{\shiftOnn} and
-@code{\shiftOnnn} define further shift levels.
+The @code{\shiftOn} command allows (but does not force) the notes
+in a voice to be shifted. When @code{\shiftOn} is applied to a
+voice, a note or chord in that voice is shifted only if its stem
+would otherwise collide with a stem from another voice, and only
+if the colliding stems point in the same direction. The
+@code{\shiftOff} command prevents this type of shifting from
+occurring.
+
+By default, the outer voices (normally voices one and two) have
+@code{\shiftOff} specified, while the inner voices (three and
+above) have @code{\shiftOn} specified. When a shift is applied,
+voices with upstems (odd-numbered voices) are shifted to the
+right, and voices with downstems (even-numbered voices) are
+shifted to the left.
+
+Here is an example to help you visualize how an abbreviated
+polyphonic expression would be expanded internally.
+
+@warning{Note that with three or more voices, the vertical order
+of voices in your input file should not be the same as the
+vertical order of voices on the staff!}
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\new Staff \relative c'' {
+ %% abbreviated entry
+ <<
+ { f2 } % 1: highest
+ \\
+ { g,2 } % 2: lowest
+ \\
+ { d'2 } % 3: upper middle
+ \\
+ { b2 } % 4: lower middle
+ >>
+ %% internal expansion of the above
+ <<
+ \new Voice = "1" { \voiceOne \shiftOff f'2 }
+ \new Voice = "2" { \voiceTwo \shiftOff g,2 }
+ \new Voice = "3" { \voiceThree \shiftOn d'2 } % shifts right
+ \new Voice = "4" { \voiceFour \shiftOn b2 } % shifts left
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Two additional commands, @code{\shiftOnn} and @code{\shiftOnnn}
+provide further shift levels which may be specified temporarily to
+resolve collisions in complex situations -- see
+@rlearning{Real music example}.
-Notes are only merged if they have opposing stem directions (e.g. in
-@code{Voice} 1 and 2).
+Notes are only merged if they have opposing stem directions (as
+they have, for example, in voices one and two by default or when
+the stems are explicitly set in opposite directions).
@predefined
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{additional-voices-to-avoid-collisions.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{forcing-horizontal-shift-of-notes.ly}
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Multiple notes at once},
@rlearning{Voices contain music},
-@rlearning{Collisions of objects}.
+@rlearning{Real music example}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Simultaneous notes}.
@rinternals{RestCollision}.
-@knownissues
-
@ignore
+@knownissues
@c TODO investigate! Sometimes it works, sometimes not. --FV
The requirements for successfully merging different note heads that
are at the same time differently dotted are not clear.
@end ignore
-There is no support for chords where the same note occurs with
-different accidentals in the same chord. In this case, it is
-recommended to use enharmonic transcription, or to use special
-cluster notation (see @ref{Clusters}).
-
-
@node Automatic part combining
@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic part combining
@funindex \partcombine
@funindex partcombine
-Automatic part combining is used to merge two parts of music onto
-a staff. It is aimed at typesetting orchestral scores. When the
-two parts are identical for a period of time, only one is shown.
-In places where the two parts differ, they are typeset as separate
-voices, and stem directions are set automatically. Also, solo and
-@notation{a due} parts are identified and marked by default.
+Automatic part combining is used to merge two separate parts of music
+onto a single staff. This can be especially helpful when typesetting
+orchestral scores. A single @code{Voice} is printed while the two parts
+of music are the same, but in places where they differ, a second
+@code{Voice} is printed. Stem directions are set up & down accordingly
+while Solo and @notation{a due} parts are also identified and marked
+appropriately.
-The syntax for part combining is:
+The syntax for automatic part combining is:
@example
\partcombine @var{musicexpr1} @var{musicexpr2}
@end example
-The following example demonstrates the basic functionality of the
-part combiner: putting parts on one staff and setting stem
-directions and polyphony. The same variables are used for the
-independent parts and the combined staff.
+The following example demonstrates the basic functionality, putting
+parts on a single staff as polyphony and setting stem directions
+accordingly. The same variables are used for the independent parts and
+the combined staff.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
instrumentOne = \relative c' {
- c4 d e f
- R1
- d'4 c b a
- b4 g2 f4
- e1
+ c4 d e f |
+ R1 |
+ d'4 c b a |
+ b4 g2 f4 |
+ e1 |
}
instrumentTwo = \relative g' {
- R1
- g4 a b c
- d c b a
- g f( e) d
- e1
+ R1 |
+ g4 a b c |
+ d4 c b a |
+ g4 f( e) d |
+ e1 |
}
<<
>>
@end lilypond
-The notes in the third measure appear only once, although they were
-specified in both parts. Stem, slur, and tie directions are set
-automatically, depending whether there is a solo or unison. When
-needed in polyphony situations, the first part (with context called
-@code{one}) always gets up stems, while the second (called @code{two})
-always gets down stems. In solo situations, the first and second
-parts get marked with @q{Solo} and @q{Solo II}, respectively. The
-unisono (@notation{a due}) parts are marked by default with the text
-@qq{a2}.
-
-Both arguments to @code{\partcombine} will be interpreted as
-@code{Voice} contexts. If using relative octaves,
-@code{\relative} should be specified for both music expressions,
+Both parts have identical notes in the third measure, so only one
+instance of the notes is printed. Stem, slur, and tie directions are
+set automatically, depending on whether the parts are playing solo or in
+unison. When needed in polyphony situations, the first part (with
+context called @code{one}) gets @qq{up} stems, while the second (called
+@code{two}) always gets @qq{down} stems. In solo situations, the first
+and second parts get marked with @qq{Solo} and @qq{Solo II},
+respectively. The unison (@notation{a due}) parts are marked with the
+text @qq{a2}.
+
+Both arguments to @code{\partcombine} will be interpreted as separate
+@code{Voice} contexts, so if the music is being specified in relative
+mode then @emph{both} parts must contain a @code{\relative} function,
i.e.,
@example
@end example
@noindent
-A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\partcombine}
-has no effect on the pitches of @var{musicexpr1} and
-@var{musicexpr2}.
+A @code{\relative} section that encloses a @code{\partcombine} has no
+effect on the pitches of @code{@var{musicexpr1}} or
+@code{@var{musicexpr2}}.
+
+@funindex \partcombineChords
+@funindex partcombineChords
+@funindex \partcombineApart
+@funindex partcombineApart
+@funindex \partcombineUnisono
+@funindex partcombineUnisono
+@funindex \partcombineSoloI
+@funindex partcombineSoloI
+@funindex \partcombineSoloII
+@funindex partcombineSoloII
+@funindex \partcombineAutomatic
+@funindex partcombineAutomatic
+
+In professional scores, voices are often kept apart from each other for
+long passages of music even if some of the notes are the same in both
+voices, and could just as easily be printed as unison. Combining notes
+into a chord, or showing one voice as solo is, therefore, not ideal as
+the @code{\partcombine} function considers each note separately. In this
+case the @code{\partcombine} function can be overriden with the
+following commands:
+
+Commands ending in @code{...Once} apply only to the next note in the
+music expression.
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@code{\partcombineApart} and @code{\partcombineApartOnce} keep the
+notes as two separate voices, even if they can be combined into a chord
+or unison.
+
+@item
+@code{\partcombineChords} and @code{\partcombineChordsOnce} combine the
+notes into a chord.
+
+@item
+@code{\partcombineUnisono} and @code{\partcombineUnisonoOnce} combine
+both voices as @qq{unison}.
+
+@item
+@code{\partcombineSoloI} and @code{\partcombineSoloIOnce} print only
+voice one, and mark it as a @qq{Solo}.
+
+@item
+@code{\partcombineSoloII} or @code{\partcombineSoloIIOnce} print only
+voice two and mark it as a @qq{Solo}.
+
+@item
+@code{\partcombineAutomatic} and @code{\partcombineAutomaticOnce} end
+the functions of the commands above, and revert back to the standard
+@code{\partcombine} functionality.
+@end itemize
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+instrumentOne = \relative c' {
+ \partcombineApart c2^"apart" e |
+ \partcombineAutomatic e2^"auto" e |
+ \partcombineChords e'2^"chord" e |
+ \partcombineAutomatic c2^"auto" c |
+ \partcombineApart c2^"apart" \partcombineChordsOnce e^"chord once" |
+ c2 c |
+}
+instrumentTwo = \relative c' {
+ c2 c |
+ e2 e |
+ a,2 c |
+ c2 c' |
+ c2 c |
+ c2 c |
+}
+
+<<
+ \new Staff { \instrumentOne }
+ \new Staff { \instrumentTwo }
+ \new Staff { \partcombine \instrumentOne \instrumentTwo }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{combining-two-parts-on-the-same-staff.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-partcombine-texts.ly}
@rinternals{PartCombineMusic},
@rinternals{Voice}.
-
@knownissues
-@code{\partcombine} can only accept two voices.
-
-When @code{printPartCombineTexts} is set, if the two voices play
-the same notes on and off, the part combiner may typeset @code{a2}
-more than once in a measure.
-
-@code{\partcombine} cannot be inside @code{\times}.
-
-@code{\partcombine} cannot be inside @code{\relative}.
-
-Internally, the @code{\partcombine} interprets both arguments as
-@code{Voice}s and decides when the parts can be combined. When they have
-different durations they cannot be combined and are given the names
-@code{one} and @code{two}. Consequently, if the arguments switch to
-differently named @rinternals{Voice} contexts, the events in those will
-be ignored. Likewise, partcombining isn't designed to work with lyrics;
-when one of the voices is explicitly named in order to attach lyrics to
-it, the partcombining stops working.
-
-@code{\partcombine} only observes onset times of notes. It cannot
-determine whether a previously started note is playing or not, leading
-to various problems.
+All @code{\partcombine...} functions can only accept two voices and are
+not designed to work with lyrics; such that when one of the voices is
+explicitly named in order to attach lyrics to it, the partcombiner will
+stop working.
+
+@code{\partcombine...} functions cannot be placed inside a @code{\times}
+or @code{\relative} block.
+
+If @code{printPartCombineTexts} is set and the two voices play the same
+notes @qq{on and off}, in the same measure, the part combiner may
+typeset @code{a2} more than once in that measure.
+
+@code{\partcombine} only knows when a note starts in a @code{Voice}; it
+cannot, for example, remember if a note in one @code{Voice} has already
+started when combining notes that have just started in the other
+@code{Voice}. This can lead to a number of unexpected issues including
+@qq{Solo} or @qq{Unison} marks being printed incorrectly.
+
+@code{\partcombine} keeps all spanners (slurs, ties, hairpins etc.) in
+the same @code{Voice} so that if any such spanners start or end in a
+different @code{Voice}, they may not be printed properly or at all.
+
+If the @code{\partcombine} function cannot combine both music
+expressions (i.e. when both voices have different durations), it will
+give the voices, internally, its own custom names: @code{one} and
+@code{two} respectively. This means if there is any @qq{switch} to a
+differently named @code{Voice} context, the events in that differently
+named @code{Voice} will be ignored.
+
+Refer also to @emph{Known issues and warnings} when using
+@code{\partcombine} with tablature in @ref{Default tablatures} and the
+@emph{Note} in @ref{Automatic beams} when using automatic beaming.
@node Writing music in parallel
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff