@endpredefined
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-the-number-of-augmentation-dots-per-note.ly}
+
+
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{breve},
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\autoBeamOff
-c4 \times 4/5 { f8 e f \times 2/3 { e[ f g] } } f4 |
+c4 \times 4/5 { f8 e f \times 2/3 { e[ f g] } } f4
@end lilypond
Modifying nested tuplets which begin at the same musical moment
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{non-default-tuplet-numbers.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{controlling-tuplet-bracket-visibility.ly}
+
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{permitting-line-breaks-within-beamed-tuplets.ly}
@cindex grace notes within tuplet brackets
@knownissues
-When the first note on a staff is a grace note followed by a
-tuplet the grace note must be placed before the @code{\times}
-command to avoid errors. Anywhere else, grace notes may be
-placed within tuplet brackets.
+Grace notes may be placed within tuplet brackets, @emph{except}
+when a staff begins with a grace note followed by a tuplet. In this
+particular case, the grace note must be placed before the @code{\times}
+command to avoid errors.
+
+@cindex tempo marks within tuplet brackets
+
+When using a tuplet at the beginning of a piece with a @code{\tempo}
+mark, the music must be explicitly entered in a @code{\new Voice}
+block, as discussed in @rlearning{Voices contain music}.
@node Scaling durations
@funindex \textLengthOn
@funindex textLengthOn
@funindex \textLengthOff
-@funindex textLenthOff
+@funindex textLengthOff
@funindex \fermataMarkup
@funindex fermataMarkup
@funindex \compressFullBarRests
Mensural time signatures are covered in
@ref{Mensural time signatures}.
+@cindex time signature default settings
+@cindex autobeaming properties for time signatures
+@cindex beaming, time signature default properties
+@funindex \overrideTimeSignatureSettings
+
+In addition to setting the printed time signature, the @code{\time}
+command also sets time-signature-based default values for the properties
+@code{baseMoment}, @code{beatStructure}, and @code{beamExceptions}. The
+predefined default values for these properties can be found in
+@file{scm/time-signature-settings.scm}. The existing default values can
+be changed, or new default values can be added:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\score {
+ \relative c' {
+ \overrideTimeSignatureSettings
+ #'Score
+ #'(4 . 4) % time signature fraction
+ #'(1 . 4) % base moment fraction
+ #'(3 1) % beatStructure
+ #'() % beamExceptions
+ \time 4/4
+ \repeat unfold 8 c8 |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@code{\overrideTimeSignatureSettings} takes five arguments:
+context, time signature fraction, base moment, beat structure, and
+beaming exception. The context is a Scheme symbol that describes
+the context to which the default setting will apply. The
+time signature fraction is a Scheme pair describing the time signature.
+The base moment is a Scheme pair containing the
+numerator and denominator of the basic timing unit for the
+time signature. The beat structure is a Scheme list indicating
+the structure of the beats in the measure, in units of the base moment.
+The beaming exception is an alist containing any beaming rules for the
+time signature that go beyond ending at every beat,
+as described in @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
+
+@cindex time signature properties, restoring default values
+@cindex restoring default properties for time signatures
+@funindex \revertTimeSignatureSettings
+
+Changed values of default time signature properties can be restored
+to the original values:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+
+\score{
+ \relative c' {
+ \repeat unfold 8 c8 |
+ \overrideTimeSignatureSettings
+ #'Score
+ #'(4 . 4)
+ #'(1 . 4)
+ #'(3 1)
+ #'((end . (((1 . 8) . (3 1)))))
+ \time 4/4
+ \repeat unfold 8 c8 |
+ \revertTimeSignatureSettings #'Score #'(4 . 4)
+ \time 4/4
+ \repeat unfold 8 c8 |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
@predefined
@code{\numericTimeSignature},
@end example
@noindent
-where @code{duration} is the rhythmic length of the interval
-before the start of the first complete measure:
+where @code{duration} is the rhythmic length of the remaining
+interval of the current measure before the start of the next.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\partial 4 e4 |
a2. c,4 |
@end lilypond
-The partial measure can be any duration less than a full measure:
+The partial measure can be any duration less than the full measure:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\partial 8*3 c8 d e |
a2. c,4 |
@end lilypond
-Internally, @code{\partial} is translated into
+Internally, @code{\partial @var{duration}} is translated into:
@example
-\set Timing.measurePosition = -@var{duration}
+\set Timing.measurePosition -@var{duration}
+@end example
+
+For example, @code{\partial 8*3} becomes:
+
+@example
+\set Timing.measurePosition = #(ly:make-moment -3 8)
@end example
-@noindent
The property @code{measurePosition} contains a rational number
indicating how much of the measure has passed at this point. Note
-that this is set to a negative number by the @code{\partial}
-command: i.e., @code{\partial 4} is internally translated to
-@code{-4}, meaning @qq{there is a quarter note left in the measure.}
-
+that this is set to a negative number by the @code{\partial} command:
+i.e., @code{\partial 4} is internally translated to @code{-4}, meaning
+@qq{there is a quarter note left in the measure.}
@seealso
Music Glossary:
Internal Reference:
@rinternals{Timing_translator}.
-
@knownissues
The @code{\partial} command is intended to be used only at the
beginning of a piece. If you use it after the beginning, some
-odd warnings may occur.
+odd warnings or effects may occur, in this case use
+@code{\set Timing.measurePosition} instead.
@node Unmetered music
@unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music
@knownissues
When using different time signatures in parallel, notes
-at the same moment will be be placed at the same horizontal
+at the same moment will be placed at the same horizontal
location. However, the bar lines in the different staves
will cause the note spacing to be less regular in each of the
individual staves than would be normal without the different
@cindex lyrics and beaming
@funindex autoBeaming
-@funindex beamSettings
+@funindex baseMoment
+@funindex beamExceptions
+@funindex beatStructure
@funindex measureLength
-@funindex beatLength
@funindex \time
@funindex time
@funindex \set
@funindex set
-The placement of automatic beams is determined by the time signature.
-Three types of rules are used for determining the end of automatic
-beams: @emph{default} rules
-for the time signature, @emph{explicit} rules for the beam in the time
-signature, and the @emph{beatLength} for the time signature.
+The placement of automatic beams is determined by the context properties
+@code{baseMoment}, @code{beatStructure}, @code{beamExceptions},
+and @code{autoBeaming}.
The following rules, in order of priority, apply when determining
the appearance of beams:
if @code{\autoBeamOff} is in force do not beam, otherwise
@item
-if an explicit beam-ending rule is defined for the beam type
-in the time signature, use it to determine the valid
-places where beams may end, otherwise
+if a beam-ending rule is defined in @code{beamExceptions}
+for the beam type, use it to determine the valid places where
+beams may end, otherwise
@item
-if a default beam-ending rule is defined in the time signature,
-use it to group notes with beams, otherwise
+if a beam-ending rule is defined in @code{beamExceptions}
+for a larger beam-type, use it to determined the valid places
+where beams may end, otherwise
@item
-use the value of @code{beatLength} to group notes with beams
+use the values of @code{baseMoment} and @code{beatStructure} to
+determine the ends of the beats in the measure, and
+end beams at the end of beats.
@end itemize
+The beam type is the duration of the shortest note in the beamed group.
+If no beam-ending rule is defined for a beam type, the rule for the
+smallest beam-type larger than the current beam is used.
+
@i{@strong{Modifying the grouping of beats}}
-By default @code{beatLength} is
-derived from the time signature set by the @code{\time} command.
-The @code{beatLength} is set to be one over the denominator
-of the time signature.
+By default @code{baseMoment} is set by the @code{\time} command,
+normally to one over the denominator of the time signature.
+Any exceptions to this default
+can be found in @file{scm/@/time@/-signature@/-settings@/.scm}.
+Changing the default value of @code{baseMoment} for a given
+time signature is described in @ref{Time signature}.
-@code{beatLength} is a @i{moment},
+@code{baseMoment} is a @i{moment},
a unit of musical duration. A quantity of type @i{moment} is
created by the scheme function @code{ly:make-moment}. For more
information about this function, see @ref{Time administration}.
-Autobeam and beam subdivide settings are stored in the
-@code{beamSettings} property. Default values of @code{beamSettings}
-are determined in @file{scm/@/beam@/-settings@/.scm}. Entries in
-@code{beamSettings} are indexed by time signature and
-rule type.
+Special (i.e., other than at the end of the beat) autobeam settings
+are stored in the
+@code{beamExceptions} property. Default values of @code{beamExceptions}
+are established by the @code{\time} command. Default values of
+@code{beamExceptions} for a time signature
+are determined in @file{scm/@/time@/-signature@/-settings@/.scm}.
+Entries in @code{beamExceptions} are indexed by rule type and beam type.
-Time signature should be a scheme pair , e.g. @code{#'(4 . 4)}.
+Rule type should be @code{#'end} for beam ending.
-Rule type should be @code{#'end} for beam ending and @code{#'subdivide} for
-beam subdivision.
-
-The ending and subdivision rules consist of a scheme alist
+The ending rules consist of a scheme alist
(or list of pairs) that
-indicates the beam type and the grouping to be applied to that
+indicates the beam type and the grouping to be applied to
+beams containing notes with a shortest duration of that
beam type.
@example
(beam-type3 . grouping-3))
@end example
-Beam type is either a scheme pair indicating the duration
-of the beam, e.g. @code{(1 . 16)}, or @code{*} to indicate a
-default rule, which applies to all beams if no explicit rule is
-defined.
+Beam type is a scheme pair indicating the duration
+of the beam, e.g., @code{(1 . 16)}.
Grouping is a scheme list indicating the grouping to be applied to
-the beam. For default rules (where beam type is
-@code{*}, the grouping is in units of @code{beatLength}.
-For explicit rules, the grouping is in units of the beam type.
+the beam. The grouping is in units of the beam type.
For reference, the default beaming rules are found in
-@file{scm/beam-settings.scm}.
+@file{scm/time-signature-settings.scm}.
-Beam settings are changed with
-@code{\overrideBeamSettings} and @code{\revertBeamSettings}.
+Alternate values for @code{beamExceptions}
+can be defined using the @code{\set} command.
@warning{
-The ending and subdivision settings must be
-@emph{complete} rules. That is, every rule that should apply to
-the current time signature must be included in the setting.
-It is not possible to change the grouping of only one beam type
-for a given time signature. While this may seem cumbersome,
+A @code{beamExceptions} value must be
+@emph{complete} exceptions list. That is, every exception that should
+be applied must be included in the setting.
+It is not possible to add, remove, or change only one of the exceptions.
+While this may seem cumbersome,
it means that the current beaming settings need not be known
in order to specify a new beaming pattern.}
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
\time 5/16
c8^"beats" c16 c8 |
-\overrideBeamSettings #'Score #'(5 . 16) #'end #'((* . (2 3)))
+\set beatStructure = #'(2 3)
c8^"(2+3)" c16 c8
-\overrideBeamSettings #'Score #'(5 . 16) #'end #'((* . (3 2)))
+\set beatStructure = #'(3 2)
c8^"(3+2)" c16 c8
@end lilypond
enclosing context will apply.
@lilypond[quote, verbatim,relative=1]
-\new Staff <<
+\new Staff {
\time 7/8
- \new Voice = one {
- \relative c'' {
- \overrideBeamSettings #'Staff #'(7 . 8) #'end #'((* . (2 3 2)))
+ \set Staff.beatStructure = #'(2 3 2)
+ <<
+ \new Voice = one {
+ \relative c'' {
a8 a a a a a a
+ }
}
- }
- \new Voice = two {
- \relative c' {
- \voiceTwo
- \overrideBeamSettings #'Voice #'(7 . 8) #'end #'((* . (1 3 3)))
- f8 f f f f f f
+ \new Voice = two {
+ \relative c' {
+ \voiceTwo
+ \set Voice.beatStructure = #'(1 3 3)
+ f8 f f f f f f
+ }
}
- }
->>
+ >>
+}
@end lilypond
When multiple voices are used the @code{Staff} context must be
% rhythm 3-1-1-2
% Context Voice specified -- does not work correctly
% Because of autogenerated voices, all beating will
-% be at beatLength (1 . 8)
-\overrideBeamSettings #'Voice #'(7 . 8) #'end #'((* . (3 1 1 2)))
+% be at baseMoment (1 . 8)
+\set beatStructure = #'(3 1 1 2)
<< {a8 a a a16 a a a a8 a} \\ {f4. f8 f f f} >>
% Works correctly with context Staff specified
-\overrideBeamSettings #'Staff #'(7 . 8) #'end #'((* . (3 1 1 2)))
+\set Staff.beatStructure = #'(3 1 1 2)
<< {a8 a a a16 a a a a8 a} \\ {f4. f8 f f f} >>
@end lilypond
-@funindex revertBeamSettings
-
-Beam settings can be reverted to get back to default behavior. This
-is accomplished by using @code{\revertBeamSettings}. The arguments
-are the same as for @code{\overrideBeamSettings}, except no value
-for @var{grouping} is given:
-
-@example
-\revertBeamSettings context time-signature rule-type
-@end example
-
+Beam settings can be set back to default behavior. This
+is accomplished by setting the time signature.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\time 4/4
\repeat unfold 8 {a8}
-% set default rule for (1 1 1 1) grouping
-\overrideBeamSettings #'Score #'(4 . 4) #'end #'((* . (1 1 1 1)))
+% eliminate beam exception that groups beats 1, 2 and 3, 4
+\set Timing.beamExceptions = #'()
\repeat unfold 8 {a8}
-% revert the new rule
-\revertBeamSettings #'Score #'(4 . 4) #'end
+% go back to default behavior
+\time 4/4
\repeat unfold 8 {a8}
@end lilypond
-@predefined
-@code{\overrideBeamSettings},
-@code{\revertBeamSettings}.
-@endpredefined
-
-
@snippets
@cindex beams, subdividing
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-{sub-dividing-beams.ly}
+{subdividing-beams.ly}
@cindex measure groupings
@cindex beats, grouping
The same holds for polyphonic voices, entered with @code{<<
@dots{} \\ @dots{} >>}. If a polyphonic voice ends while an
automatic beam is still accepting notes, it is not typeset.
-
+The workaround for these problems is to manually beam the last
+beam in the voice or score.
@node Manual beams
@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams
@end lilypond
@cindex manual beams, direction shorthand for
+@cindex manual beams, grace notes
Beaming direction can be set manually using direction indicators:
c8 c\noBeam c c
@end lilypond
+Grace note beams and normal note beams can occur simultaneously.
+Unbeamed grace notes are not put into normal note beams.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4 d8[
+\grace { e32[ d c d] }
+e8] e8[ e
+\grace { f16 }
+e8 e]
+@end lilypond
+
@funindex stemLeftBeamCount
@funindex stemRightBeamCount
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Direction and placement}.
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{Grace notes}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Rhythms}.
preferable to use @code{\divisioMinima} there instead, described in
the section @ref{Divisiones} in Gregorian chant.
+@cindex segno
+
+For in-line segno signs, there are three types of bar lines which
+differ in their behavior at line breaks:
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
+c4 c c c
+\bar "S"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar "S"
+c4 c c c
+\bar "|S"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar "|S"
+c4 c c c
+\bar "S|"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar "S|"
+c1
+@end lilypond
@cindex repeats
c4 c c c
@end lilypond
+For combinations of repeats with the segno sign, there are six different
+variations:
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
+c4 c c c
+\bar ":|S"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar ":|S"
+c4 c c c
+\bar ":|S."
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar ":|S."
+c4 c c c
+\bar "S|:"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar "S|:"
+c4 c c c
+\bar ".S|:"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar ".S|:"
+c4 c c c
+\bar ":|S|:"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar ":|S|:"
+c4 c c c
+\bar ":|S.|:"
+c4 c c c \break
+\bar ":|S.|:"
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+
In scores with many staves, a @code{\bar} command in one staff is
automatically applied to all staves. The resulting bar lines are
connected between different staves of a @code{StaffGroup},
To print a rehearsal mark, use the @code{\mark} command.
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c1 \mark \default
+c1 \mark \default
+c1 \mark \default
+c1 \mark \default
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+The mark is incremented automatically if you use @code{\mark
+\default}, but you can also use an integer argument to set the
+mark manually. The value to use is stored in the property
+@code{rehearsalMark}.
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
@noindent
The letter@tie{}@q{I} is skipped in accordance with engraving
-traditions. If you wish to include the letter @q{I}, then use
+traditions. If you wish to include the letter @q{I}, then use one
+of the following commands, depending on which style of rehearsal mark
+you want (letters only, letters in a hollow box, or letters in a
+hollow circle).
@example
\set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-alphabet
+\set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-alphabet
+\set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-circle-alphabet
@end example
-The mark is incremented automatically if you use @code{\mark
-\default}, but you can also use an integer argument to set the
-mark manually. The value to use is stored in the property
-@code{rehearsalMark}.
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-alphabet
+c1 \mark \default
+c1 \mark \default
+c1 \mark #8
+c1 \mark \default
+c1 \mark \default
+@end lilypond
@cindex rehearsal mark format
@cindex rehearsal mark style
printed with @code{\musicglyph}.
For common tweaks to the positioning of rehearsal marks, see
-@ref{Formatting text}.
+@ref{Formatting text}. For more precise control, see
+@code{break-alignable-interface} in @ref{Aligning objects}.
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{The Feta font},
-@ref{Formatting text}.
+@ref{Formatting text},
+@ref{Aligning objects}.
Installed Files:
@file{scm/@/translation@/-functions@/.scm} contains
@rglos{acciaccatura},
@rglos{appoggiatura}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Manual beams}.
+
Installed Files:
@file{ly/@/grace@/-init@/.ly}.
Time is administered by the @code{Timing_translator}, which by
default is to be found in the @code{Score} context. An alias,
@code{Timing}, is added to the context in which the
-@code{Timing_translator} is placed.
+@code{Timing_translator} is placed. To ensure that the
+@code{Timing} alias is available, you may need to explicitly
+instantiate the containing context (such as @code{Voice} or
+@code{Staff}).
The following properties of @code{Timing} are used
to keep track of timing within the score.
advanced by 1/8 to 5/8, shortening that bar by 1/8.
The next bar line then falls at 9/8 rather than 5/4.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
-\set Score.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 5 4)
-c1 c4
-c1 c4
-c4 c4
-\set Score.measurePosition = #(ly:make-moment 5 8)
-b4 b4 b8
-c4 c1
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\new Voice \relative c' {
+ \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 5 4)
+ c1 c4 |
+ c1 c4 |
+ c4 c
+ \set Timing.measurePosition = #(ly:make-moment 5 8)
+ b4 b b8 |
+ c4 c1 |
+}
@end lilypond
@noindent
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff