Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+ version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
+ Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.12.0"
+@c \version "2.14.0"
@node Repeats
@section Repeats
@item unfold
The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
-specified by @var{repeatcount}. This is useful when
+specified by @code{@var{repeatcount}}. This is useful when
entering repetitious music.
@item percent
This section discusses how to input long (usually multi-measure)
repeats. The repeats can take two forms: repeats enclosed between
-repeat signs; or written out repeats, used to input repetitious music.
+repeat signs; or written-out repeats, used to input repetitious music.
Repeat signs can also be controlled manually.
@menu
\repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
@end example
-where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can be
-produced using @code{\alternative}. In order to delimit the alternate
-endings, the group of alternatives must be enclosed in a set of
-braces. If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings,
-the earliest repeats are given the first alternative.
+@noindent
+where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression.
-Normal repeats without alternate endings:
+A single repeat without an alternate ending:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
\repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
@end lilypond
-Normal repeats with alternate endings:
+Alternative endings can be produced using @code{\alternative}. Each
+group of alternatives must be themselves, enclosed in a set of braces.
+
+@example
+\repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+\alternative @{
+ @{ @var{musicexpr} @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression.
+
+If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings, the earliest
+repeats are given the first alternative.
+
+A single repeat with one alternate ending:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f | }
+\alternative {
+ { c2 e | }
+ { f2 g | }
+}
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+A single repeat with more than one alternate ending:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f | }
+\alternative {
+ { c2 e | }
+ { f2 g | }
+}
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+Multiple repeats with more than one alternate ending:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f }
+\repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f | }
\alternative {
- { d2 e }
- { f2 g }
+ { c2 e | }
+ { f2 g | }
+ { a2 g | }
}
c1
@end lilypond
+@warning{If there are two or more alternatives, nothing should appear
+between the closing brace of one and the opening brace of the next
+in an @code{@bs{}alternative} block, otherwise you will not get the
+expected number of endings.}
+
+@warning{If you include @code{@bs{}relative} inside a
+@code{@bs{}repeat} without explicitly instantiating the
+@code{Voice} context, extra (unwanted) staves will appear. See
+@rprogram{An extra staff appears}.}
@cindex repeat with upbeat
@cindex upbeat in a repeat
@cindex pickup in a repeat
@funindex \partial
-Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
+If a repeat starts in the middle of a measure and has no alternate
+endings, normally the end of the repeat will also fall in the
+middle of a measure, so that the two ends add up to one complete
+measure. In such cases, the repeat signs do not constitute true
+bar lines. Do not use @code{\partial} commands or bar checks
+where these repeat signs are printed:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+% no \partial here
+c4 e g % no bar check here
+% no \partial here
+\repeat volta 4 {
+ e4 |
+ c2 e |
+ % no \partial here
+ g4 g g % no bar check here
+}
+% no \partial here
+g4 |
+a2 a |
+g1 |
+@end lilypond
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\partial 4
-e |
-\repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
-\alternative {
- { g4 g g e }
- { a4 a a a | b2. }
+Similarly, if a repeat begins with the initial partial measure of
+a score and has no alternate endings, the same conditions apply as
+in the above example, except that in this case the @code{\partial}
+command is required at the beginning of the score:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\partial 4 % required
+\repeat volta 4 {
+ e4 |
+ c2 e |
+ % no \partial here
+ g4 g g % no bar check here
}
+% no \partial here
+g4 |
+a2 a |
+g1 |
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-or
+When alternate endings are added to a repeat that begins with an
+incomplete measure, it becomes necessary to set the
+@code{Timing.measureLength} context property manually, in the
+following specific places:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+@itemize
+@item
+at the start of any incomplete measures in the @code{\alternative}
+block, which normally occur at the end of each alternative, except
+(in most cases) the last.
+
+@item
+at the start of each alternative, except the first.
+@end itemize
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\partial 4
-\repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
+\repeat volta 2 { e4 | c2 e | }
\alternative {
- { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
- { a4 a a a | b2. }
+ {
+ f2 d |
+ \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 3 4)
+ g4 g g % optional bar check is allowed here
+ }
+ {
+ \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 4 4)
+ a2 a |
+ }
}
+g1 |
@end lilypond
+The @code{measureLength} property is described in @ref{Time
+administration}.
-@cindex repeats with ties
-@cindex alternative endings with ties
-@cindex ties in repeats
-@cindex ties in alternative endings
+@cindex repeats, with ties
+@cindex alternative endings, with ties
+@cindex ties, in repeats
+@cindex ties, alternative endings
@funindex \repeatTie
Ties may be added to a second ending:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
-\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f ~ }
+\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f~ }
\alternative {
{ f2 d }
{ f2\repeatTie f, }
@end lilypond
@snippets
-
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{setting-the-double-repeat-default-for-volte.ly}
+
+@cindex repeats, bar numbers letters
+@cindex repeats, alternative bar numbers
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{alternative-bar-numbering.ly}
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{repeat},
+@rglos{volta}.
-Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Bar lines},
+@ref{Modifying context plug-ins},
+@ref{Time administration}.
-Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Repeats}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
-@rinternals{RepeatedMusic}, @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{VoltaBracket},
+@rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
@rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
-
@knownissues
-
@cindex repeat, ambiguous
@cindex nested repeat
@cindex repeat, nested
@cindex repeat and slur
@cindex slur and repeat
+Slurs that span from a @code{\repeat} block into an
+@code{\alternative} block will only work for the first alternate
+ending. Also, slurs cannot wrap around from the end of one
+alternative back to the beginning of the repeat.
+
+If a repeat that begins with an incomplete measure has an
+@code{\alternative} block that contains modifications to the
+@code{measureLength} property, using @code{\unfoldRepeats} will
+result in wrongly-placed bar lines and bar check warnings.
+
A nested repeat like
@example
@end example
@noindent
-is ambiguous, since it is is not clear to which @code{\repeat} the
+is ambiguous, since it is not clear to which @code{\repeat} the
@code{\alternative} belongs. This ambiguity is resolved by always
having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
-Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
-so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
-example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
-@code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs are also not repeated.
-
-
@node Manual repeat marks
@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual repeat marks
@warning{These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
constructs, and may produce unexpected behavior. In most cases,
-repeats should be created using the standard @code{\\repeat} command
+repeats should be created using the standard @code{@bs{}repeat} command
or by printing the relevant bar lines. For more information, see
@ref{Bar lines}.}
voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } }
\relative c'' {
c1
- \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
+ \set Score.repeatCommands =
+ #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
c4 b d e
\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat)
f1
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece.ly}
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Bar lines},
@unnumberedsubsubsec Written-out repeats
@cindex written-out repeats
-@cindex repetitious music
@cindex repeats, written-out
-@cindex repeat, unfold
-@cindex unfold music
+@cindex repeats, unfold
+@cindex repeats, alternative
@cindex unfold repeat
-@cindex unfold repeat with alternate endings
-@cindex unfold music with alternate endings
-@cindex alternate ending in written-out repeats
+@cindex unfold repeat, alternate endings
+@cindex alternate repeats
+@cindex alternate endings, repeats
@funindex unfold
-By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
-the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
+By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify the
+writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
@example
\repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
@end example
-where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression and @var{repeatcount} is
-the number of times @var{musicexpr} is repeated.
+@noindent
+where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression and
+@code{@var{repeatcount}} is the number of times
+@code{@var{musicexpr}} is repeated.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
c1
+@end lilypond
+
+In some cases, especially in a @code{\relative} context, the
+@code{\repeat unfold} function is not the same as writing out the
+music expression multiple times. E.g,
+
+@example
+\repeat unfold 2 @{ a'4 b c @}
+@end example
+
+is not equivalent to
+
+@example
+a'4 b c | a'4 b c
+@end example
+
+Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
+\alternative {
+ { c2 g' }
+ { c,2 b }
+}
c1
@end lilypond
-Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings. If there are
-more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first
-alternative ending is applied to the earliest endings.
+If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first
+alternative is applied multiple times until the remaining alternatives
+make up the total number of repeats.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat unfold 4 { c4 d e f }
+\alternative {
+ { c2 g' }
+ { c,2 b }
+ { e2 d }
+ }
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+If there are more alternate endings than repeats then only the first
+alternatives are applied. The remaining alternatives will be ignored
+and not printed.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
+\alternative {
+ { c2 g' }
+ { c,2 b }
+ { e2 d }
+}
c1
-\repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
+@end lilypond
+
+It is also possible to nest multiple @code{unfold} functions (with or
+without alternate endings).
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat unfold 2 {
+ \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
\alternative {
- { cis2 g' }
- { cis,2 b }
+ { c2 g' }
+ { c,2 b }
}
+}
c1
@end lilypond
+Chord constructs can be repeated by the chord repetition symbol
+@code{q}. See @ref{Chord repetition}.
+
+@warning{If you include @code{@bs{}relative} inside a @code{@bs{}repeat}
+without explicitly instantiating the @code{Voice} context, extra
+(unwanted) staves will appear. See @rprogram{An extra staff appears}.}
@seealso
-Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Chord repetition}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Repeats}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
@rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
@subsection Short repeats
This section discusses how to input short repeats. Short repeats can
-take two basic forms: repeats of a single note to two measures,
-represented by slashes or percent signs; and tremolos.
+take two forms: slashes or percent signs to represent repeats of a
+single note, a single measure or two measures, and tremolos otherwise.
@menu
* Percent repeats::
@funindex \repeat percent
@funindex percent
-Repeated short patterns of notes are supported. The music is printed
-once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign. Patterns that
-are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes, and patterns of
-one or two measures are replaced by percent-like signs. The syntax is
+Repeated short patterns are printed once, and the repeated pattern
+is replaced with a special sign.
+
+The syntax is
@example
-@code{\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}}
+\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}
@end example
-where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
+@noindent
+where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression.
+
+Patterns that are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat percent 4 { c128 d e f }
+\repeat percent 4 { c64 d e f }
+\repeat percent 5 { c32 d e f }
+\repeat percent 4 { c16 d e f }
+\repeat percent 4 { c8 d }
\repeat percent 4 { c4 }
-\repeat percent 2 { b4 a g f }
-\repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
+\repeat percent 2 { c2 }
+@end lilypond
+
+Patterns of one or two measures are replaced by percent-like symbols.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat percent 2 { c4 d e f }
+\repeat percent 2 { c2 d }
+\repeat percent 2 { c1 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat percent 3 { c4 d e f | c2 g' }
+@end lilypond
+
+Patterns that are shorter than one measure but contain mixed durations
+use a double-percent symbol.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat percent 4 { c8. <d f>16 }
+\repeat percent 2 { \times 2/3 { r8 c d } e4 }
@end lilypond
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{percent-repeat-counter.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{percent-repeat-count-visibility.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{isolated-percent-repeats.ly}
-
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{percent repeat},
+@rglos{simile}.
-Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Repeats}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
-@rinternals{PercentRepeat}, @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{RepeatSlash},
+@rinternals{RepeatSlashEvent},
+@rinternals{DoubleRepeatSlash},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeat},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{Percent_repeat_engraver},
+@rinternals{DoublePercentEvent},
+@rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
@rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
-@rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
-
-
-@knownissues
-
-Only three kinds of percent repeats are supported: a single slash
-representing a single beat (regardless of the duration of the repeated
-notes); a single slash with dots representing one full measure; and
-two slashes with dots crossing a bar line representing two full
-measures. Neither multiple slashes representing single beat repeats
-consisting of sixteenth or shorter notes, nor two slashes with dots
-representing single beat repeats consisting of notes of varying
-durations, are supported.
+@rinternals{Double_percent_repeat_engraver},
+@rinternals{Slash_repeat_engraver}.
@node Tremolo repeats
@funindex tremolo
Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
-notes, and rapid repetition of a single note or chord. Tremolos
+notes, and rapid repetition of a single note or chord. Tremolos
consisting of an alternation are indicated by adding beams between the
notes or chords being alternated, while tremolos consisting of the
rapid repetition of a single note are indicated by adding beams or
@funindex tremoloFlags
@funindex :
-The same output can be obtained by adding
-@q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates
-the duration of the subdivision, and it must be at least 8. A
-@var{number} value of 8 gives one line across the note stem. If
-the length is omitted, the last value (stored in
-@code{tremoloFlags}) is used
+The same output can be obtained by adding @code{:@var{N}} after
+the note, where @code{@var{N}} indicates the duration of the
+subdivision (it must be at least 8). If @code{@var{N}} is 8, one
+beam is added to the note's stem. If @code{@var{N}} is omitted,
+the last value (stored in @code{tremoloFlags}) is used:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
c2:8 c:32
c: c:
@end lilypond
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{cross-staff-tremolos.ly}
@seealso
-Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Repeats}.
@cindex tremolo, cross-staff
@cindex cross-staff tremolo
-
-@knownissues
-
-Cross-staff tremolos do not work well.
-
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff