Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.13.36"
+@c \version "2.14.0"
@node Pitches
* Relative octave entry::
* Accidentals::
* Note names in other languages::
-* Non-Western note names and accidentals::
@end menu
engraved in the octave below middle C.
@c don't use c' here.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment]
-\clef bass
-c d e f
-g a b c
-d e f g
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+{
+ \clef bass
+ c4 d e f
+ g4 a b c
+ d4 e f g
+}
@end lilypond
@cindex octave changing mark
pitch by one octave; each@tie{}@code{,} lowers the pitch by an
octave.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment]
-\clef treble
-c' c'' e' g
-d'' d' d c
-\clef bass
-c, c,, e, g
-d,, d, d c
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+{
+ \clef treble
+ c'4 c'' e' g
+ d''4 d' d c
+ \clef bass
+ c,4 c,, e, g
+ d,,4 d, d c
+}
@end lilypond
@cindex language, pitch names in other
There are predefined sets of note and accidental names for various
-other languages. To use them, include the language-specific init
-file listed below. For example, to use English note names, add
-@code{@w{\include "english.ly"}} to the input file.
+other languages. Selecting the note name language is usually done
+at the beginning of the file; the following example is written
+using Italian note names:
-@warning{Because some other include files (such as @code{@w{predefined-fretboards.ly}})
-use default (Nederlands) note names, the @code{@bs{}include}
-command for the language file should be placed after all other
-LilyPond distribution files.}
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\language "italiano"
-The available language files and the note names they define are:
+\relative do' {
+ do re mi sib
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The available languages and the note names they define are:
@quotation
-@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {do re mi fa sol la sib si}
-@headitem Language File
+@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {do re mi fa sol la sib si}
+@headitem Language
@tab Note Names
-@item @file{nederlands.ly}
+@item @code{nederlands}
@tab c d e f g a bes b
-@item @file{arabic.ly}
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
-@item @file{catalan.ly}
+@item @code{catalan}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
-@item @file{deutsch.ly}
+@item @code{deutsch}
@tab c d e f g a b h
-@item @file{english.ly}
+@item @code{english}
@tab c d e f g a bf b
-@item @file{espanol.ly}
+@item @code{espanol}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
-@item @file{italiano.ly}
+@item @code{italiano}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
-@item @file{norsk.ly}
+@item @code{norsk}
@tab c d e f g a b h
-@item @file{portugues.ly}
+@item @code{portugues}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
-@item @file{suomi.ly}
+@item @code{suomi}
@tab c d e f g a b h
-@item @file{svenska.ly}
+@item @code{svenska}
@tab c d e f g a b h
-@item @file{vlaams.ly}
+@item @code{vlaams}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
@end multitable
@end quotation
-@noindent
-and the accidental suffixes they define are:
+In addition to note names, accidental suffixes may
+also vary depending on the language:
@quotation
-@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {-s/-sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
-@headitem Language File
+@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {-s/-sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
+@headitem Language
@tab sharp @tab flat @tab double sharp @tab double flat
-@item @file{nederlands.ly}
+@item @code{nederlands}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item @file{arabic.ly}
- @tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
-@item @file{catalan.ly}
+@item @code{catalan}
@tab -d/-s @tab -b @tab -dd/-ss @tab -bb
-@item @file{deutsch.ly}
+@item @code{deutsch}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item @file{english.ly}
+@item @code{english}
@tab -s/-sharp @tab -f/-flat @tab -ss/-x/-sharpsharp
@tab -ff/-flatflat
-@item @file{espanol.ly}
+@item @code{espanol}
@tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss/-x @tab -bb
-@item @file{italiano.ly}
+@item @code{italiano}
@tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
-@item @file{norsk.ly}
+@item @code{norsk}
@tab -iss/-is @tab -ess/-es @tab -ississ/-isis
@tab -essess/-eses
-@item @file{portugues.ly}
+@item @code{portugues}
@tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss @tab -bb
-@item @file{suomi.ly}
+@item @code{suomi}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item @file{svenska.ly}
+@item @code{svenska}
@tab -iss @tab -ess @tab -ississ @tab -essess
-@item @file{vlaams.ly}
+@item @code{vlaams}
@tab -k @tab -b @tab -kk @tab -bb
@end multitable
@end quotation
@cindex sesqui-flat
Some music uses microtones whose alterations are fractions of a
-@q{normal} sharp or flat. The note names for quarter-tones
-defined in the various language files are listed in the following
-table. Here the prefixes @notation{semi-} and @notation{sesqui-}
-mean @q{half} and @q{one and a half}, respectively. For the other
-languages, no special names have been defined yet.
+@q{normal} sharp or flat. The following table lists note names
+for quarter-tone accidentals in various languages; here the prefixes
+@notation{semi-} and @notation{sesqui-} respectively
+mean @q{half} and @q{one and a half}. Languages that do not
+appear in this table do not provide special note names yet.
@quotation
-@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {@b{semi-sharp}} {@b{semi-flat}} {@b{sesqui-sharp}} {@b{sesqui-flat}}
-@headitem Language File
+@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {@b{semi-sharp}} {@b{semi-flat}} {@b{sesqui-sharp}} {@b{sesqui-flat}}
+@headitem Language
@tab semi-sharp @tab semi-flat @tab sesqui-sharp @tab sesqui-flat
-@item @file{nederlands.ly}
+@item @code{nederlands}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
-@item @file{arabic.ly}
- @tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
-@item @file{deutsch.ly}
+@item @code{deutsch}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
-@item @file{english.ly}
+@item @code{english}
@tab -qs @tab -qf @tab -tqs @tab -tqf
-@item @file{espanol.ly}
+@item @code{espanol}
@tab -cs @tab -cb @tab -tcs @tab -tcb
-@item @file{italiano.ly}
+@item @code{italiano}
@tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
-@item @file{portugues.ly}
+@item @code{portugues}
@tab -sqt @tab -bqt @tab -stqt @tab -btqt
@end multitable
@end quotation
+Most languages presented here are commonly associated with
+Western classical music, also referred to as
+@notation{Common Practice Period}. However, alternate
+pitches and tuning systems are also supported: see
+@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.
+
@seealso
Music Glossary:
-@rglos{Pitch names}.
-
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Pitches}.
-
-
-@node Non-Western note names and accidentals
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Non-Western note names and accidentals
-
-Many non-Western musics (and some Western folk and
-traditional musics) employ alternative or extended tuning
-systems that do not fit readily into standard classical
-notation.
-
-In some cases standard notation is still used, with the
-pitch differences being implicit. For example, Arabic
-music is notated with standard semitone and quarter-tone
-accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being
-determined by context. Others require extended or unique
-notations.
-
-@notation{Turkish classical music}, or Ottoman music,
-employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar}, whose
-intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone.
-From a modern notational point of view, it is convenient
-to use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...)
-with special accidentals unique to Turkish music. These
-accidentals are defined in @file{makam.ly} (to locate this
-file on your system, see
-@rlearning{Other sources of information}). The following
-table gives their names, the accidental suffix that must
-be added to notes, and their pitch alteration as a
-fraction of one whole tone.
-
-@c TODO: can we include the actual accidentals in this table?
-@quotation
-@multitable {@b{büyük mücenneb (sharp)}} {@b{suffix}} {@b{pitch alteration}}
-@headitem Accidental name
- @tab suffix @tab pitch alteration
-
-@item büyük mücenneb (sharp)
- @tab -bm @tab +8/9
-@item kücük mücenneb (sharp)
- @tab -k @tab +5/9
-@item bakiye (sharp)
- @tab -b @tab +4/9
-@item koma (sharp)
- @tab -c @tab +1/9
-
-@item koma (flat)
- @tab -fc @tab -1/9
-@item bakiye (flat)
- @tab -fb @tab -4/9
-@item kücük mücenneb (flat)
- @tab -fk @tab -5/9
-@item büyük mücenneb (flat)
- @tab -fbm @tab -8/9
-@end multitable
-@end quotation
+@rglos{Pitch names},
+@rglos{Common Practice Period}.
-For further information on Turkish classical music and
-makamlar, see @ref{Turkish classical music}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.
+Installed Files:
+@file{scm/define-note-names.scm}.
-@snippets
-
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{makam-example.ly}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Pitches}.
@node Changing multiple pitches
@menu
* Octave checks::
* Transpose::
+* Inversion::
+* Retrograde::
+* Modal transformations::
@end menu
@node Octave checks
@seealso
Notation Reference:
+@ref{Instrument transpositions},
+@ref{Inversion},
+@ref{Modal transformations},
@ref{Relative octave entry},
-@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
+@ref{Retrograde}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
To use relative mode within transposed music, an additional
@code{\relative} must be placed inside @code{\transpose}.
+@node Inversion
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Inversion
+
+@cindex inversion
+@cindex operation, inversion
+@funindex \inversion
+
+A music expression can be inverted with:
+
+@example
+\inversion @var{from-pitch} @var{to-pitch} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
+
+The @code{@var{musicexpr}} is inverted interval-by-interval,
+and then transposed so that @code{@var{from-pitch}} is mapped
+to @code{@var{to-pitch}}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+music = \relative c' { c d e f }
+\new Staff {
+ \music
+ \inversion d' d' \music
+ \inversion d' ees' \music
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Modal transformations},
+@ref{Retrograde},
+@ref{Transpose}.
+
+
+@node Retrograde
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Retrograde
+
+@cindex retrograde transformation
+@cindex transformation, retrograde
+@cindex operation, retrograde
+@funindex \retrograde
+@funindex retrograde
+
+A music expression can be reversed to produce its retrograde:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+music = \relative c' { c8. ees16( fis8. a16 b8.) gis16 f8. d16 }
+
+\new Staff {
+ \music
+ \retrograde \music
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@knownissues
+Manual ties inside @code{\retrograde} will be broken and
+generate warnings. Some ties can be generated automatically
+by enabling @ref{Automatic note splitting}.
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Inversion},
+@ref{Modal transformations},
+@ref{Transpose}.
+
+
+@node Modal transformations
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Modal transformations
+
+@cindex modal transformations
+@cindex transformations, modal
+@cindex operations, modal
+
+In a musical composition that is based on a scale, a motif is
+frequently transformed in various ways. It may be
+@notation{transposed} to start at different places in the scale or
+it may be @notation{inverted} around a pivot point in the scale.
+It may also be reversed to produce its @notation{retrograde}, see
+@ref{Retrograde}.
+
+@warning{Any note that does not lie within the given scale will be
+left untransformed.}
+
+@subsubheading Modal transposition
+
+@cindex modal transposition
+@cindex transposition, modal
+@cindex operation, transposition
+@funindex \modalTranspose
+@funindex modalTranspose
+
+A motif can be transposed within a given scale with:
+
+@example
+\modalTranspose @var{from-pitch} @var{to-pitch} @var{scale} @var{motif}
+@end example
+
+The notes of @var{motif} are shifted within the @var{scale} by the
+number of scale degrees given by the interval between @var{to-pitch}
+and @var{from-pitch}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+diatonicScale = \relative c' { c d e f g a b }
+motif = \relative c' { c8 d e f g a b c }
+
+\new Staff {
+ \motif
+ \modalTranspose c f \diatonicScale \motif
+ \modalTranspose c b, \diatonicScale \motif
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+An ascending scale of any length and with any intervals may be
+specified:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+pentatonicScale = \relative c' { ges aes bes des ees }
+motif = \relative c' { ees8 des ges,4 <ges' bes,> <ges bes,> }
+
+\new Staff {
+ \motif
+ \modalTranspose ges ees' \pentatonicScale \motif
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+When used with a chromatic scale @code{\modalTranspose} has a
+similar effect to @code{\transpose}, but with the ability to
+specify the names of the notes to be used:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+chromaticScale = \relative c' { c cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b }
+motif = \relative c' { c8 d e f g a b c }
+
+\new Staff {
+ \motif
+ \transpose c f \motif
+ \modalTranspose c f \chromaticScale \motif
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@subsubheading Modal inversion
+
+@cindex modal inversion
+@cindex inversion, modal
+@cindex operation, modal inversion
+@funindex \modalInversion
+@funindex modalInversion
+
+A motif can be inverted within a given scale around a given pivot
+note and transposed in a single operation with:
+
+@example
+\modalInversion @var{around-pitch} @var{to-pitch} @var{scale} @var{motif}
+@end example
+
+The notes of @var{motif} are placed the same number of scale degrees
+from the @var{around-pitch} note within the @var{scale}, but in the
+opposite direction, and the result is then shifted within the
+@var{scale} by the number of scale degrees given by the interval between
+@var{to-pitch} and @var{around-pitch}.
+
+So to simply invert around a note in the scale use the same value for
+@var{around-pitch} and @var{to-pitch}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+octatonicScale = \relative c' { ees f fis gis a b c d }
+motif = \relative c' { c8. ees16 fis8. a16 b8. gis16 f8. d16 }
+
+\new Staff {
+ \motif
+ \modalInversion fis' fis' \octatonicScale \motif
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+To invert around a pivot between two notes in the scale, invert around
+one of the notes and then transpose by one scale degree. The two notes
+specified can be interpreted as bracketing the pivot point:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+scale = \relative c' { c g' }
+motive = \relative c' { c c g' c, }
+
+\new Staff {
+ \motive
+ \modalInversion c' g' \scale \motive
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The combined operation of inversion and retrograde produce the
+retrograde-inversion:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+octatonicScale = \relative c' { ees f fis gis a b c d }
+motif = \relative c' { c8. ees16 fis8. a16 b8. gis16 f8. d16 }
+
+\new Staff {
+ \motif
+ \retrograde \modalInversion c' c' \octatonicScale \motif
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Inversion},
+@ref{Retrograde},
+@ref{Transpose}.
+
+
@node Displaying pitches
@subsection Displaying pitches
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
@funindex modern
This rule corresponds to the common practice in the twentieth
-century. It prints the same accidentals as @code{default}, with
+century. It omits some extra natural signs, which were
+traditionally prefixed to accidentals that reduce or reverse
+the direction of a previous alteration. The @code{modern} rule
+prints the same accidentals as @code{default}, with
two exceptions that serve to avoid ambiguity: after temporary
accidentals, cancellation marks are printed also in the following
measure (for notes in the same octave) and, in the same measure,
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
@funindex teaching
This rule is intended for students, and makes it easy to create
-scale sheets with automagically created cautionary accidentals.
+scale sheets with automatically created cautionary accidentals.
Accidentals are printed like with @code{modern}, but cautionary
accidentals are added for all sharp or flat tones specified by the
key signature, except if the note is immediately repeated.
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
This is the opposite of @code{no-reset}: Accidentals are not
remembered at all -- and hence all accidentals are typeset
relative to the key signature, regardless of what came before in
-the music. Unlike @code{dodecaphonic}, this rule never prints
-any naturals.
+the music.
@lilypond[quote]
musicA = {
<<
\relative c' {
- cis'8 fis,
d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis'8 fis,
bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
cis2. <c, g'>4 |
}
\\
@end lilypond
@end table
-@snippets
-
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{dodecaphonic-style-accidentals-for-each-note-including-naturals.ly}
-
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@knownissues
-Simultaneous notes are considered to be entered in sequential
-mode. This means that in a chord the accidentals are typeset as
-if the notes in the chord happen one at a time, in the order in
-which they appear in the input file. This is a problem when
-accidentals in a chord depend on each other, which does not happen
-for the default accidental style. The problem can be solved by
-manually inserting@tie{}@code{!} and@tie{}@code{?} for the
-problematic notes.
-
+Simultaneous notes are not considered in the automatic
+determination of accidentals; only previous notes and the key
+signature are considered. Forcing accidentals with@tie{}@code{!}
+or@tie{}@code{?} may be required when the same note name occurs
+simultaneously with different alterations, as in @samp{<f! fis!>}.
Cautionary cancellation of accidentals is done by looking at previous measure.
However, in the @code{\alternative} block following a @code{\repeat volta N}
@rinternals{Pitch_squash_engraver},
@rinternals{Voice},
@rinternals{RhythmicStaff}.
-
-
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff