* Relative octave entry::
* Accidentals::
* Note names in other languages::
+* Non-Western note names and accidentals::
@end menu
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{preventing-extra-naturals-from-being-automatically-added.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{makam-example.ly}
-
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
+@node Non-Western note names and accidentals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Non-Western note names and accidentals
+
+Many non-Western musics (and some Western folk and
+traditional musics) employ alternative or extended tuning
+systems that do not fit readily into standard classical
+notation.
+
+In some cases standard notation is still used, with the
+pitch differences being implicit. For example, Arabic
+music is notated with standard semitone and quarter-tone
+accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being
+determined by context. Others require extended or unique
+notations.
+
+@notation{Turkish classical music}, or Ottoman music,
+employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar}, whose
+intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone.
+From a modern notational point of view, it is convenient
+to use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...)
+with special accidentals unique to Turkish music. These
+accidentals are defined in @file{makam.ly} (to locate this
+file on your system, see
+@rlearning{Other sources of information}). The following
+table gives their names, the accidental suffix that must
+be added to notes, and their pitch alteration as a
+fraction of one whole tone.
+
+@c TODO: can we include the actual accidentals in this table?
+@quotation
+@multitable {@b{büyük mücenneb (sharp)}} {@b{suffix}} {@b{pitch alteration}}
+@headitem Accidental name
+ @tab suffix @tab pitch alteration
+
+@item büyük mücenneb (sharp)
+ @tab -bm @tab +8/9
+@item kücük mücenneb (sharp)
+ @tab -k @tab +5/9
+@item bakiye (sharp)
+ @tab -b @tab +4/9
+@item koma (sharp)
+ @tab -c @tab +1/9
+
+@item koma (flat)
+ @tab -fc @tab -1/9
+@item bakiye (flat)
+ @tab -fb @tab -4/9
+@item kücük mücenneb (flat)
+ @tab -fk @tab -5/9
+@item büyük mücenneb (flat)
+ @tab -fbm @tab -8/9
+@end multitable
+@end quotation
+
+For further information on Turkish classical music and
+makamlar, see @ref{Turkish classical music}.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{makam-example.ly}
+
+
@node Changing multiple pitches
@subsection Changing multiple pitches
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Mensural clefs}, @ref{Gregorian clefs}.
+@ref{Mensural clefs},
+@ref{Gregorian clefs}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@rglos{transposing instrument}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Quoting other voices}, @ref{Transpose}.
+@ref{Quoting other voices},
+@ref{Transpose}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
@end lilypond
+@item neo-modern-voice
+
+@cindex neo-modern-voice accidental style
+@cindex accidental style, neo-modern-voice
+
+@funindex neo-modern-voice
+
+This rule is used for multivoice accidentals to be read both by
+musicians playing one voice and musicians playing all voices.
+Accidentals are typeset for each voice as with @code{neo-modern},
+but they are canceled across voices in the same @code{Staff}.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis' cis
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis'4 |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice)
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice)
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item neo-modern-voice-cautionary
+
+@cindex neo-modern-voice-cautionary accidental style
+@cindex accidental style, neo-modern-voice-cautionary
+
+@funindex neo-modern-voice-cautionary
+
+This rule is similar to @code{neo-modern-voice}, but the extra
+accidentals are printed as cautionary accidentals.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis' cis
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis'4 |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice-cautionary)
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice-cautionary)
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
@item dodecaphonic
@cindex dodecaphonic accidental style
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
\clef bass
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo \relative c' {
- <fis, a cis>4
+ <fis, a cis>8 <fis a cis>
\change Staff = up
- cis'
+ cis' cis
\change Staff = down
- <fis, a>
+ <fis, a> <fis a>
+ \showStaffSwitch
\change Staff = up
- dis' |
+ dis'4 |
\change Staff = down
<fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
}
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Accidental},
@rinternals{Accidental_engraver},
-@rinternals{GrandStaff} and
+@rinternals{GrandStaff},
@rinternals{PianoStaff},
@rinternals{Staff},
@rinternals{AccidentalSuggestion},
problematic notes.
+Cautionary cancellation of accidentals is done by looking at previous measure.
+However, in the @code{\alternative} block following a @code{\repeat volta N}
+section, one would expect the cancellation being calculated using the previous
+@emph{played} measure, not previous @emph{printed} measure.
+In the following example, the natural @code{c} in the second alternative does
+not need a natural sign:
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern)
+ \time 2/4
+ \repeat volta 2 {
+ c'2
+ }
+ \alternative {
+ cis'
+ c'
+ }
+ \bar "|."
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The following work-around can be used: define a function that locally changes
+the accidental style to @code{forget}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+forget = #(define-music-function (parser location music) (ly:music?) #{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'forget)
+ $music
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern)
+#})
+{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern)
+ \time 2/4
+ \repeat volta 2 {
+ c'2
+ }
+ \alternative {
+ cis'
+ \forget c'
+ }
+ \bar "|."
+}
+@end lilypond
+
@node Ambitus
@unnumberedsubsubsec Ambitus
@funindex cross
-Note heads may be altered:
+The appearance of note heads may be altered:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c4 b a b
+c4 b
\override NoteHead #'style = #'cross
-c4 b a b
+c4 b
+\revert NoteHead #'style
+a b
+\override NoteHead #'style = #'harmonic
+a b
\revert NoteHead #'style
c4 d e f
@end lilypond
-There is a shorthand for diamond shapes which can only be used
-inside chords:
+To see all note head styles, see @ref{Note head styles}.
+
+The @code{cross} style is used to represent a variety of musical
+intentions. The following generic predefined commands modify the
+note head in both staff and tablature contexts and can be used to
+represent any musical meaning:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-<c f\harmonic>2 <d a'\harmonic>4 <c g'\harmonic>
+c4 b
+\xNotesOn
+ a b c4 b
+\xNotesOff
+c4 d
@end lilypond
-To see all note head styles, see @ref{Note head styles}.
+The music function form of this predefined command may be used
+inside and outside chords to generate crossed note heads in both
+staff and tablature contexts:
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4 b
+\xNote { e f }
+c b < g \xNote c f > b
+@end lilypond
+
+There is also a shorthand for diamond shapes which can be used
+only inside chords:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<c f\harmonic>2 <d a'\harmonic>4 <c g'\harmonic>
+@end lilypond
+
+@predefined
+@code{\harmonic},
+@code{\xNotesOn},
+@code{\xNotesOff},
+@code{\xNote}.
+@endpredefined
@seealso
Snippets:
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff