Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.17.6"
+@c \version "2.19.2"
@node Pitches
}
@end lilypond
+@funindex absolute
+@funindex \absolute
+Music can be marked explicitly as being in absolute octave
+notation by preceding it with @code{\absolute}:
+
+@example
+\absolute @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
+
+will be interpreted in absolute octave entry mode regardless of
+the context it appears in.
+
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{Pitch names}.
@funindex relative
@funindex \relative
-When octaves are specified in absolute mode it is easy to
-accidentally put a pitch in the wrong octave. Relative octave
-mode reduces these errors since most of the time it is not
-necessary to indicate any octaves at all. Furthermore, in
-absolute mode a single mistake may be difficult to spot, while in
-relative mode a single error puts the rest of the piece off by one
-octave.
+Absolute octave entry requires specifying the octave for every
+single note. Relative octave entry, in contrast, specifies each
+octave in relation to the last note: changing one note's octave
+will affect all of the following notes.
+
+Relative note mode has to be entered explicitly using the
+@code{\relative} command:
@example
\relative @var{startpitch} @var{musicexpr}
@item
The pitch of the first note is relative to
@code{@var{startpitch}}. @code{@var{startpitch}} is specified in
-absolute octave mode, and it is recommended that it be a octave of
-@code{c}.
+absolute octave mode. Which choices are meaningful?
+
+@table @asis
+@item an octave of @code{c}
+Identifying middle C with @code{c'} is quite basic, so finding
+octaves of @code{c} tends to be straightforward. If your music
+starts with @code{gis} above @code{c'''}, you'd write something
+like @code{\relative c''' @{ gis' @dots{} @}}
+
+@item an octave of the first note inside
+Writing @code{\relative gis''' @{ gis @dots{} @}} makes it easy to
+determine the absolute pitch of the first note inside.
+
+@item no explicit starting pitch
+This (namely writing @code{\relative @{ gis''' @dots{} @}}) can be
+viewed as a compact version of the previous option: the first note
+inside is written in absolute pitch itself. This happens to be
+equivalent to choosing @code{f} as the reference pitch.
+@end table
+
+The documentation will usually employ the first option.
@end itemize
Here is the relative mode shown in action:
@funindex \relative
@funindex relative
-@c DEPRECATED
-If no @code{@var{startpitch}} is specified for @code{\relative},
-then@tie{}@code{c'} is assumed. However, this is a deprecated
-option and may disappear in future versions, so its use is
-discouraged.
-
@node Accidentals
@unnumberedsubsubsec Accidentals
@c duplicated in Key signature and Accidentals
@warning{New users are sometimes confused about accidentals and
-key signatures. In LilyPond, note names are the raw input; key
-signatures and clefs determine how this raw input is displayed.
+key signatures. In LilyPond, note names specify pitches; key
+signatures and clefs determine how these pitches are displayed.
An unaltered note like@tie{}@code{c} means @q{C natural},
regardless of the key signature or clef. For more information,
-see @rlearning{Accidentals and key signatures}.}
+see @rlearning{Pitches and key signatures}.}
@cindex note names, Dutch
@cindex note names, default
ais1 aes aisis aeses
@end lilypond
-A natural will cancel the effect of an accidental or key
-signature. However, naturals are not encoded into the note name
-syntax with a suffix; a natural pitch is shown as a simple note
-name:
+A natural pitch is entered as a simple note name; no suffix is
+required. A natural sign will be printed when needed to cancel
+the effect of an earlier accidental or key signature.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
a4 aes a2
adding an exclamation mark@tie{}@code{!} after the pitch. A
cautionary accidental (i.e., an accidental within parentheses) can
be obtained by adding the question mark@tie{}@code{?} after the
-pitch. These extra accidentals can also be used to produce
-natural signs.
+pitch.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
cis cis cis! cis? c c c! c?
Accidentals on tied notes are only printed at the beginning of a
new system:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-cis1~ cis~
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2,ragged-right]
+cis1~ 1~
\break
cis
@end lilypond
@rglos{quarter tone}.
Learning Manual:
-@rlearning{Accidentals and key signatures}.
+@rlearning{Pitches and key signatures}.
Notation Reference:
@ref{Automatic accidentals},
@tab c d e f g a b h
@item @code{english}
@tab c d e f g a bf b
-@item @code{espanol}
+@item @code{espanol} or @code{español}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
-@item @code{italiano}
+@item @code{italiano} or @code{français}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
@item @code{norsk}
@tab c d e f g a b h
also vary depending on the language:
@quotation
-@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {-s/-sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
+@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {-s/--sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/--sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
@headitem Language
@tab sharp @tab flat @tab double sharp @tab double flat
@item @code{nederlands}
@item @code{deutsch}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
@item @code{english}
- @tab -s/-sharp @tab -f/-flat @tab -ss/-x/-sharpsharp
- @tab -ff/-flatflat
-@item @code{espanol}
+ @tab -s/--sharp @tab -f/--flat @tab -ss/-x/--sharpsharp
+ @tab -ff/--flatflat
+@item @code{espanol} or @code{español}
@tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss/-x @tab -bb
-@item @code{italiano}
+@item @code{italiano} or @code{français}
@tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
@item @code{norsk}
@tab -iss/-is @tab -ess/-es @tab -ississ/-isis
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
@item @code{english}
@tab -qs @tab -qf @tab -tqs @tab -tqf
-@item @code{espanol}
+@item @code{espanol} or @code{español}
@tab -cs @tab -cb @tab -tcs @tab -tcb
-@item @code{italiano}
+@item @code{italiano} or @code{français}
@tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
@item @code{portugues}
@tab -sqt @tab -bqt @tab -stqt @tab -btqt
@funindex \clef
@funindex clef
-The clef may be altered. Middle C is shown in every example. The
-following clef names can (but do not need to) be enclosed in quotes.
+Without any explicit command, the default clef for LilyPond is the
+treble (or @emph{G}) clef.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1,ragged-right]
+c2 c
+@end lilypond
+
+However, the clef can be changed by using the @code{\clef} command and
+an appropriate clef name. @emph{Middle C} is shown in each of the
+following examples.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\clef treble
c2 c
@end lilypond
-Other clefs include:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\clef french
-c2 c
-\clef soprano
-c2 c
-\clef mezzosoprano
-c2 c
-\clef baritone
-c2 c
-
-\break
+For the full range of possible clef names see @ref{Clef styles}.
-\clef varbaritone
-c2 c
-\clef subbass
-c2 c
-\clef percussion
-c2 c
+Specialized clefs, such as those used in @emph{Ancient} music, are
+described in @ref{Mensural clefs} and @ref{Gregorian clefs}. Music that
+requires tablature clefs is discussed in @ref{Default tablatures} and
+@ref{Custom tablatures}.
-\break
-
-\clef G % synonym for treble
-c2 c
-\clef F % synonym for bass
-c2 c
-\clef C % synonym for alto
-c2 c
-@end lilypond
+@cindex Cue clefs
+@cindex Clefs with cue notes
+For mixing clefs when using cue notes, see the @code{\cueClef} and
+@code{\cueDuringWithClef} commands in @ref{Formatting cue notes}.
@cindex transposing clef
@cindex clef, transposing
The pitches are displayed as if the numeric argument were
given without parentheses/brackets.
-Some special purpose clefs are described in @ref{Mensural clefs},
-@ref{Gregorian clefs}, @ref{Default tablatures}, and @ref{Custom
-tablatures}. For mixing different clefs when using cue notes within a
-score, see the @code{\cueClef} and @code{\cueDuringWithClef} functions
-in @ref{Formatting cue notes}.
+By default, a clef change taking place at a line break will cause
+the new clef symbol to be printed at the end of the previous line,
+as a @emph{warning} clef, as well as the beginning of the next.
+This @emph{warning} clef can be suppressed.
-@snippets
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\clef treble { c2 c } \break
+\clef bass { c2 c } \break
+\clef alto
+ \set Staff.explicitClefVisibility = #end-of-line-invisible
+ { c2 c } \break
+ \unset Staff.explicitClefVisibility
+\clef bass { c2 c } \break
+@end lilypond
+
+By default, a clef that has previously been printed will not be
+re-printed if the same @code{\clef} command is issued again and
+will be ignored. The the command
+@code{\set Staff.forceClef = ##t} changes this behaviour.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+ \clef treble
+ c1
+ \clef treble
+ c1
+ \set Staff.forceClef = ##t
+ c1
+ \clef treble
+ c1
+@end lilypond
+
+When there is a manual clef change, the glyph of the changed clef
+will be smaller than normal. This behaviour can be overridden.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+ \clef "treble"
+ c1
+ \clef "bass"
+ c1
+ \clef "treble"
+ c1
+ \override Staff.Clef.full-size-change = ##t
+ \clef "bass"
+ c1
+ \clef "treble"
+ c1
+ \revert Staff.Clef.full-size-change
+ \clef "bass"
+ c1
+ \clef "treble"
+ c1
+@end lilypond
+
+@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{tweaking-clef-properties.ly}
@ref{Custom tablatures},
@ref{Formatting cue notes}.
+Installed Files:
+@file{scm/parser-clef.scm}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Clef_engraver},
@rinternals{Clef},
-@rinternals{OctavateEight},
+@rinternals{ClefModifier},
@rinternals{clef-interface}.
@knownissues
-Ottavation numbers attached to clefs are treated as separate grobs. So
-any @code{\override} done to the @var{Clef} will also need to be
-applied, as a separate @code{\override}, to the @var{OctavateEight}
-grob.
+Ottavation numbers attached to clefs are treated as separate
+grobs. So any @code{\override} done to the @var{Clef} will also
+need to be applied, as a separate @code{\override}, to the
+@var{ClefModifier} grob.
-@lilypond[fragment,quote,relative=1]
+@lilypond[fragment,quote,verbatim,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
- \override OctavateEight.color = #red
\override Clef.color = #blue
+ \override ClefModifier.color = #red
}
\clef "treble_8" c4
signatures and clefs determine how this raw input is displayed.
An unaltered note like@tie{}@code{c} means @q{C natural},
regardless of the key signature or clef. For more information,
-see @rlearning{Accidentals and key signatures}.}
+see @rlearning{Pitches and key signatures}.}
The key signature indicates the tonality in which a piece is
played. It is denoted by a set of alterations (flats or sharps)
(3 . ,NATURAL) (4 . ,NATURAL) (5 . ,FLAT) (6 . ,FLAT))
\relative c' {
- \key c\freygish c4 des e f
- \bar "||" \key d\freygish d es fis g
+ \key c \freygish c4 des e f
+ \bar "||" \key d \freygish d es fis g
}
@end lilypond
@lilypond[verbatim, quote,relative=0]
\override Staff.KeySignature.flat-positions = #'((-5 . 5))
\override Staff.KeyCancellation.flat-positions = #'((-5 . 5))
-\clef bass \key es\major es g bes d
-\clef treble \bar "||" \key es\major es g bes d
+\clef bass \key es \major es g bes d
+\clef treble \bar "||" \key es \major es g bes d
\override Staff.KeySignature.sharp-positions = #'(2)
-\bar "||" \key b\major b fis b2
+\bar "||" \key b \major b fis b2
@end lilypond
@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{non-traditional-key-signatures.ly}
+
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{church mode},
@rglos{scordatura}.
Learning Manual:
-@rlearning{Accidentals and key signatures}.
+@rlearning{Pitches and key signatures}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{ottava-text.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{adding-an-ottava-marking-to-a-single-voice.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{modifying-the-ottava-spanner-slope.ly}
+
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{octavation}.
@end lilypond
The @code{\transposition} may be changed during a piece. For
-example, a clarinetist may switch from an A clarinet to a B-flat
-clarinet.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\set Staff.instrumentName = #"Cl (A)"
-\key a \major
-\transposition a
-c d e f
-\textLengthOn
-<>^\markup { Switch to B\flat clarinet }
-R1
+example, a clarinetist may be required to switch from an A clarinet
+to a B-flat clarinet.
-\key bes \major
-\transposition bes
-c2 g
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+flute = \relative c'' {
+ \key f \major
+ \cueDuring #"clarinet" #DOWN {
+ R1 _\markup\tiny "clarinet"
+ c4 f e d
+ R1 _\markup\tiny "clarinet"
+ }
+}
+clarinet = \relative c'' {
+ \key aes \major
+ \transposition a
+ aes4 bes c des
+ R1^\markup { muta in B\flat }
+ \key g \major
+ \transposition bes
+ d2 g,
+}
+\addQuote "clarinet" \clarinet
+<<
+ \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Flute" }
+ \flute
+ \new Staff \with { instrumentName = #"Cl (A)" }
+ \clarinet
+>>
@end lilypond
@seealso
}
@end lilypond
+@item dodecaphonic-no-repeat
+
+@cindex dodecaphonic accidental style
+@cindex dodecaphonic style, neo-modern
+
+@funindex dodecaphonic-no-repeat
+
+Like with the dodecaphonic accidental style @emph{every} note
+gets an accidental sign by default, but accidentals are
+suppressed for pitches immediately repeated within the same staff.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>8[ <fis a cis>
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis' cis
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a> <fis a>]
+ \showStaffSwitch
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis'4 |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ \accidentalStyle dodecaphonic-no-repeat
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ \accidentalStyle dodecaphonic-no-repeat
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@item dodecaphonic-first
+
+@cindex dodecaphonic accidental style
+@cindex dodecaphonic style, neo-modern
+
+@funindex dodecaphonic-first
+
+Similar to the dodecaphonic accidental style @emph{every} pitch
+gets an accidental sign, but only the first time it is encountered
+in a measure. Accidentals are only remembered for the actual octave
+but throughout voices.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, bes4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>8[ <fis a cis>
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis' cis
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a> <fis a>]
+ \showStaffSwitch
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis'4 |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ \accidentalStyle dodecaphonic-first
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ \accidentalStyle dodecaphonic-first
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
@item teaching
@code{\deadNote}, @code{\deadNotesOn} and @code{\deadNotesOff} can
be used. The term @notation{dead note} is commonly used by guitarists.
-There is also a shorthand for diamond shapes which can be used
-only inside chords:
+There is also a similar shorthand for diamond shapes:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-<c f\harmonic>2 <d a'\harmonic>4 <c g'\harmonic>
+<c f\harmonic>2 <d a'\harmonic>4 <c g'\harmonic> f\harmonic
@end lilypond
@predefined
e8 e g a a16( bes) a8 g
\improvisationOn
e8 ~
- e2 ~ e8 f4 f8 ~
- f2
+ 2 ~ 8 f4 f8 ~
+ 2
\improvisationOff
a16( bes) a8 g e
}
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff