Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+ version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
+ Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.12.0"
+@c \version "2.13.36"
@node General input and output
@chapter General input and output
@section Input structure
The main format of input for LilyPond are text files. By convention,
-these files end with @code{.ly}.
+these files end with @file{.ly}.
@menu
* Structure of a score::
* Multiple scores in a book::
+* Multiple output files from one input file::
+* Output file names::
* File structure::
@end menu
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
{
- { c'4 c' c' c'}
- { d'4 d' d' d'}
+ { c'4 c' c' c' }
+ { d'4 d' d' d' }
}
@end lilypond
block, and inside or outside the single music expression within a
@code{\score} block.
+Remember that even in a file containing only a @code{\score} block, it
+is implicitly enclosed in a \book block. A \book block in a source
+file produces at least one output file, and by default the name of the
+output file produced is derived from the name of the input file, so
+@file{fandangoforelephants.ly} will produce
+@file{fandangoforelephants.pdf}.
+
+(For more details about @code{\book} blocks, see
+@ref{Multiple scores in a book},
+@ref{Multiple output files from one input file} @ref{File structure}.)
@seealso
Learning Manual:
@funindex \book
-All the movements and texts which appear in the same @code{.ly} file
+All the movements and texts which appear in the same @file{.ly} file
will normally be typeset in the form of a single output file.
@example
@}
@end example
-However, if you want multiple output files from the same @code{.ly}
-file, then you can add multiple @code{\book} blocks, where each such
-@code{\book} block will result in a separate output. If you do not
-specify any @code{\book} block in the file, LilyPond will implicitly
-treat the full file as a single @code{\book} block, see @ref{File
-structure}. One important exception is within lilypond-book documents,
+One important exception is within lilypond-book documents,
where you explicitly have to add a @code{\book} block, otherwise only
the first @code{\score} or @code{\markup} will appear in the output.
@}
@end example
+@node Multiple output files from one input file
+@subsection Multiple output files from one input file
+
+If you want multiple output files from the same @file{.ly} file,
+then you can add multiple @code{\book} blocks, where each
+such \book block will result in a separate output file.
+If you do not specify any @code{\book} block in the
+input file, LilyPond will implicitly treat the whole
+file as a single \book block, see
+@ref{File structure}.
+
+When producing multiple files from a single source file, Lilypond
+ensures that none of the output files from any @code{\book} block
+overwrites the output file produced by a preceding @code{\book} from
+the same input file.
+
+It does this by adding a suffix to the output name for each
+@code{\book} which uses the default output file name derived from the
+input source file.
+
+The default behaviour is to append a version-number suffix for each
+name which may clash, so
+
+@example
+\book @{
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+\book @{
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+\book @{
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+in source file @file{eightminiatures.ly}
+will produce
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@file{eightminiatures.pdf},
+@item
+@file{eightminiatures-1.pdf} and
+@item
+@file{eightminiatures-2.pdf}.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Output file names
+@subsection Output file names
+
+@funindex \bookOutputSuffix
+@funindex \bookOutputName
+
+Lilypond provides facilities to allow you to control what file names
+are used by the various back-ends when producing output files.
+
+In the previous section, we saw how Lilypond prevents name-clashes when
+producing several ouputs from a single source file. You also have the
+ability to specify your own suffixes for each @code{\book} block, so
+for example you can produce files called
+@file{eightminiatures-Romanze.pdf}, @file{eightminiatures-Menuetto.pdf}
+and @file{eightminiatures-Nocturne.pdf} by adding a
+@code{\bookOutputSuffix} declaration inside each @code{\book} block.
+
+@example
+\book @{
+ \bookOutputSuffix "Romanze"
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+\book @{
+ \bookOutputSuffix "Menuetto"
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+\book @{
+ \bookOutputSuffix "Nocturne"
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+You can also specify a different output filename for @code{book} block,
+by using @code{\bookOutputName} declarations
+
+@example
+\book @{
+ \bookOutputName "Romanze"
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+\book @{
+ \bookOutputName "Menuetto"
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+\book @{
+ \bookOutputName "Nocturne"
+ \score @{ @dots{} @}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+The file above will produce these output files:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@file{Romanze.pdf},
+@item
+@file{Menuetto.pdf} and
+@item
+@file{Nocturne.pdf}.
+@end itemize
+
+
@node File structure
@subsection File structure
@funindex \book
@funindex \bookpart
-A @code{.ly} file may contain any number of toplevel expressions, where a
+A @file{.ly} file may contain any number of toplevel expressions, where a
toplevel expression is one of the following:
-@itemize @bullet
+@itemize
@item
An output definition, such as @code{\paper}, @code{\midi}, and
@code{\layout}. Such a definition at the toplevel changes the default
toplevel scores, and combined as a single @code{\book}.
This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
@code{toplevel-score-handler} at toplevel. The default handler is
-defined in the init file @file{../scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
+defined in the init file @file{../scm/lily.scm}.
@item
A @code{\book} block logically combines multiple movements
are a number of @code{\score}s, one output file will be created
for each @code{\book} block, in which all corresponding movements
are concatenated. The only reason to explicitly specify
-@code{\book} blocks in a @code{.ly} file is if you wish to create
+@code{\book} blocks in a @file{.ly} file is if you wish to create
multiple output files from a single input file. One exception is
within lilypond-book documents, where you explicitly have to add
a @code{\book} block if you want more than a single @code{\score}
or @code{\markup} in the same example. This behavior can be
changed by setting the variable @code{toplevel-book-handler} at
toplevel. The default handler is defined in the init file
-@file{../scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
+@file{../scm/lily.scm}.
@item
A @code{\bookpart} block. A book may be divided into several parts,
This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
@code{toplevel-music-handler} at toplevel. The default handler is
-defined in the init file @file{../scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
+defined in the init file @file{../scm/lily.scm}.
@item
A markup text, a verse for example
@end itemize
+
@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{How LilyPond input files work}.
@menu
* Creating titles::
-* Custom titles::
+* Custom headers footers and titles::
* Reference to page numbers::
* Table of contents::
@end menu
@end example
-@node Custom titles
-@subsection Custom titles
+@node Custom headers footers and titles
+@subsection Custom headers, footers, and titles
A more advanced option is to change the definitions of the following
variables in the @code{\paper} block. The init file
The following definition will put the title flush left, and the
composer flush right on a single line.
-@verbatim
-\paper {
- bookTitleMarkup = \markup {
- \fill-line {
+@example
+\paper @{
+ bookTitleMarkup = \markup @{
+ \fill-line @{
\fromproperty #'header:title
\fromproperty #'header:composer
- }
- }
-}
-@end verbatim
+ @}
+ @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+The header and footer are created by the functions
+@code{make-header} and @code{make-footer}, defined in
+@code{\paper}. The default implementations are in
+@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly} and
+@file{ly/titling-init.ly}.
+
+This example centers page numbers at the bottom of every page.
+
+@example
+\paper @{
+ print-page-number = ##t
+ print-first-page-number = ##t
+ oddHeaderMarkup = \markup \fill-line @{ " " @}
+ evenHeaderMarkup = \markup \fill-line @{ " " @}
+ oddFooterMarkup = \markup @{
+ \fill-line @{
+ \bold \fontsize #3
+ \on-the-fly #print-page-number-check-first
+ \fromproperty #'page:page-number-string
+ @}
+ @}
+ evenFooterMarkup = \markup @{
+ \fill-line @{
+ \bold \fontsize #3
+ \on-the-fly #print-page-number-check-first
+ \fromproperty #'page:page-number-string
+ @}
+ @}
+@}
+@end example
+
@node Reference to page numbers
@subsection Reference to page numbers
{
c'1
\pageBreak \mark A \label #'markA
- c'
+ c'1
}
}
\tocItem \markup "First score"
\score {
{
- c' % ...
+ c'4 % ...
\tocItem \markup "Some particular point in the first score"
- d' % ...
+ d'4 % ...
}
}
\tocItem \markup "Second score"
\score {
{
- e' % ...
+ e'4 % ...
}
}
@end verbatim
@seealso
-Init files: @file{../ly/@/toc@/-init@/.ly}.
+Init files: @file{../ly/toc-init.ly}.
@predefined
@code{\include} statements are not interpreted until they have
been brought into the main file, so the file names they specify
must all be relative to the directory containing the main file,
-not the directory containing the included file. However,
+not the directory containing the included file. However,
this behavior can be changed by passing the option
@code{-drelative-includes} option at the command line
(or by adding @code{#(ly:set-option 'relative-includes #t)}
-at the top of the main input file). With @code{relative-includes}
+at the top of the main input file). With @code{relative-includes}
set, the path for each @code{\include} command will be taken
-relative to the file containing that command. This behavior is
+relative to the file containing that command. This behavior is
recommended and it will become the default behavior in a future
version of lilypond.
Here is an example:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { a4 b c b8( a)}
+sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { a4 b c b8( a) }
altoMusic = \relative g' { e4 e e f }
tenorMusic = \relative c' { c4 b e d8( c) }
bassMusic = \relative c' { a4 gis a d, }
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
music = \relative g' {
g8. c32 d
- \tag #'trills {d8.\trill }
- \tag #'expand {\repeat unfold 3 {e32 d} }
+ \tag #'trills { d8.\trill }
+ \tag #'expand { \repeat unfold 3 { e32 d } }
c32 d
}
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
music = \relative g' {
g8. c32 d
- \tag #'trills {d8.\trill }
- \tag #'expand {\repeat unfold 3 {e32 d} }
+ \tag #'trills { d8.\trill }
+ \tag #'expand {\repeat unfold 3 { e32 d } }
c32 d
}
@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
music = \relative c'' {
- \tag #'a \tag #'both { a a a a }
- \tag #'b \tag #'both { b b b b }
+ \tag #'a \tag #'both { a4 a a a }
+ \tag #'b \tag #'both { b4 b b b }
}
<<
\keepWithTag #'a \music
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
music = \relative c'' {
-\tag #'A { a a a a }
-\tag #'B { b b b b }
-\tag #'C { c c c c }
-\tag #'D { d d d d }
+\tag #'A { a4 a a a }
+\tag #'B { b4 b b b }
+\tag #'C { c4 c c c }
+\tag #'D { d4 d d d }
}
{
\removeWithTag #'B
à vo -- cê uma can -- ção legal
}
-\relative {
+\relative c' {
c2 d e f g f e
}
\addlyrics { \bulgarian }
c1 \mark \markup { \char ##x03EE }
c1_\markup { \tiny { \char ##x03B1 " to " \char ##x03C9 } }
}
- \addlyrics { O \markup { \concat{ Ph \char ##x0153 be! } } }
+ \addlyrics { O \markup { \concat { Ph \char ##x0153 be! } } }
}
-\markup { "Copyright 2008--2009" \char ##x00A9 }
+\markup { "Copyright 2008--2010" \char ##x00A9 }
@end lilypond
@cindex copyright sign
@funindex \displayLilyMusic
Displaying a music expression in LilyPond notation can be
-done using the music function @code{\displayLilyMusic}. For example,
+done with the music function @code{\displayLilyMusic} but only when
+using the command line. For example,
@example
@{
- \displayLilyMusic \transpose c a, @{ c e g a bes @}
+ \displayLilyMusic \transpose c a, @{ c4 e g a bes @}
@}
@end example
will display
@example
-@{ a, cis e fis g @}
+@{ a,4 cis e fis g @}
@end example
-By default, LilyPond will print these messages to the console along
-with all the other messages. To split up these messages and save
-the results of @code{\display@{STUFF@}}, redirect the output to
-a file.
-
-@c TODO What happens under Windows?
+By default, LilyPond will print these messages to the console
+along with all the other LilyPond compilation messages. To split
+up these messages and save the results of @code{\display@{STUFF@}},
+redirect the output to a file.
@example
lilypond file.ly >display.txt
* Extracting fragments of music::
* Skipping corrected music::
* Alternative output formats::
+* Replacing the notation font::
@end menu
@node Extracting fragments of music
it skips all events, including tempo and instrument changes. You have
been warned.
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\relative c'' {
- c8 d
- \set Score.skipTypesetting = ##t
- e e e e e e e e
- \set Score.skipTypesetting = ##f
- c d b bes a g c2 }
+@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
+c8 d
+\set Score.skipTypesetting = ##t
+e8 e e e e e e e
+\set Score.skipTypesetting = ##f
+c8 d b bes a g c2
@end lilypond
In polyphonic music, @code{Score.skipTypesetting} will affect all
lilypond}.
+@node Replacing the notation font
+@subsection Replacing the notation font
+
+Gonville is an alternative to the Feta font used in LilyPond and can
+be downloaded from:
+@example
+@uref{http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/gonville/ ,http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/gonville/}
+@end example
+
+Here are a few sample bars of music set in Gonville:
+
+@c NOTE: these images are a bit big, but that's important
+@c for the font comparison. -gp
+@sourceimage{Gonville_after,,,}
+
+Here are a few sample bars of music set in LilyPond's Feta font:
+
+@sourceimage{Gonville_before,,,}
+
+@subsubheading Installation Instructions for MacOS
+
+Download and extract the zip file. Copy the @code{lilyfonts}
+directory to @file{@var{SHARE_DIR}/lilypond/current}; for more
+information, see @rlearning{Other sources of information}.
+Move the existing @code{fonts} directory to @code{fonts_orig} and
+move the @code{lilyfonts} directory to @code{fonts}. Simply move
+@code{fonts_orig} back to @code{fonts} to revert back to Feta.
+
+@seealso
+Learning Manual: @rlearning{Other sources of information}.
+
+@knownissues
+
+Gonville cannot be used to typeset @q{Ancient Music} notation. Please
+refer to the author's website for more information on this and other
+specifics including licensing of Gonville.
+
+
@node MIDI output
@section MIDI output
If there is a @code{\midi} block in a @code{\score} with no
@code{\layout} block, only MIDI output will be produced. When
-notation is needed too, a @code{\layout} block must be also be
+notation is needed too, a @code{\layout} block must also be
present.
@example
are reflected in tempo changes in the MIDI output. This command
will normally result in the metronome mark being printed, but this
can be suppressed, see @ref{Metronome marks}. An alternative way
-of specifying the inital or overall MIDI tempo is described below,
+of specifying the initial or overall MIDI tempo is described below,
see @ref{MIDI block}.
Due to some limitations on Windows, the default extension for
-MIDI files on Windows is @code{.mid}. Other operating systems still
-use the extension @code{.midi}. If a different extension is preferred,
+MIDI files on Windows is @code{.mid}. Other operating systems still
+use the extension @code{.midi}. If a different extension is preferred,
insert the following line at the top-level of the input file,
before the start of any @code{\book}, @code{\bookpart} or @code{\score} blocks:
terminate the (de)crescendo. For example,
@example
-@{ a\< b c d\f @}
+@{ a4\< b c d\f @}
@end example
@noindent
will not work properly but
@example
-@{ a\< b c d\!\f @}
+@{ a4\< b c d\!\f @}
@end example
@noindent
Context definitions follow precisely the same syntax as those
within a @code{\layout} block. Translation modules for sound are
called performers. The contexts for MIDI output are defined in
-@file{../ly/@/performer@/-init@/.ly},
+@file{../ly/performer-init.ly},
see @rlearning{Other sources of information}.
For example, to remove the effect of dynamics
from the MIDI output, insert the following lines in the
@end example
MIDI output is created only when a @code{\midi} block is included
-within a score block defined with a @code{\score} command. If it
-is placed within an explicitly instantiated score context (i.e.
-within a @code{\new Score} block) the file will fail. To solve
-this, enclose the @code{\new Score} and the @code{\midi} commands
-in a @code{\score} block.
+within a score block defined with a @code{\score} command.
@example
\score @{
- \new Score @{ @dots{}notes@dots{} @}
+ @{ @dots{}notes@dots{} @}
\midi @{ @}
@}
@end example
@itemize
@item Pitches
-@item Microtones (See @ref{Accidentals}. Rendering needs a
+@item Microtones (See @ref{Accidentals}. Rendering needs a
player that supports pitch bend.)
@item Chords entered as chord names
@item Rhythms entered as note durations, including tuplets
@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\unfoldRepeats {
- \repeat tremolo 8 {c'32 e' }
+ \repeat tremolo 8 { c'32 e' }
\repeat percent 2 { c''8 d'' }
- \repeat volta 2 {c'4 d' e' f'}
+ \repeat volta 2 { c'4 d' e' f' }
\alternative {
{ g' a' a' g' }
- {f' e' d' c' }
+ { f' e' d' c' }
}
}
\bar "|."
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello"
\set Score.dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction = #myDynamics
\new Voice {
- \relative c'' {
- a\pp b c-\rfz
- }
+ \relative c'' {
+ a4\pp b c-\rfz
+ }
}
}
\layout {}
\time 2/2
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
\new Voice \relative c''' {
- r2 g\mp g fis ~
- fis4 g8 fis e2 ~
+ r2 g\mp g fis~
+ fis4 g8 fis e2~
e4 d8 cis d2
}
}
}
}
>>
- \layout { }
+ \layout {}
\midi {
\context {
\Score
\set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7
\set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #0.9
\new Voice \relative c''' {
- r2 g\mp g fis ~
- fis4 g8 fis e2 ~
+ r2 g\mp g fis~
+ fis4 g8 fis e2~
e4 d8 cis d2
}
}
}
}
>>
- \layout { }
+ \layout {}
\midi {
\context {
\Score
\set Score.instrumentEqualizer = #my-instrument-equalizer
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
\new Voice \relative c''' {
- r2 g\mp g fis ~
- fis4 g8 fis e2 ~
+ r2 g\mp g fis~
+ fis4 g8 fis e2~
e4 d8 cis d2
}
}
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\score {
\relative c' {
- c cih cis cisih
- d dih ees eeh
- e eih f fih
- fis fisih g gih
- gis gisih a aih
- bes beh b bih
+ c4 cih cis cisih
+ d4 dih ees eeh
+ e4 eih f fih
+ fis4 fisih g gih
+ gis4 gisih a aih
+ bes4 beh b bih
}
\layout {}
\midi {}
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff