@example
\score @{
-...
+ @dots{}
@}
@end example
Comments are one exception to this general rule. (For others see
@ref{File structure}.) Both single-line comments and comments
-delimited by @code{%@{ .. %@}} may be placed anywhere within an
+delimited by @code{%@{ @dots{} %@}} may be placed anywhere within an
input file. They may be placed inside or outside a @code{\score}
block, and inside or outside the single music expression within a
@code{\score} block.
@example
\score @{
- @var{..music..}
+ @var{@dots{}music@dots{}}
@}
@end example
@example
\markup @{
- @var{..text..}
+ @var{@dots{}text@dots{}}
@}
@end example
@example
\score @{
- @var{..}
+ @var{@dots{}}
@}
\markup @{
- @var{..}
+ @var{@dots{}}
@}
\score @{
- @var{..}
+ @var{@dots{}}
@}
@end example
\header @{ piece = "Romanze" @}
@}
\markup @{
- ..text of second verse..
+ @dots{}text of second verse@dots{}
@}
\markup @{
- ..text of third verse..
+ @dots{}text of third verse@dots{}
@}
\score @{
@dots{}
@example
\book @{
\score @{ @dots{} @}
- \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+ \paper @{ @dots{} @}
@}
\book @{
\score @{ @dots{} @}
- \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+ \paper @{ @dots{} @}
@}
\book @{
\score @{ @dots{} @}
- \layout @{ @dots{} @}
+ \paper @{ @dots{} @}
@}
@end example
is entered at the top level the definitions are combined, but in
conflicting situations the later definitions take precedence. For
details of how this affects the @code{\layout} block see
-@ref{The \layout block}.
+@ref{The layout block,,The @code{@bs{}layout} block}.
@item
A direct scheme expression, such as
A single-line comment, introduced by a leading @code{%} sign.
@item
-A multi-line comment delimited by @code{%@{ .. %@}}.
+A multi-line comment delimited by @code{%@{ @dots{} %@}}.
@end itemize
Notation Reference:
@ref{Titles explained},
-@ref{The \layout block}.
+@ref{The layout block,,The @code{@bs{}layout} block}.
@node Titles and headers
This example demonstrates all @code{\header} variables:
-@lilypond[papersize=a7,quote,verbatim,noragged-right]
+@lilypond[papersize=a6landscape,quote,verbatim,noragged-right]
\book {
\header {
% The following fields are centered
@code{\header} block titles appear on the first page on their own, with
the music (defined in the @code{\score} block) starting on the next.
-@lilypond[papersize=a8landscape,verbatim,noragged-right]
+@lilypond[papersize=c7landscape,verbatim,noragged-right]
\book {
\header {
title = "This is my Title"
@end itemize
-@lilypond[papersize=a8landscape]
-\book {
- \score {
- \relative c' {
- c4 d e f
- }
- }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
The default tagline can be changed by adding a @code{tagline} in the
top-level @code{\header} block.
{ s1 }
\header {
piece = \markup { \fontsize #4 \bold "PRAELUDIUM I" }
- subtitle = \markup { \italic "(Excerpt)" }
+ opus = \markup { \italic "BWV 846" }
}
}
@end lilypond
@example
@code{variable} = @code{\markup} @{
- ...
+ @dots{}
@code{\on-the-fly} \@var{procedure} @var{markup}
- ...
+ @dots{}
@}
@end example
@example
@code{\on-the-fly \first-page}
@code{\on-the-fly \last-page}
- @code{@{ \markup ... \fromproperty #'header: ... @}}
+ @code{@{ \markup @dots{} \fromproperty #'header: @dots{} @}}
@end example
determines if the output is a single page.
\footnote #'(-0.5 . 1) "Bar line" Staff.BarLine
q q
\footnote #'(0.5 . -1) "Key change" Staff.KeySignature
- \key c\minor
+ \key c \minor
q
}
}
The syntax of a footnote in stand-alone text with automatic marks is
@example
-\markup @{ ... \auto-footnote @var{text} @var{footnote} ... @}
+\markup @{ @dots{} \auto-footnote @var{text} @var{footnote} @dots{} @}
@end example
The elements are:
The syntax of a footnote in stand-alone text with custom marks is
@example
-\markup @{ ... \footnote @var{mark} @var{footnote} ... @}
+\markup @{ @dots{} \footnote @var{mark} @var{footnote} @dots{} @}
@end example
The elements are:
@example
\include "parts/VI.ly"
\include "parts/VII.ly"
-... etc
+@dots{} etc
@end example
Files which are to be included can also contain @code{\include}
libA.ly
A1.ly
A2.ly
- ...
+ @dots{}
@end example
@noindent
#(ly:set-option 'relative-includes #t)
\include "A1.ly"
\include "A2.ly"
-...
+@dots{}
% return to default setting
#(ly:set-option 'relative-includes #f)
@end example
@example
\include "VI.ly"
\include "VII.ly"
-... etc
+@dots{} etc
@end example
Files which are to be included in many scores may be placed in
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
music = \relative c'' {
-\tag #'A { a4 a a a }
-\tag #'B { b4 b b b }
-\tag #'C { c4 c c c }
-\tag #'D { d4 d d d }
+ \tag #'A { a4 a a a }
+ \tag #'B { b4 b b b }
+ \tag #'C { c4 c c c }
+ \tag #'D { d4 d d d }
}
-{
-\removeWithTag #'B
-\removeWithTag #'C
-\music
-\removeWithTag #'(B C)
-\music
+\new Voice {
+ \removeWithTag #'B
+ \removeWithTag #'C
+ \music
+ \removeWithTag #'(B C)
+ \music
}
@end lilypond
}
\addlyrics { O \markup { \concat { Ph \char ##x0153 be! } } }
}
-\markup { "Copyright 2008--2012" \char ##x00A9 }
+\markup { "Copyright 2008--2014" \char ##x00A9 }
@end lilypond
@cindex copyright sign
this correction process, it is possible to skip typesetting of all but
the last few measures. This is achieved by putting
-@verbatim
+@example
showLastLength = R1*5
-\score { ... }
-@end verbatim
+\score @{ @dots{} @}
+@end example
@noindent
in your source file. This will render only the last 5 measures
@menu
* Creating MIDI files::
* MIDI Instruments::
-* MIDI block::
* What goes into the MIDI output?::
* Repeats in MIDI::
* Controlling MIDI dynamics::
@node Creating MIDI files
@subsection Creating MIDI files
-To create a MIDI output file from a LilyPond input file, add a
-@code{\midi} block to a score, for example,
+@cindex MIDI block
+To create a MIDI output file from a LilyPond file, insert a @code{\midi}
+block inside a @code{\score} block;
@example
\score @{
- @var{...music...}
+ @var{@dots{}music@dots{}}
+ \layout @{ @}
\midi @{ @}
@}
@end example
-If there is a @code{\midi} block in a @code{\score} with no
-@code{\layout} block, only MIDI output will be produced. When
-notation is needed too, a @code{\layout} block must also be
-present.
+If there is @emph{only} a @code{\midi} block in a @code{\score} (i.e.
+without any @code{\layout} block), then @emph{only} MIDI output will be
+produced. No musical notation will be typeset.
@example
\score @{
- @var{...music...}
+ @var{@dots{}music@dots{}}
\midi @{ @}
- \layout @{ @}
@}
@end example
-Pitches, rhythms, ties, dynamics, and tempo changes are interpreted
-and translated correctly to the MIDI output. Dynamic marks,
-crescendi and decrescendi translate into MIDI volume levels.
-Dynamic marks translate to a fixed fraction of the available MIDI
-volume range. Crescendi and decrescendi make the volume vary
-linearly between their two extremes. The effect of dynamic markings
-on the MIDI output can be removed completely, see @ref{MIDI block}.
-
-The initial tempo and later tempo changes can be specified
-with the @code{\tempo} command within the music notation. These
-are reflected in tempo changes in the MIDI output. This command
-will normally result in the metronome mark being printed, but this
-can be suppressed, see @ref{Metronome marks}. An alternative way
-of specifying the initial or overall MIDI tempo is described below,
-see @ref{MIDI block}.
-
-Due to some limitations on Windows, the default extension for
-MIDI files on Windows is @code{.mid}. Other operating systems still
-use the extension @code{.midi}. If a different extension is preferred,
-insert the following line at the top-level of the input file,
-before the start of any @code{\book}, @code{\bookpart} or @code{\score} blocks:
+Dynamics, pitches, rhythms, tempo changes and ties are all interpreted
+and translated correctly. Dynamic @q{marks} translate into volume
+levels with a @q{fixed fraction} of the available MIDI volume range;
+crescendi and decrescendi make the volume vary linearly between their
+two extremes.
+
+All @code{\tempo} indications, including all subsequent tempo changes,
+specified within the music notation will be reflected in the MIDI
+output.
+
+Usually it is enough to leave the @code{\midi} block empty, but it
+can contain context rearrangements, new context definitions or code
+to set the values of properties. Here the tempo is set to 72
+quarter-note beats per minute, but @emph{only} for the MIDI's
+audio playback.
@example
-#(ly:set-option 'midi-extension "midi")
+\score @{
+ @var{@dots{}music@dots{}}
+ \midi @{
+ \tempo 4 = 72
+ @}
+@}
@end example
-The line above will set the default extension for MIDI files to
-@code{.midi}.
+Note that @code{\tempo} is actually a command for setting properties
+during the interpretation of the music and in the context of output definitions, like a @code{\midi} block, is reinterpreted as if it
+were a context modification.
+
+@cindex MIDI context definitions
-Alternatively, this option can also be supplied on the command line:
+Context definitions follow the same syntax as those in a @code{\layout}
+block;
@example
-lilypond … -dmidi-extension=midi lilyFile.ly
+\score @{
+ @var{@dots{}music@dots{}}
+ \midi @{
+ \context @{
+ \Voice
+ \remove "Dynamic_performer"
+ @}
+ @}
+@}
@end example
+removes the effect of dynamics from the MIDI output. Translation
+modules for sound are called @q{performers}.
+
@snippets
@knownissues
-@c In 2.11 the following no longer seems to be a problem -td
-@ignore
-Unterminated (de)crescendos will not render properly in the midi file,
-resulting in silent passages of music. The workaround is to explicitly
-terminate the (de)crescendo. For example,
+Some operating systems require a @emph{specific} file extension for
+MIDI files. If a different extension is preferred insert the following
+line at the top-level of the input file, before the start of any
+@code{\book}, @code{\bookpart} or @code{\score} blocks;
@example
-@{ a4\< b c d\f @}
+#(ly:set-option 'midi-extension "mid")
@end example
-@noindent
-will not work properly but
+This will set the default extension for MIDI files to @code{.mid}.
+
+Alternatively, an option can be supplied on the command line:
@example
-@{ a4\< b c d\!\f @}
+lilypond -dmidi-extension=mid MyFile.ly
@end example
-@noindent
-will.
-@end ignore
-
Changes in the MIDI volume take place only on starting a note, so
-crescendi and decrescendi cannot affect the volume of a
-single note.
+crescendi and decrescendi cannot affect the volume of a single note.
+
+Some MIDI players may not always correctly handle tempo changes in the
+midi output.
+
+@seealso
+Installed Files:
+@file{../ly/performer-init.ly}.
+
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{Other sources of information}.
-Not all midi players correctly handle tempo changes in the midi
-output. Players that are known to work include MS Windows Media
-Player and @uref{http://@/timidity@/.sourceforge@/.net/,timidity}.
@node MIDI Instruments
@subsection MIDI Instruments
@example
\new Staff @{
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"glockenspiel"
- @var{...notes...}
+ @var{@dots{}notes@dots{}}
@}
@end example
@example
\new Staff \with @{midiInstrument = #"cello"@} @{
- @var{...notes...}
+ @var{@dots{}notes@dots{}}
@}
@end example
the list of MIDI instruments, the Grand Piano (@code{"acoustic grand"})
instrument is used.
-@node MIDI block
-@subsection MIDI block
-@cindex MIDI block
-
-A @code{\midi} block must appear within a score block if MIDI output
-is required. It is analogous to the layout block, but somewhat
-simpler. Often, the @code{\midi} block is left empty, but it
-can contain context rearrangements, new context definitions or code
-to set the values of properties. For example, the following will
-set the initial tempo exported to a MIDI file without causing a tempo
-indication to be printed:
-
-@example
-\score @{
- @var{...music...}
- \midi @{
- \tempo 4 = 72
- @}
-@}
-@end example
-
-In this example the tempo is set to 72 quarter note
-beats per minute. @code{\tempo} is actually a music command for
-setting properties during the interpretation of music: in the
-context of output definitions like a @code{\midi} block, as a matter of
-courtesy those are reinterpreted as if they were context modifications.
-
-@cindex MIDI context definitions
-
-Context definitions follow precisely the same syntax as those
-within a @code{\layout} block. Translation modules for sound are
-called performers. The contexts for MIDI output are defined in
-@file{../ly/performer-init.ly},
-see @rlearning{Other sources of information}.
-For example, to remove the effect of dynamics
-from the MIDI output, insert the following lines in the
-@code{\midi@{ @}} block.
-
-@example
-\midi @{
- ...
- \context @{
- \Voice
- \remove "Dynamic_performer"
- @}
-@}
-@end example
-
-MIDI output is created only when a @code{\midi} block is included
-within a score block defined with a @code{\score} command.
-
-@example
-\score @{
- @{ @dots{}notes@dots{} @}
- \midi @{ @}
-@}
-@end example
@node What goes into the MIDI output?
@subsection What goes into the MIDI output?
@item Crescendi, decrescendi over multiple notes
@item Tempo changes entered with a tempo marking
@item Lyrics
+@item Simple articulations: staccato, staccatissimo, accent, marcato, portato
+@item @ref{Breath marks}
@end itemize
-Using @ref{The Articulate script}, a number of items are added to the
-above list:
+There is a script that adds the following items; see
+@ref{The Articulate script}:
@itemize
-@item Articulations (slurs, staccato, etc)
-@item Trills, turns
-@item Rallentando and accelerando
+@item Slurs and phrasing slurs
+@item Ornaments (mordents, trills, turns, etc.)
+@item Rallentando, accelerando, ritard, and a tempo
@end itemize
@c TODO index as above
The following items of notation have no effect on the MIDI output,
-unless you use @ref{The Articulate script}:
+even if you use @ref{The Articulate script}:
@itemize
@item Rhythms entered as annotations, e.g. swing
@item Tempo changes entered as annotations with no tempo marking
-@item Staccato and other articulations and ornamentations
-@item Slurs and Phrasing slurs
+@item Fermatas
+@item Other articulations
@item Crescendi, decrescendi over a single note
@item Tremolos entered with @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]}
@item Figured bass
@item Microtonal chords
+@item Glissandi, falls and doits
@end itemize
@example
\score @{
- @var{..music..}
- \layout @{ .. @}
+ @var{@dots{}music@dots{}}
+ \layout @{ @dots{} @}
@}
\score @{
- \unfoldRepeats @var{..music..}
- \midi @{ .. @}
+ \unfoldRepeats @var{@dots{}music@dots{}}
+ \midi @{ @dots{} @}
@}
@end example
@example
\unfoldRepeats \articulate <<
- all the rest of the score...
+ all the rest of the score@dots{}
>>
@end example
By default, LilyPond will print these messages to the console
along with all the other LilyPond compilation messages. To split
-up these messages and save the results of @code{\display@{STUFF@}},
+up these messages and save the results of @code{\displayLilyMusic},
redirect the output to a file.
@example
line followed by optional parameters.
@example
-@var{time} @var{type} @var{...params...}
+@var{time} @var{type} @var{@dots{}params@dots{}}
@end example
This information can easily be read into other programs such as
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff