Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+ version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
+ Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.12.0"
+@c \version "2.14.0"
@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks
created in a score.
@menu
-* Attached to notes::
-* Curves::
-* Lines::
+* Expressive marks attached to notes::
+* Expressive marks as curves::
+* Expressive marks as lines::
@end menu
-@node Attached to notes
-@subsection Attached to notes
+@node Expressive marks attached to notes
+@subsection Expressive marks attached to notes
This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
@cindex prallmordent
@cindex prall, up
@cindex prall, down
+@cindex mordent, up
+@cindex mordent, down
@cindex thumb marking
@cindex segno
@cindex coda
@cindex varcoda
+@funindex \accent
+@funindex \marcato
+@funindex \staccatissimo
+@funindex \espressivo
+@funindex \staccato
+@funindex \tenuto
+@funindex \portato
+@funindex \upbow
+@funindex \downbow
+@funindex \flageolet
+@funindex \thumb
+@funindex \lheel
+@funindex \rheel
+@funindex \ltoe
+@funindex \rtoe
+@funindex \open
+@funindex \halfopen
+@funindex \stopped
+@funindex \snappizzicato
+@funindex \turn
+@funindex \reverseturn
+@funindex \trill
+@funindex \prall
+@funindex \mordent
+@funindex \prallprall
+@funindex \prallmordent
+@funindex \upprall
+@funindex \downprall
+@funindex \upmordent
+@funindex \downmordent
+@funindex \pralldown
+@funindex \prallup
+@funindex \lineprall
+@funindex \signumcongruentiae
+@funindex \shortfermata
+@funindex \fermata
+@funindex \longfermata
+@funindex \verylongfermata
+@funindex \fermataMarkup
+@funindex \segno
+@funindex \coda
+@funindex \varcoda
+
+
@funindex -
A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
@var{note}\@var{name}
@end example
-The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
-articulations}. For example:
+The possible values for @code{@var{name}} are listed in
+@ref{List of articulations}. For example:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
Their corresponding output appears as follows:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c4-^ c-+ c-- c-|
-c4-> c-. c2-_
+c4-^ c-+ c-- c-|
+c4-> c-. c2-_
@end lilypond
The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
-in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
+in @file{scm/script.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
@ref{Direction and placement}.
Articulations are @code{Script} objects. Their properties are
described more fully in @rinternals{Script}.
+Articulations can be attached to rests as well as notes but they
+cannot be attached to multi-measure rests. A special predefined
+command, @code{\fermataMarkup}, is available for attaching a fermata
+to a multi-measure rest (and only a multi-measure rest). This
+creates a @code{MultiMeasureRestText} object.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\override Script #'color = #red
+\override MultiMeasureRestText #'color = #blue
+a2\fermata r\fermata
+R1\fermataMarkup
+@end lilypond
+
In addition to articulations, text and markups can be attached to
notes. See @ref{Text scripts}.
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Placement of objects}.
-
Notation Reference:
@ref{Text scripts},
@ref{Direction and placement},
@ref{Trills}.
Installed Files:
-@file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
+@file{scm/script.scm}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
c1\!
@end lilypond
-Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
+A hairpin that is terminated with @code{\!} will end at the
+right edge of the note that has the @code{\!} assigned to it. In the
+case where it is terminated with the start of another @notation{crescendo}
+or @notation{decrescendo} mark, it will end at the centre of the note
+that has the next @code{\<} or @code{\>} assigned to it. The next
+hairpin will then start at the right edge of the same note
+instead of the usual left edge had it been terminated with @code{\!}
+before.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1\< | c4 a c\< a | c4 a c\! a\< | c4 a c a\!
+@end lilypond
+
+Hairpins that are terminated with absolute dynamic marks instead of
+@code{\!} will also be engraved in a similar way. However, the length
+of the absolute dynamic itself can alter where the preceding hairpin
+ends.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1\< | c4 a c\mf a | c1\< | c4 a c\ffff a
+@end lilypond
@cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
@cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
+Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
+This is particularly useful when adding a @notation{crescendo} and
+@notation{decrescendo} to the same note:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4\< c\! d\> e\!
@funindex \espressivo
@funindex espressivo
-In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
-the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
-one note:
+The @code{\espressivo} command can be used to indicate a crescendo
+and decrescendo on the same note. However, be warned that this is
+implemented as an articulation, not a dynamic.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2 b4 a
g1\espressivo
@end lilypond
+@funindex \cresc
+@funindex cresc
+@funindex \decresc
+@funindex decresc
+@funindex \dim
+@funindex dim
+Textual crescendo marks begin with @code{\cresc}.
+Textual decrescendos begin with @code{\decresc} or @code{\dim}.
+Extender lines are engraved as required.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+g8\cresc a b c b c d e\mf |
+f8\decresc e d c e\> d c b |
+a1\dim ~ |
+a2. r4\! |
+@end lilypond
@funindex \crescTextCresc
@funindex crescTextCresc
@funindex \dimHairpin
@funindex dimHairpin
-Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
-instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
-extent. The built-in commands @code{\crescTextCresc},
-@code{\dimTextDecresc}, @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}
-will tell LilyPond to use such textual marks instead of hairpins
-for all subsequent @code{\<} and @code{\>} commands. The corresponding
-@code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
-to hairpins again:
-
+Textual marks for dynamic changes can also replace hairpins:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\crescTextCresc
-c2\< d | e f\!
+c4\< d e f\! |
\dimTextDecresc
-e2\> d | c b\!
+g4\> e d c\! |
+\dimTextDecr
+e4\> d c b\! |
+\dimTextDim
+d4\> c b a\! |
\crescHairpin
-c2\< d | e f\!
\dimHairpin
-e2\> d\!
+c4\< d\! e\> d\! |
@end lilypond
@funindex \dynamicNeutral
@funindex dynamicNeutral
+A @code{Dynamics} context is available to engrave dynamics on
+their own horizontal line. Use spacer rests to indicate timing.
+(Notes in a @code{Dynamics} context will also take up
+musical time, but will not be engraved.)
+The @code{Dynamics} context can usefully contain some other
+items such as text scripts, text spanners, and piano pedal marks.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \new Staff \relative c' {
+ c2 d4 e |
+ c4 e e,2 |
+ g'4 a g a |
+ c1 |
+ }
+ \new Dynamics {
+ s1\< |
+ s1\f |
+ s2\dim s2-"rit." |
+ s1\p |
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
@predefined
@code{\dynamicUp},
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
@cindex al niente
@cindex niente, al
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{DynamicText},
@rinternals{Hairpin},
-@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
+@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{Dynamics}.
@node New dynamic marks
in @ref{Formatting text}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
+roundF = \markup {
+ \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
\dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
\relative c' {
\relative c' {
c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
g,1~_\boxFdynamic\>
- g
- g'~\mfEspressDynamic
- g
+ g1
+ g'1~\mfEspressDynamic
+ g1
}
@end lilypond
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
Extend:
-@rextend{Markup construction in Scheme},
+@rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
-@node Curves
-@subsection Curves
+@node Expressive marks as curves
+@subsection Expressive marks as curves
This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
@funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
@cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
@cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
-@cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
+@cindex slur, defining dash patterns for phrasing
Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
c2. \breathe d4
@end lilypond
+A breath mark will end an automatic beam; to override this behavior, see
+@ref{Manual beams}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c8 \breathe d e f g2
+@end lilypond
+
Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
@cindex caesura
@cindex railroad tracks
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{inserting-a-caesura.ly}
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{BreathingSign}.
+@rinternals{BreathingEvent},
+@rinternals{BreathingSign},
+@rinternals{Breathing_sign_engraver}.
@node Falls and doits
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2-\bendAfter #+4
c2-\bendAfter #-4
+c2-\bendAfter #+6.5
+c2-\bendAfter #-6.5
c2-\bendAfter #+8
c2-\bendAfter #-8
@end lilypond
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
-@node Lines
-@subsection Lines
+@node Expressive marks as lines
+@subsection Expressive marks as lines
This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{contemporary-glissando.ly}
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
@funindex \stopTrillSpan
@funindex stopTrillSpan
-Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
+Short trills without an extender line are printed with
@code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
Longer trills with an extender line are made with
@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-d1~\startTrillSpan
+d1\startTrillSpan
d1
-c2\stopTrillSpan r2
+c2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
@end lilypond
-In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
-The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
-the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
+A trill spanner crossing a line break will restart exactly above
+the first note on the new line.
+
+@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d1\startTrillSpan
+\break
+d1
+c2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
+@end lilypond
+
+Consecutive trill spans will work without explicit
+@code{\stopTrillSpan} commands, since successive trill spanners will
+automatically become the right bound of the previous trill.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d1\startTrillSpan
+d1
+b1\startTrillSpan
+d2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
+@end lilypond
+
+Trills can also be combined with grace notes. The syntax of this
+construct and the method to precisely position the grace notes are
+described in @ref{Grace notes}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c1 \afterGrace
+d1~\afterGrace
d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
-e2 r2
+c2 r2
@end lilypond
@cindex pitched trills
argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
-d\stopTrillSpan
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\pitchedTrill
+d2\startTrillSpan fis
+d2
+c2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
@end lilypond
-@cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
-@cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
-@cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
+@cindex pitched trill with accidental
+@cindex trill with accidental
-In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
-the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
-workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
-The second measure illustrates this method:
+Subsequent accidentals of the same note in the same measure will need
+to be added manually. Only the accidental of the first pitched trill
+in a measure is printed.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
-g\stopTrillSpan
-\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
-g\stopTrillSpan
-\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
-g\stopTrillSpan
-\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
-g\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan fis
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan cis
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan fis
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
@end lilypond
@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
@endpredefined
-
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{trill}.
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