Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+ version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
+ Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.12.0"
+@c \version "2.16.0"
+
@node Ancient notation
@section Ancient notation
* Ancient notation---common features::
* Typesetting mensural music::
* Typesetting Gregorian chant::
+* Typesetting Kievan square notation::
* Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions::
@end menu
Support for ancient notation includes features for mensural
-notation and Gregorian chant notation. These features can be
-accessed either by modifying style properties of graphical objects
-such as note heads and rests, or by using one of the pre-defined
-contexts for mensural or Gregorian notation.
+notation, Gregorian chant notation, and Kievan square notation.
+These features can be accessed either by modifying style
+properties of graphical objects such as note heads and rests,
+or by using one of the pre-defined contexts for these styles.
Many graphical objects, such as note heads and flags, accidentals,
time signatures, and rests, provide a @code{style} property, which
@item @ref{Ligatures}.
@end itemize
-@c {{{1 Overview of the supported styles
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{custos},
+@rglos{ligature},
+@rglos{mensural notation}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Mensural note heads},
+@ref{Mensural accidentals and key signatures},
+@ref{Mensural rests},
+@ref{Gregorian clefs},
+@ref{Mensural flags},
+@ref{Mensural time signatures},
+@ref{Custodes},
+@ref{Divisiones},
+@ref{Ligatures}.
+
+
@node Overview of the supported styles
@subsection Overview of the supported styles
-
Three styles are available for typesetting Gregorian chant:
@itemize
used in the Medicaea (or Ratisbona) editions which were used prior
to the Solesmes editions. The most significant differences from
the @emph{Vaticana} style are the clefs, which have
-downward-slanted strokes, and the noteheads, which are square and
+downward-slanted strokes, and the note heads, which are square and
regular.
@cindex Ratisbona, Editio
@itemize
@item The @emph{Mensural} style most closely resembles the
writing style used in late-medieval and early renaissance
-manuscripts, with its small and narrow, diamond-shaped noteheads
+manuscripts, with its small and narrow, diamond-shaped note heads
and its rests which approach a hand-drawn style.
@cindex mensural
@item The @emph{Neomensural} style is a modernized and
-stylized version of the former: the noteheads are broader and the
+stylized version of the former: the note heads are broader and the
rests are made up of straight lines. This style is particularly
suited, e.g., for incipits of transcribed pieces of mensural
music.
@emph{Baroque} and @emph{Classical} are not complete styles
but differ from the default style only in some details: certain
-noteheads (Baroque) and the quarter rest (Classical).
+note heads (Baroque) and the quarter rest (Classical).
Only the mensural style has alternatives for all aspects of the
notation. Thus, there are no rests or flags in the Gregorian
the Petrucci style has no flags or accidentals of its own.
Each element of the notation can be changed independently of the
-others, so that one can use mensural flags, petrucci noteheads,
+others, so that one can use mensural flags, petrucci note heads,
classical rests and vaticana clefs in the same piece, if one
wishes.
-@c {{{1 Ancient notation, general
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation},
+@rglos{flag}.
+
+
@node Ancient notation---common features
@subsection Ancient notation---common features
* Figured bass support::
@end menu
-@c {{{2 Pre-defined contexts
+
@node Pre-defined contexts
@unnumberedsubsubsec Pre-defined contexts
@item @ref{Mensural contexts}.
@end itemize
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
+@ref{Mensural contexts}.
+
-@c {{{2 Ligatures
@node Ligatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec Ligatures
certain limitations). To use any of these styles, the default
@code{Ligature_bracket_engraver} has to be replaced with one of the
specialized ligature engravers in the @code{Voice} context,
-as explained in @ref{White mensural ligatures} and @ref{Gregorian
-square neume ligatures}.
-
+as explained in @ref{White mensural ligatures} and
+@ref{Gregorian square neume ligatures}.
-@c @seealso
-@c TODO: nothing here yet ...
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{ligature}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{White mensural ligatures},
+@ref{Gregorian square neume ligatures}.
@knownissues
-
Ligatures need special spacing that has not yet been implemented. As
a result, there is too much space between ligatures most of the time,
and line breaking often is unsatisfactory. Also, lyrics do not
Accidentals must not be printed within a ligature, but instead need to
be collected and printed in front of it.
-The syntax still uses the deprecated infix style @code{\[ music expr
-\]}. For consistency reasons, it will eventually be changed to
-postfix style @code{note\[ ... note\]}.
+The syntax still uses the deprecated infix style
+@code{\[ music expr \]}. For consistency reasons, it will eventually
+be changed to postfix style @code{note\[ ... note\]}.
@c Alternatively, the file
-@c @file{gregorian@/-init@/.ly} can be included; it provides a scheme
+@c @file{gregorian-init.ly} can be included; it provides a scheme
@c function
@c @example
@c \ligature @var{music expr}
@c -- eo
-
-@c {{{2 Custodes
@node Custodes
@unnumberedsubsubsec Custodes
@cindex custos
@cindex custodes
-A @emph{custos} (plural: @emph{custodes}; Latin word for @qq{guard}) is a
-symbol that appears at the end of a staff. It anticipates the pitch
-of the first note of the following line, thus helping the performer
+A @emph{custos} (plural: @emph{custodes}; Latin word for @qq{guard})
+is a symbol that appears at the end of a staff. It anticipates the
+pitch of the first note of the following line, thus helping the performer
to manage line breaks during performance.
Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the
}
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
-Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Custos}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{custos}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Ancient notation}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Custos}.
+
-@c {{{2 Figured bass support
@node Figured bass support
@unnumberedsubsubsec Figured bass support
There is limited support for figured bass notation from the
Baroque period; see @ref{Figured bass}.
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{figured bass}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Figured bass}.
+
-@c {{{1 Typesetting mensural music
@node Typesetting mensural music
@subsection Typesetting mensural music
@end menu
-
-@c {{{2Mensural contexts
@node Mensural contexts
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural contexts
}
@end lilypond
-
-@c @seealso
-@c TODO: nothing here yet ...
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation}.
-@c {{{2 Mensural clefs
@node Mensural clefs
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural clefs
@code{mensural-c1}, @code{mensural-c2},@*
@code{mensural-c3}, @code{mensural-c4}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\clef "mensural-c2"
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
c
@tab
@code{mensural-f}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\clef "mensural-f"
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
c
@tab
@code{mensural-g}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\clef "mensural-g"
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
c
@code{neomensural-c1}, @code{neomensural-c2},@*
@code{neomensural-c3}, @code{neomensural-c4}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\clef "neomensural-c2" c
@end lilypond
@code{petrucci-c3}, @code{petrucci-c4},@*
@code{petrucci-c5}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\clef "petrucci-c2"
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
c
@end lilypond
@item
-petrucci style F clef
+petrucci style F clefs, for use on different staff lines
+(the example shows the 3rd staff line F clef)
@tab
-@code{petrucci-f}
+@code{petrucci-f3}, @code{petrucci-f4},@*
+@code{petrucci-f5}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
- \clef "petrucci-f"
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
+ \clef "petrucci-f3"
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
c
@end lilypond
@tab
@code{petrucci-g}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\clef "petrucci-g"
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
c
@end lilypond
@end multitable
-
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation},
+@rglos{clef}.
+
Notation Reference:
@ref{Clef}.
-
@knownissues
-
The mensural g clef is mapped to the Petrucci g clef.
-@c {{{2Mensural time signatures
@node Mensural time signatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural time signatures
@cindex mensuration sign
@cindex time signatures
-There is limited support for mensuration signs (which are similar to, but
-not exactly the same as time signatures). The glyphs are hard-wired to
-particular time fractions. In other words, to get a particular mensuration
-sign with the @code{\time n/m} command, @code{n} and @code{m} have to be
-chosen according to the following table
+There is limited support for mensuration signs (which are similar to,
+but not exactly the same as time signatures). The glyphs are hard-wired
+to particular time fractions. In other words, to get a particular mensuration sign with the @code{\time n/m} command, @code{n} and
+@code{m} have to be chosen according to the following table
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
\layout {
@code{neomensural} style. The following examples show the
differences in style:
-@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,quote]
+@lilypond[ragged-right,relative=1,quote]
{
\textLengthOn
}
@end lilypond
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference:
@ref{Time signature}, gives a general introduction to
the use of time signatures.
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation}.
-@knownissues
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Time signature}.
-Ratios of note durations do not change with the time signature. For
-example, the ratio of 1@tie{}breve = 3@tie{}semibreves (@emph{tempus
-perfectum}) must be made by hand, by setting
+@knownissues
+Ratios of note durations cannot change with the time signature,
+as those are not constant. For
+example, the ratio of 1@tie{}breve = 3@tie{}semibreves
+(@emph{tempus perfectum}) can be made by hand, by setting
@example
breveTP = #(ly:make-duration -1 0 3 2)
Use @code{\markup @{\musicglyph #"timesig.mensural68alt" @}} instead.
-@c {{{2Mensural note heads
@node Mensural note heads
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural note heads
@cindex note heads, ancient
-For ancient notation, a note head style other than the @code{default} style
-may be chosen. This is accomplished by setting the @code{style} property of
-the @code{NoteHead} object to @code{baroque}, @code{neomensural},
-@code{mensural} or @code{petrucci}.
+For ancient notation, a note head style other than the
+@code{default} style may be chosen. This is accomplished by setting
+the @code{style} property of the @code{NoteHead} object to
+@code{baroque}, @code{neomensural}, @code{mensural},
+@code{petrucci}, @code{blackpetrucci} or @code{semipetrucci}.
The @code{baroque} style differs from the @code{default} style by:
@itemize
-@item Providing a @code{maxima} notehead, and
+@item Providing a @code{maxima} note head, and
@item Using a square shape for @code{\breve} note heads.
@end itemize
-The @code{neomensural}, @code{mensural}, and @code{petrucci} styles differ from
-the @code{baroque} style by:
+The @code{neomensural}, @code{mensural}, and @code{petrucci} styles
+differ from the @code{baroque} style by:
@itemize
-@item Using rhomboidal heads for semibreves and all smaller durations, and
+@item Using rhomboidal heads for semibreves and all smaller durations,
+and
@item Centering the stems on the note heads.
@end itemize
+The @code{blackpetrucci} style produces note heads usable in black
+mensural notation or coloratio sections in white mensural notation.
+Because note head style does not influence flag count, in
+this style a semiminima should be notated as @code{a8*2}, not
+@code{a4}, otherwise it will look like a minima.
+The multiplyer can be different if coloratio is used e.g. to notate
+triplets.
+
+Use @code{semipetrucci} style to draw half-colored
+note heads (breves, longas and maximas).
+
The following example demonstrates the @code{petrucci} style:
\autoBeamOff
\override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci
a'\maxima a'\longa a'\breve a'1 a'2 a'4 a'8 a'16 a'
-
+\override NoteHead #'style = #'semipetrucci
+a'\breve*5/6
+\override NoteHead #'style = #'blackpetrucci
+a'8*4/3 a'
+\override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci
+a'\longa
@end lilypond
+@ref{Note head styles}, gives an overview of all available note head
+styles.
+
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation},
+@rglos{note head}.
+
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Note head styles}, gives an overview of all available note head styles.
+@ref{Note head styles}.
-@c {{{2Mensural flags
@node Mensural flags
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural flags
only the @code{mensural} style is supported.
@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\override Stem #'flag-style = #'mensural
+\override Flag #'style = #'mensural
\override Stem #'thickness = #1.0
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
\autoBeamOff
@c music, the default flag style should be used.
There are no flags in Gregorian chant notation.
-
-@c @seealso
-@c TODO: nothing here yet ...
-
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation},
+@rglos{flag}.
@knownissues
-
The attachment of ancient flags to stems is slightly off.
@c due to a change in early 2.3.x.
features of classical notation (which however are typically out of
scope for mensural notation).
-@c {{{2Mensural rests
+
@node Mensural rests
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural rests
@cindex rests, ancient
Use the @code{style} property of grob @code{Rest} to select
-ancient rests. Supported styles are @code{classical},
+ancient rests. Supported styles are @code{classical},
@code{neomensural}, and @code{mensural}. @code{classical} differs
from the @code{default} style only in that the quarter rest looks
like a horizontally mirrored 8th rest. The @code{mensural} and
neo-mensural style. Instead, the rests from the default style will be
taken.
-See @rlsr{Ancient notation} for a chart of all rests.
-
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation}.
+
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Rests}, gives a general introduction into the use of
-rests.
+@ref{Rests}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Ancient notation}.
+
+@knownissues
+The glyph for the maxima rest in mensural style is actually a perfect
+longa rest; use two (or three) longa rests to print a maxima rest.
+Longa rests are not grouped automatically, so have to be done manually by
+using pitched rests.
-@c {{{2Mensural accidentals and key signatures
@node Mensural accidentals and key signatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural accidentals and key signatures
will be taken from the @code{vaticana} style.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,staffsize=26]
-\score {
-{
- \textLengthOn
- s^\markup {
- \column {
- "mensural"
- \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.mensural-1"
- " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.mensural1" }
- }
- }
-}
-\layout {
- interscoreline = 1
- \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" }
- \context { \Staff
- \remove "Clef_engraver"
- \remove "Key_engraver"
- \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
- \remove "Staff_symbol_engraver"
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = ##f
- }
+\markup {
+ \column {
+ "mensural"
+ \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.mensural-1"
+ " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.mensural1" }
}
}
@end lilypond
@code{glyph-name-alist} property of the grobs @code{Accidental} and
@code{KeySignature}, respectively; e.g.:
-@code{\override Staff.Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
-#alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist}
-
+@example
+\override Staff.Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
+ #alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist
+@end example
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{mensural notation},
+@rglos{Pitch names},
+@rglos{accidental},
+@rglos{key signature}.
+
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Pitches}, @ref{Accidentals}, and @ref{Automatic accidentals}, give a
-general introduction of the use of accidentals. @ref{Key signature}, gives
-a general introduction of the use of key signatures.
+@ref{Pitches},
+@ref{Accidentals},
+@ref{Automatic accidentals},
+@ref{Key signature}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{KeySignature}.
-@c {{{2 Annotational accidentals (musica ficta)
@node Annotational accidentals (musica ficta)
@unnumberedsubsubsec Annotational accidentals (@emph{musica ficta})
@funindex suggestAccidentals
-@lilypond[verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
+@lilypond[verbatim,relative=1]
fis gis
\set suggestAccidentals = ##t
ais bis
@end lilypond
-This will treat @emph{every} subsequent accidental as @emph{musica
-ficta} until it is unset with @code{\set suggestAccidentals =
-##f}. A more practical way is to use @code{\once \set
-suggestAccidentals = ##t}, which can even be defined as a
-convenient shorthand:
+This will treat @emph{every} subsequent accidental as
+@emph{musica ficta} until it is unset with
+@code{\set suggestAccidentals = ##f}. A more practical way is to
+use @code{\once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t}, which can even be
+defined as a convenient shorthand:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
ficta = { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t }
}
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Accidental_engraver},
@rinternals{AccidentalSuggestion}.
-@c {{{2White mensural ligatures
@node White mensural ligatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec White mensural ligatures
This is not only required for correct MIDI output, but also allows for
automatic transcription of the ligatures.
+At certain places two consecutive notes can be represented either as
+two squares or as an oblique parallelogram (flexa shape). In such
+cases the default is the two squares, but a flexa can be required by
+setting the @code{ligature-flexa} property of the @emph{second} note
+head. The length of a flexa can be set by the note head property
+@code{flexa-width}.
+
For example,
@c @example
\transpose c c' {
\set Score.timing = ##f
\set Score.defaultBarType = "empty"
- \override NoteHead #'style = #'neomensural
- \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'neomensural
+ \override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci
+ \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'mensural
\clef "petrucci-g"
\[ c'\maxima g \]
- \[ d\longa c\breve f e d \]
+ \[ d\longa
+ \override NoteHead #'ligature-flexa = ##t
+ \once \override NoteHead #'flexa-width = #3.2
+ c\breve f e d \]
\[ c'\maxima d'\longa \]
\[ e'1 a g\breve \]
}
\transpose c c' {
\set Score.timing = ##f
\set Score.defaultBarType = "empty"
- \override NoteHead #'style = #'neomensural
- \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'neomensural
+ \override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci
+ \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'mensural
\clef "petrucci-g"
\[ c'\maxima g \]
- \[ d\longa c\breve f e d \]
+ \[ d\longa
+ \override NoteHead #'ligature-flexa = ##t
+ \once \override NoteHead #'flexa-width = #3.2
+ c\breve f e d \]
\[ c'\maxima d'\longa \]
\[ e'1 a g\breve \]
}
@end lilypond
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{ligature}.
-@c @seealso
-@c TODO: nothing here yet ...
-
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Gregorian square neume ligatures},
+@ref{Ligatures}.
@knownissues
-
Horizontal spacing of ligatures is poor.
+Accidentals may collide with previous notes.
-@c {{{1 Typesetting Gregorian chant
@node Typesetting Gregorian chant
@subsection Typesetting Gregorian chant
* Gregorian accidentals and key signatures::
* Divisiones::
* Gregorian articulation signs::
-* Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})::
+* Augmentum dots (morae)::
* Gregorian square neume ligatures::
@end menu
head style. Still, the note head style can be set, e.g., to
@code{vaticana_punctum} to produce punctum neumes. Similarly, the
@code{Mensural_ligature_engraver} automatically assembles
-mensural ligatures. See @ref{Ligatures}, for how ligature
-engravers work.
+mensural ligatures.
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{ligature}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{White mensural ligatures},
+@ref{Ligatures}.
-@c {{{2Gregorian chant contexts
@node Gregorian chant contexts
@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian chant contexts
@c TODO: nothing here yet ...
-@c {{{2 Gregorian clefs
@node Gregorian clefs
@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian clefs
@code{vaticana-do1}, @code{vaticana-do2},@*
@code{vaticana-do3}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
\override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
\override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Voice.Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override NoteHead #'style = #'vaticana.punctum
\clef "vaticana-do2"
c
@tab
@code{vaticana-fa1}, @code{vaticana-fa2}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
\override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
\override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Voice.Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override NoteHead #'style = #'vaticana.punctum
\clef "vaticana-fa2"
c
@code{medicaea-do1}, @code{medicaea-do2},@*
@code{medicaea-do3}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
\override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
\override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Voice.Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override NoteHead #'style = #'medicaea.punctum
\clef "medicaea-do2"
c
@tab
@code{medicaea-fa1}, @code{medicaea-fa2}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
\override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
\override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Voice.Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override NoteHead #'style = #'medicaea.punctum
\clef "medicaea-fa2"
c
@code{hufnagel-do1}, @code{hufnagel-do2},@*
@code{hufnagel-do3}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
\override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
\override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Voice.Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override NoteHead #'style = #'hufnagel.punctum
\clef "hufnagel-do2"
c
@tab
@code{hufnagel-fa1}, @code{hufnagel-fa2}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
\override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
\override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Voice.Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override NoteHead #'style = #'hufnagel.punctum
\clef "hufnagel-fa2"
c
@tab
@code{hufnagel-do-fa}
@tab
-@lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
+@lilypond[relative=1,notime]
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
\override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
\override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Voice.Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override NoteHead #'style = #'hufnagel.punctum
\clef "hufnagel-do-fa"
c
@end lilypond
@end multitable
-
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{clef}.
+
Notation Reference:
@ref{Clef}.
-@c {{{2 Gregorian accidentals and key signatures
@node Gregorian accidentals and key signatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian accidentals and key signatures
Accidentals for the three different Gregorian styles are available:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,staffsize=26]
-\score {
-{
- \textLengthOn
- s^\markup {
- \column {
- "vaticana"
- \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.vaticana-1"
- " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.vaticana0" }
- }
- \column {
- "medicaea"
- \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.medicaea-1" }
- }
- \column {
- "hufnagel"
- \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.hufnagel-1" }
- }
+\markup {
+ \column {
+ "vaticana"
+ \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.vaticana-1"
+ " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.vaticana0" }
}
-}
-\layout {
- interscoreline = 1
- \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" }
- \context { \Staff
- \remove "Clef_engraver"
- \remove "Key_engraver"
- \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
- \remove "Staff_symbol_engraver"
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = ##f
- }
+ \column {
+ "medicaea"
+ \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.medicaea-1" }
+ }
+ \column {
+ "hufnagel"
+ \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.hufnagel-1" }
}
}
@end lilypond
trying to access an unsupported accidental, LilyPond will switch to a
different style.
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
@c {ancient-accidentals.ly}
The style for accidentals and key signatures is controlled by the
@code{glyph-name-alist} property of the grobs @code{Accidental} and
@code{KeySignature}, respectively; e.g.:
-@code{\override Staff.Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
-#alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist}
-
+@example
+\override Staff.Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
+ #alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist
+@end example
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{accidental},
+@rglos{key signature}.
+
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Pitches}, @ref{Accidentals}, and @ref{Automatic accidentals}, give a
-general introduction of the use of accidentals. @ref{Key signature}, gives
-a general introduction of the use of key signatures.
+@ref{Pitches},
+@ref{Accidentals},
+@ref{Automatic accidentals},
+@ref{Key signature}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{KeySignature}.
-@c {{{2Divisiones
@node Divisiones
@unnumberedsubsubsec Divisiones
A @emph{divisio} (plural: @emph{divisiones}; Latin word for
@q{division}) is a staff context symbol that is used to indicate
-the phrase and section structure of Gregorian music. The musical meaning of
-@emph{divisio minima}, @emph{divisio maior}, and @emph{divisio maxima}
-can be characterized as short, medium, and long pause, somewhat like
-the breathmarks from @ref{Breath marks}. The @emph{finalis} sign not
-only marks the end of a chant, but is also frequently used within a
-single antiphonal/responsorial chant to mark the end of each section.
-
-To use divisiones, include the file @file{gregorian@/.ly}. It
+the phrase and section structure of Gregorian music. The musical
+meaning of @emph{divisio minima}, @emph{divisio maior}, and
+@emph{divisio maxima} can be characterized as short, medium, and
+long pause, somewhat like the breath marks from @ref{Breath marks}.
+The @emph{finalis} sign not only marks the end of a chant, but is
+also frequently used within a single antiphonal/responsorial chant
+to mark the end of each section.
+
+To use divisiones, include the file @file{gregorian.ly}. It
contains definitions that you can apply by just inserting
@code{\divisioMinima}, @code{\divisioMaior}, @code{\divisioMaxima},
and @code{\finalis} at proper places in the input. Some editions use
@emph{virgula} or @emph{caesura} instead of divisio minima.
-Therefore, @file{gregorian@/.ly} also defines @code{\virgula} and
+Therefore, @file{gregorian.ly} also defines @code{\virgula} and
@code{\caesura}
-@lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right]{divisiones.ly}
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+\include "gregorian.ly"
+\score {
+ <<
+ \context VaticanaVoice {
+ \override TextScript #'padding = #3
+ g a g
+ s^\markup { "divisio minima" }
+ \divisioMinima
+ g a g
+ s^\markup { "divisio maior" }
+ \divisioMaior
+ g a g
+ s^\markup { "divisio maxima" }
+ \divisioMaxima
+ \break
+ g a g
+ s^\markup { "finalis" }
+ \finalis
+ g a g
+ s^\markup { "virgula" }
+ \virgula
+ g a g
+ s^\markup { "caesura" }
+ \caesura
+ g a g
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
@predefined
@code{\finalis}.
@endpredefined
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{caesura},
+@rglos{divisio}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Breath marks}.
+
+Installed Files:
+@file{ly/gregorian.ly}.
+
-@c {{{2Gregorian articulations
@node Gregorian articulation signs
@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian articulation signs
In addition to the standard articulation signs described in
section @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}, articulation signs
-specifically designed for use with notation in @emph{Editio
-Vaticana} style are provided.
+specifically designed for use with notation in
+@emph{Editio Vaticana} style are provided.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\include "gregorian.ly"
\override TextScript #'font-family = #'typewriter
\override TextScript #'font-shape = #'upright
\override Script #'padding = #-0.1
- a\ictus_"ictus " \break
- a\circulus_"circulus " \break
- a\semicirculus_"semicirculus " \break
- a\accentus_"accentus " \break
+ a\ictus_"ictus " \bar "" \break
+ a\circulus_"circulus " \bar "" \break
+ a\semicirculus_"semicirculus " \bar "" \break
+ a\accentus_"accentus " \bar "" \break
\[ a_"episema" \episemInitium \pes b \flexa a b \episemFinis \flexa a \]
}
}
@end lilypond
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
-@c @seealso
-@c TODO: nothing here yet ...
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Ancient notation}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Episema},
+@rinternals{EpisemaEvent},
+@rinternals{Episema_engraver},
+@rinternals{Script},
+@rinternals{ScriptEvent},
+@rinternals{Script_engraver}.
@knownissues
-
Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the
corresponding note heads.
-The episema line is not displayed in many cases. If it is displayed,
-the right end of the episema line is often too far to the right.
-
-@c {{{2Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})
-@node Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})
+@node Augmentum dots (morae)
@unnumberedsubsubsec Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})
Augmentum dots, also called @emph{morae}, are added with the music
}
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Breath marks}.
@rlsr{Ancient notation}.
-@c {{{2Gregorian square neumes ligatures
@node Gregorian square neume ligatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian square neume ligatures
ligatures, lyrics alignment, and proper handling of accidentals.
The support for Gregorian neumes is enabled by @code{\include}ing
-"gregorian.ly" at the beginning of the file. This makes available
+@file{gregorian.ly} at the beginning of the file. This makes available
a number of extra commands to produce the neume symbols used in
plainchant notation.
liquescent neumes. They are used under certain circumstances at
the end of a syllable which ends in a @q{liquescent} letter, i.e.
the sounding consonants that can hold a tone (the nasals, l, r, v,
-j, and their diphtong equivalents). Thus, the liquescent neumes
+j, and their diphthong equivalents). Thus, the liquescent neumes
are never used alone (although some of them can be produced), and
they always fall at the end of a ligature.
more or less interchangeable ways: with a smaller note or by
@q{twisting} the main note upwards or downwards. The first is
produced by making a regular @code{pes} or @code{flexa} and
-modifying the shape of the second note: @code{\[ a \pes \deminutum
-b \] }, the second by modifying the shape of a single-note neume
-with @code{\auctum} and one of the direction markers
-@code{\descendens} or @code{\ascendens}, e.g., @code{ \[ \auctum
-\descendens a \] }.
+modifying the shape of the second note:
+@code{\[ a \pes \deminutum b \] }, the second by modifying the shape
+of a single-note neume with @code{\auctum} and one of the direction
+markers @code{\descendens} or @code{\ascendens}, e.g.,
+@code{ \[ \auctum \descendens a \] }.
@noindent
Special signs
perfectly possible, although incorrect, to make a single-note
quilisma.
-In addition to the note signs, gregorian.ly also defines the
+In addition to the note signs, @file{gregorian.ly} also defines the
commands @code{\versus}, @code{\responsum}, @code{\ij},
@code{\iij}, @code{\IJ}, and @code{\IIJ}, that will produce the
corresponding characters, e.g., for use in lyrics, as section
-markers, etc. These commands use special unicode characters and
+markers, etc. These commands use special Unicode characters and
will only work if a font is used which supports them.
The following table shows a limited, but still representative pool
of Gregorian ligatures, together with the code fragments that
produce the ligatures. The table is based on the extended neumes
-table of the 2nd volume of the Antiphonale Romanum (@emph{Liber
-Hymnarius}), published 1983 by the monks of Solesmes. The first
-column gives the name of the ligature, with the main form in
+table of the 2nd volume of the Antiphonale Romanum
+(@emph{Liber Hymnarius}), published 1983 by the monks of Solesmes.
+The first column gives the name of the ligature, with the main form in
boldface and the liquescent forms in italics. The third column
shows the code fragment that produces this ligature, using
@code{g}, @code{a}, and @code{b} as example pitches.
@funindex \pes
@funindex \flexa
+
Two adjacent heads can be tied together with the @code{\pes} and
@code{\flexa} infix commands for a rising and falling line of melody,
respectively.
@funindex \augmentum
-Use the unary music function @code{\augmentum} to add augmentum dots.
+Use the unary music function @code{\augmentum} to add augmentum dots.
-@c @seealso
-@c TODO: nothing here yet ...
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{ligature}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Gregorian square neume ligatures},
+@ref{White mensural ligatures},
+@ref{Ligatures}.
@knownissues
-
When an @code{\augmentum} dot appears at the end of the last staff
within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a
workaround, add an additional skip note (e.g., @code{s8}) as last note
unary music function, such that @code{\augmentum} can be intermixed
with head prefixes in arbitrary order.
+@node Typesetting Kievan square notation
+@subsection Typesetting Kievan square notation
+
+@menu
+* Kievan contexts::
+* Kievan clefs::
+* Kievan note heads::
+* Kievan accidentals::
+* Kievan bar line::
+@end menu
+
+@node Kievan contexts
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Kievan contexts
+@cindex KievanVoiceContext
+@cindex KievanStaffContext
+
+As with Mensural and Gregorian notation, the predefined
+@code{KievanVoice} and @code{KievanStaff} contexts can be used
+to engrave a piece in square notation. These contexts initialize
+all relevant context properties and grob properties to proper
+values, so you can immediately go ahead entering the chant:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\score {
+ <<
+ \new KievanVoice = "melody" \transpose c c' {
+ \cadenzaOn
+ c4 c c c c2 b,\longa
+ \bar "kievan"
+ }
+ \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" {
+ Го -- спо -- ди по -- ми -- луй.
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{kievan notation}.
+
+@knownissues
+LilyPond supports Kievan notation of the Synodal style, as used in
+the corpus of chantbooks printed by the Russian Holy Synod in the
+1910's and recently reprinted by the Moscow Patriarchate Publishing
+House. LilyPond does not support the older (less common) forms of
+Kievan notation that were used in Galicia to notate Rusyn plainchant.
+
+@node Kievan clefs
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Kievan clefs
+
+@cindex clefs
+
+There is only one clef used in Kievan notation (the Tse-fa-ut Clef).
+It is used to indicate the position of @code{c}:
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=1,notime,verbatim]
+ \clef "kievan-do"
+ \override NoteHead #'style = #'kievan
+ c
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{kievan notation},
+@rglos{clef}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Clef}.
+
+@node Kievan note heads
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Kievan note heads
+
+@cindex note heads, ancient
+
+For Kievan square notation, the appropriate note head style needs
+to be chosen. This is accomplished by setting the @code{style}
+property of the @code{NoteHead} object to @code{kievan}.
+
+The Kievan final note, which usually comes at the end of a piece
+of music, may be selected by setting the duration to
+@code{\longa}. The Kievan recitative mark, used to indicate
+the chanting of several syllables on one note, may be selected by
+setting the duration to @code{\breve}. The following example
+demonstrates the various Kievan note heads:
+
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\autoBeamOff
+\cadenzaOn
+\override NoteHead #'style = #'kievan
+b'1 b'2 b'4 b'8 b'\breve b'\longa
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{kievan notation},
+@rglos{note head}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Note head styles}.
+
+@knownissues
+LilyPond automatically determines if the stem up or stem down
+form of a note is drawn. When setting chant in square notation,
+however, it is customary to have the stems point in the same
+direction within a single melisma. This can be done manually by
+setting the @code{direction} property of the @code{Stem} object.
+
+@node Kievan accidentals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Kievan accidentals
+
+@cindex accidentals
+
+The @code{kievan} style for accidentals is selected with the
+@code{glyph-name-alist} property of the grob @code{Accidental}.
+The @code{kievan} style provides a sharp and a flat sign
+different from the default style. There is no natural sign
+in Kievan notation. The sharp sign is not used in Synodal music
+but may occur in earlier manuscripts. It has been included
+primarily for the sake of compatibility.
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=1,notime,verbatim]
+\clef "kievan-do"
+\override NoteHead #'style = #'kievan
+\override Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
+ #alteration-kievan-glyph-name-alist
+bes' dis,
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{kievan notation},
+@rglos{accidental}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Accidentals},
+@ref{Automatic accidentals},
+@ref{The Feta font}
+
+@node Kievan bar line
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Kievan bar line
+
+A decorative figure is commonly placed at the end of a piece of
+Kievan notation, which may be called the Kievan final bar line.
+It can be invoked as @code{\bar "kievan"}.
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=1,notime,verbatim]
+ \clef "kievan-do"
+ \override NoteHead #'style = #'kievan
+ c \bar "kievan"
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+@ref{Bars},
+@ref{The Feta font}
-@c Working with ancient music: scenarios and solutions:: {{{1
@node Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions
@subsection Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions
same source.
@end itemize
-@c {{{2Incipits
+
@node Incipits
@unnumberedsubsubsec Incipits
@c use snippet Transcription-of-ancient-music-with-incipit
TBC
-
@c @seealso
@c ... and reference to other sections ...
-@c {{{2Mensurstriche layout
@node Mensurstriche layout
@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensurstriche layout
orientation aids that bar lines give.
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc]
{mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
@c This simple setup will take care of the
@c from lsr and -user
@c TBC
-
@c @seealso
@c ... and reference to other sections ...
-@c {{{2Transcribing Gregorian chant
@node Transcribing Gregorian chant
@unnumberedsubsubsec Transcribing Gregorian chant
one can use either @code{\override Stem #'transparent = ##t} or
@code{\override Stem #'length = #0} instead, and restore the stem
when needed with the corresponding @code{\once \override Stem
-#'transparent = ##f} (see example below).
+#'transparent = ##f} (see example below). When using stems that
+carry flags, make sure to set @code{\override Flag #'transparent
+= ##t} as well.
@b{Timing.} For unmetered chant, there are several alternatives.
results. Another alternative is to use @code{\CadenzaOn} and
@code{\CadenzaOff}.
-To remove the barlines, the radical approach is to @code{\remove}
+To remove the bar lines, the radical approach is to @code{\remove}
the Bar_engraver from the Staff context. Again, one may want to
use @code{\override BarLine #'transparent = ##t} instead, if an
occasional barline is wanted.
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
\remove "Bar_engraver"
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
}
}
}
c\breve \override NoteHead #'transparent = ##t c c c c c
\revert NoteHead #'transparent
\override Stem #'transparent = ##f \stemUp c4 b4 a
- \override Stem #'transparent = ##t c2 c4 \divisioMaior
+ \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Flag #'transparent = ##t c2 c4 \divisioMaior
c\breve \override NoteHead #'transparent = ##t c c c c c c c
\revert NoteHead #'transparent c4 c f, f \finalis
}
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
\override BarLine #'transparent = ##t
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
}
}
}
longer melisma. One way to achieve this is to use a fixed
@code{\time}, e.g., 1/4, and let each syllable or note group fill
one of these measures, with the help of tuplets or shorter
-durations. If the barlines and all other rhythmical indications
-are made transparent, and the space around the barlines is
+durations. If the bar lines and all other rhythmical indications
+are made transparent, and the space around the bar lines is
increased, this will give a fairly good representation in modern
notation of the original.
To avoid that syllables of different width (such as @qq{-ri} and
@qq{-rum}) spread the syllable note groups unevenly apart, the
-@code{#'X-extent} property of the @code{LyricText} object may be
+@code{'X-extent} property of the @code{LyricText} object may be
set to a fixed value. Another, more cumbersome way would be to
add the syllables as @code{\markup} elements. If further
adjustments are necessary, this can be easily done with
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
\override BarLine #'X-extent = #'(-1 . 1)
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
\override Beam #'transparent = ##t
\override BarLine #'transparent = ##t
\override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t
@c @seealso
@c ... and reference to other sections ...
-@c {{{2Ancient and modern from one source
+
@node Ancient and modern from one source
@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient and modern from one source
@c @seealso
@c ... and reference to other sections ...
-@c {{{2Editorial markings
+
@node Editorial markings
@unnumberedsubsubsec Editorial markings
-@c {{{2Baroque rhythmic notation
+
@c @node Baroque rhythmic notation
@c @unnumberedsubsubsec Baroque rhythmic notation
@c TODO Add text
@c try Till Rettig
-@c Add example of white noteheads:
-@c In the french baroque some composers used white noteheads in slow pieces,
+@c Add example of white note heads:
+@c In the french baroque some composers used white note heads in slow pieces,
@c mainly in 3/2-time. A quarter looks there like a eighth with a white
-@c notehead. (Franz-Rudolf Kuhnen)
+@c note head. (Franz-Rudolf Kuhnen)
@c TODO Add example of this:
@c I was referring to e.g. notated a8. a16, which should, if I
@c staff as an hint to performers. (Karl Hammer)
-TBC
+@c TBC
@c @seealso
@c ... and reference to other sections ...
-
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff