@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
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@end ignore
-@c \version "2.17.6"
+@c \version "2.19.2"
@node Tweaking output
@chapter Tweaking output
@cindex tweaking methods
-@strong{\override command}
+@menu
+* The \override command::
+* The \revert command::
+* The \once prefix::
+* The \overrideProperty command::
+* The \tweak command::
+@end menu
+
+@node The \override command
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{\override} command
@cindex override command
@cindex override syntax
The general syntax of this command is:
@example
-\override @var{Context}.@var{LayoutObject} #'@var{layout-property} =
-#@var{value}
+\override @var{Context}.@var{LayoutObject}.@var{layout-property} = #@var{value}
@end example
@noindent
layout object with the name @var{LayoutObject}, which is a member of
the @var{Context} context, to the value @var{value}.
-The @var{Context} can be omitted (and usually is) when the
+The @var{Context} may be omitted (and usually is) when the
required context is unambiguously implied and is one of lowest
level contexts, i.e., @code{Voice}, @code{ChordNames} or
@code{Lyrics}, and we shall omit it in many of the following
examples. We shall see later when it must be specified.
Later sections deal comprehensively with properties and their
-values, see @ref{Types of properties}. But in this section we shall
+values, see @ref{Types of properties}. But in this section we shall
use just a few simple properties and values which are easily
understood in order to illustrate the format and use of these
commands.
-For now, don't worry about the @code{#'}, which must precede the
-layout property, and the@tie{}@code{#}, which must precede the value.
-These must always be present in exactly this form. This is the
-most common command used in tweaking, and most of the rest of
-this chapter will be directed to presenting examples of how it is
-used. Here is a simple example to change the color of the
-note head:
+LilyPond's primary expressions are musical items like notes,
+durations, and markups. More basic expressions like numbers,
+strings, and lists are processed in @q{Scheme mode}, which is
+invoked by prefixing the value with @samp{#}. Although the
+values may sometimes have a valid representation in LilyPond's
+musical mode, this manual will always use @samp{#} for their
+entry for the sake of consistency. For more information about
+Scheme mode, see @rextend{LilyPond Scheme syntax}.
+
+@code{\override} is the most common command used in tweaking, and
+most of the rest of this chapter will be directed to presenting
+examples of how it is used. Here is a simple example to change the
+color of the note head:
@cindex color property, example
@cindex NoteHead, example of overriding
g4 a b c |
@end lilypond
-@strong{\revert command}
+
+@node The \revert command
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{\revert} command
@cindex revert command
commands have been issued.
@example
-\revert @var{Context}.@var{LayoutObject} #'@var{layout-property}
+\revert @var{Context}.@var{LayoutObject}.@var{layout-property}
@end example
Again, just like @var{Context} in the @code{\override} command,
b4 c |
@end lilypond
-@strong{\once prefix}
+
+@node The \once prefix
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{\once} prefix
@funindex \once
@funindex once
b c |
@end lilypond
-@strong{\overrideProperty command}
+
+@node The \overrideProperty command
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{\overrideProperty} command
@cindex overrideProperty command
@rextend{Difficult tweaks}.
@c Maybe explain in a later iteration -td
-@strong{\tweak command}
+
+@node The \tweak command
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{\tweak} command
@cindex tweak command
of the @code{\tweak} command is
@example
-\tweak #'@var{layout-property} #@var{value}
+\tweak @var{layout-property} #@var{value}
@end example
A @code{\tweak} command can also be used to modify just one in
@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
<\tweak Accidental.color #red cis4
\tweak Accidental.color #green es
- g>
+ g>
@end lilypond
This long form of the @code{\tweak} command can be described as
+
@example
-\tweak @var{layout-object} #'@var{layout-property} @var{value}
+\tweak @var{layout-object}.@var{layout-property} @var{value}
@end example
@cindex tuplets, nested
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
\tweak direction #up
-\times 4/3 {
+\tuplet 3/4 {
\tweak color #red
- \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
- \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
- \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
}
@end lilypond
@cindex transparent property, example
@cindex TupletNumber, example of overriding
-@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff
-@c See issue 509
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
-\times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
+\tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
\once \override TupletNumber.text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
-\times 2/3 {
+\tuplet 3/2 {
c8[ c]
c8[ c]
\once \override TupletNumber.transparent = ##t
- \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
- \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
}
@end lilypond
\override Slur.thickness = #5.0
@end example
-Don't forget the @code{#'} preceding the
-property name and a@tie{}@code{#} preceding the new value!
+Don't forget the@tie{}@code{#} preceding the new value!
The final question is, @q{Where should this command be
placed?} While you are unsure and learning, the best
still need some practice. This is provided in the examples
which follow.
-@subheading Finding the context
+@subsubsubheading Finding the context
@cindex context, finding
@cindex context, identifying correct
the fact that we are entering notes, we can omit it in this
location.
-@subheading Overriding once only
+@subsubsubheading Overriding once only
@cindex overriding once only
@cindex once override
The @code{\once} command can also be used before the @code{\set}
command.
-@subheading Reverting
+@subsubsubheading Reverting
@cindex revert
@cindex default properties, reverting to
the property is @code{font-shape} and the value is
@code{italic}. As before, we'll omit the context.
-As an aside, although it is an important one, note that because the
-values of @code{font-shape} are symbols they must be introduced with a
-single apostrophe, @code{'}. That is why apostrophes are needed
-before @code{thickness} in the earlier example and @code{font-shape}.
-These are both symbols too. Symbols are then read internally by
-LilyPond. Some of them are the names of properties, like
-@code{thickness} or @code{font-shape}, others are used as values that
-can be given to properties, like @code{italic}. Note the distinction
-from arbitrary text strings, which would appear as @code{"a text
-string"}; for more details about symbols and strings, see
-@rextend{Scheme tutorial}.
+As an aside, although it is an important one, note that some
+properties take values that are symbols, like @code{italic}, and
+must be preceded by an apostrophe, @code{'}. Symbols are then
+read internally by LilyPond. Note the distinction from arbitrary
+text strings, which would appear as @code{"a text string"}; for
+more details about symbols and strings, see @rextend{Scheme tutorial}.
So we see that the @code{\override} command needed to print the lyrics
in italics is:
@noindent
and the lyrics are all printed in italics.
-@subheading Specifying the context in lyric mode
-
-@cindex context, specifying in lyric mode
-@cindex lyric mode, specifying context
-
-In the case of lyrics, if you try specifying the context in the
-format given earlier the command will fail. A syllable
-entered in lyricmode is terminated by either a space,
-a newline or a digit. All other characters are included
-as part of the syllable. For this reason a space or newline
-must appear before the terminating @code{@}} to prevent it being
-included as part of the final syllable. Similarly,
-spaces must be inserted before and after the
-period or dot, @q{.}, separating the context name from the
-object name, as otherwise the two names are run together and
-the interpreter cannot recognize them. So the command should be:
-
-@example
-\override Lyrics.LyricText.font-shape = #'italic
-@end example
-
@warning{In lyrics always leave whitespace between the final
syllable and the terminating brace.}
-@warning{In overrides in lyrics always place spaces around
-the dot between the context name and the object name.}
-
@seealso
Extending: @rextend{Scheme tutorial}.
need, together with the rules for that type, and some examples.
You must always add a hash symbol, @code{#}, of course,
to the front of these values when they are entered in the
-@code{\override} command.
+@code{\override} command, even if the value itself already
+starts with@tie{}@code{#}. We only give examples for constants
+here: if you want to compute a value using Scheme, see
+@rextend{Calculations in Scheme}.
@multitable @columnfractions .2 .45 .35
@headitem Property type
@tab Either True or False, represented by #t or #f
@tab @code{#t}, @code{#f}
@item Dimension (in staff space)
- @tab A positive decimal number (in units of staff space)
+ @tab A decimal number (in units of staff space)
@tab @code{2.5}, @code{0.34}
@item Direction
- @tab A valid direction constant or its numerical equivalent (decimal
-values between -1 and 1 are allowed)
+ @tab A valid direction constant or its numerical equivalent
+ (@code{0} or @code{CENTER} indicate a neutral direction)
@tab @code{LEFT}, @code{CENTER}, @code{UP},
@code{1}, @w{@code{-1}}
@item Integer
- @tab A positive whole number
- @tab @code{3}, @code{1}
+ @tab A whole number
+ @tab @code{3}, @code{-1}
@item List
- @tab A set of values separated by spaces, enclosed in parentheses
-and preceded by an apostrophe
- @tab @code{'(left-edge staff-bar)}, @code{'(1)},
+ @tab A sequence of constants or symbols separated by spaces, enclosed
+ in parentheses
+and preceded by an apostrophe (quote mark)
+ @tab @code{'(left-edge staff-bar)}, @code{'(1)}, @code{'()},
@code{'(1.0 0.25 0.5)}
@item Markup
@tab Any valid markup
- @tab @code{\markup @{ \italic "cresc." @}}
+ @tab @code{\markup @{ \italic "cresc." @}}, @code{"bagpipe"}
@item Moment
@tab A fraction of a whole note constructed with the
make-moment function
- @tab @code{(ly:make-moment 1 4)},
- @code{(ly:make-moment 3 8)}
+ @tab @code{(ly:make-moment 1/4)},
+ @code{(ly:make-moment 3/8)}
@item Number
- @tab Any positive or negative decimal value
- @tab @code{3.5}, @w{@code{-2.45}}
+ @tab Any positive or negative, possibly decimal, value
+ @tab @code{3}, @w{@code{-2.45}}
@item Pair (of numbers)
@tab Two numbers separated by a @q{space . space} and enclosed
in brackets preceded by an apostrophe
@tab @code{bend::print}, @code{ly:text-interface::print},
@code{#f}
@item Vector
- @tab A list of three items enclosed in parentheses and preceded
-by apostrophe-hash, @code{'#}.
- @tab @code{'#(#t #t #f)}
+ @tab Constants
+ enclosed in @code{#(}@dots{}@code{)}.
+ @tab @code{#(#t #t #f)}
@end multitable
by extension, many other layout objects too.) Let's consider each of
these in turn.
-@subheading stencil
+@menu
+* The stencil property::
+* The break-visibility property::
+* The transparent property::
+* The color property::
+@end menu
+
+@node The stencil property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{stencil} property
@cindex stencil property
}
@end lilypond
-Now the bar lines have vanished.
+Now the bar lines have vanished. Setting the @code{stencil}
+property to @code{#f} is such a frequent operation that there is a
+shorthand for it called @code{\omit}:
+@funindex \omit
+
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+{
+ \time 12/16
+ \omit Staff.BarLine
+ c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
+ e8
+}
+@end lilypond
Note, though, that setting the @code{stencil} property to @code{#f}
will cause errors when the dimensions of the object are required for
correct processing. For example, errors will be generated if the
@code{stencil} property of the @code{NoteHead} object is set to
@code{#f}. If this is the case, you can instead use the
-@code{point-stencil} function, which sets the stencil to a object
+@code{point-stencil} function, which sets the stencil to an object
with zero size:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
}
@end lilypond
-@subheading break-visibility
+@node The break-visibility property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{break-visibility} property
@cindex break-visibility property
These control respectively whether bar lines are printed at the end of
a line, in the middle of lines, and at the beginning of lines. For
our example we want all bar lines to be suppressed, so the value we
-need is @code{'#(#f #f #f)}. Let's try that, remembering to include
+need is @code{#(#f #f #f)} (also available
+under the name @code{all-invisible}). Let's try that, remembering to include
the @code{Staff} context. Note also that in writing this value we
-have @code{#'#} before the opening bracket. The @code{'#} is required
-as part of the value to introduce a vector, and the first@tie{}@code{#} is
+have @code{##} before the opening parenthesis. One @code{#} is required
+as part of vector constant syntax, and the first@tie{}@code{#} is
required, as always, to precede the value itself in the
@code{\override} command.
@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
{
\time 12/16
- \override Staff.BarLine.break-visibility = #'#(#f #f #f)
+ \override Staff.BarLine.break-visibility = ##(#f #f #f)
c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
And we see this too removes all the bar lines.
-@subheading transparent
+@node The transparent property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{transparent} property
@cindex transparent property
@cindex transparency
@end lilypond
@noindent
-The time signature is gone, but this command leaves a gap where
+Again, setting the @code{transparent} property is a rather
+frequent operation, so we have a shorthand for it called
+@code{\hide}:
+@funindex \hide
+
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+{
+ \time 12/16
+ \hide Staff.TimeSignature
+ c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
+ e8
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+In either case, the time signature is gone, but this command
+leaves a gap where
the time signature should be. Maybe this is what is wanted for
an exercise for the student to fill it in, but in other
circumstances a gap might be undesirable. To remove it, the
@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
{
\time 12/16
- \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = ##f
+ \omit Staff.TimeSignature
c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
@noindent
and the difference is obvious: setting the stencil to @code{#f}
+(possibly via @code{\omit})
removes the object entirely; making the object @code{transparent}
+(which can be done using @code{\hide})
leaves it where it is, but makes it invisible.
-@subheading color
+@node The color property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{color} property
@cindex color property
@noindent
and again, we see the bar lines are not visible. Note that
@emph{white} is not preceded by an apostrophe -- it is not
-a symbol, but a @emph{function}. When called, it provides
+a symbol, but a @emph{variable}. When evaluated, it provides
the list of internal values required to set the color to
-white. The other colors in the normal list are functions
+white. The other colors in the normal list are variables
too. To convince yourself this is working you might like
-to change the color to one of the other functions in the
+to change the color to one of the other variables in the
list.
@cindex color, X11
The second way of changing the color is to use the list of
X11 color names in the second list in @ruser{List of colors}.
-However, these must be preceded by another function, which
-converts X11 color names into the list of internal values,
-@code{x11-color}, like this:
+However, these are mapped to the actual values by the function
+@code{x11-color} which
+converts X11 color symbols into the list of internal values like this:
@cindex BarLine, example of overriding
@cindex color property, example
@noindent
Note that in this case the function @code{x11-color} takes
a symbol as an argument, so the symbol must be preceded by
-an apostrophe and the two enclosed in brackets.
+an apostrophe to keep it from being evaluated as a variable, and
+the whole function call has to be enclosed in parentheses.
@cindex rgb colors
@cindex color, rgb
@funindex rgb-color
-There is yet a third function, one which converts RGB values into
+There is another function, one which converts RGB values into
internal colors -- the @code{rgb-color} function. This takes
three arguments giving the intensities of the red, green and
blue colors. These take values in the range 0 to 1. So to
@cindex alignAboveContext property, example
@cindex @code{\with}, example
-@cindex stencil property, example
+@funindex \omit
@cindex Clef, example of overriding
@cindex TimeSignature, example of overriding
alignAboveContext = #"main"
}
{
- \override Staff.Clef.stencil = ##f
- \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = ##f
+ \omit Staff.Clef
+ \omit Staff.TimeSignature
{ f8 f c }
}
>>
But what is the difference between modifying the staff context by
using @code{\with} and modifying the stencils of the clef and the
-time signature with \override? The main difference is that
+time signature with @code{\override}, or in this case
+@code{\omit}?
+The main difference is that
changes made in a @code{\with} clause are made at the time the
context is created, and remain in force as the @strong{default}
values for the duration of that context, whereas
}
@end lilypond
+It turns out that we can also employ the shorthands @code{\hide}
+and @code{\omit} for setting the @code{transparent} property and
+clearing the @code{stencil} here, leading to the result
+
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+\new Staff ="main" {
+ \relative g' {
+ r4 g8 g c4 c8 d |
+ e4 r8
+ <<
+ { f8 c c }
+ \new Staff \with {
+ alignAboveContext = #"main"
+ % Don't print clefs in this staff
+ \omit Clef
+ % Don't print time signatures in this staff
+ \omit TimeSignature
+ }
+ { f8 f c }
+ >>
+ r4 |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
Finally we come to changing the size of layout objects.
Some layout objects are created as glyphs selected from a typeface
{ f8 c c }
\new Staff \with {
alignAboveContext = #"main"
- \override Clef.stencil = ##f
- \override TimeSignature.stencil = ##f
+ \omit Clef
+ \omit TimeSignature
% Reduce all font sizes by ~24%
fontSize = #-2
}
{ f8 c c }
\new Staff \with {
alignAboveContext = #"main"
- \override Clef.stencil = ##f
- \override TimeSignature.stencil = ##f
+ \omit Clef
+ \omit TimeSignature
fontSize = #-2
% Reduce stem length and line spacing to match
\override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -2)
right or left when they point up or down. This is controlled
automatically when @code{direction} is set.
+@menu
+* The direction property::
+* Fingering::
+@end menu
+
+@node The direction property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{direction} property
+
@cindex down
@cindex up
@cindex center
@tab Tuplets are below/above notes
@end multitable
-Note that these predefined commands may @strong{not} be
+The neutral/normal variants of these commands are implemented
+using @code{\revert} and may @strong{not} be
preceded by @code{\once}. If you wish to limit the
-effect to a single note you must either use the equivalent
-@code{\once \override} command or use the predefined command
-followed after the affected note by the corresponding
-@code{\xxxNeutral} command.
+effect of the other commands (which are implemented using
+@code{\override}) to a single timestep, you can precede them with
+@code{\once} like you would do with explicit overrides.
+@node Fingering
@unnumberedsubsubsec Fingering
@cindex fingering, placement
@subsection Outside-staff objects
Outside-staff objects are automatically placed to avoid collisions.
+There are several ways to override the automatic placement if the
+positioning is not optimum.
+
+@menu
+* The outside-staff-priority property::
+* The \textLengthOn command::
+* Dynamics placement::
+* Grob sizing::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node The outside-staff-priority property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{outside-staff-priority} property
+
Objects with the lower value of the @code{outside-staff-priority}
property are placed nearer to the staff, and other outside-staff
objects are then raised as far as necessary to avoid collisions.
room for the text. This is done using the @code{textLengthOn}
command.
-@subheading \textLengthOn
+@node The \textLengthOn command
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{\textLengthOn} command
@cindex notes, spreading out with text
c''2 |
@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Dynamics
+@node Dynamics placement
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics placement
@cindex tweaking dynamics placement
@cindex dynamics, tweaking placement
command, but there is no equivalent command for dynamic marks. So we
shall have to work out how to do this using @code{\override} commands.
-@subheading Grob sizing
+@node Grob sizing
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Grob sizing
@cindex grob sizing
@cindex sizing grobs
Let's now see how the properties in the previous section can
help to resolve overlapping notation.
-@subheading padding property
+@menu
+* The padding property::
+* The right-padding property::
+* The staff-padding property::
+* The self-alignment-X property::
+* The staff-position property::
+* The extra-offset property::
+* The positions property::
+* The force-hshift property::
+@end menu
+
+@node The padding property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{padding} property
@cindex padding
@cindex fixing overlapping notation
objects outside it are moved.
-@subheading right-padding
+@node The right-padding property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{right-padding} property
@cindex right-padding property
@noindent
-@subheading staff-padding property
+@node The staff-padding property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{staff-padding} property
@cindex aligning objects on a baseline
@cindex objects, aligning on a baseline
@end lilypond
-@subheading self-alignment-X property
+@node The self-alignment-X property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{self-alignment-X} property
The following example shows how this can resolve the collision
of a string fingering object with a note's stem by aligning the
<a\2>
@end lilypond
-@subheading staff-position property
+@node The staff-position property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{staff-position} property
@cindex object collision within a staff
This is better than using, for example, @code{extra-offset},
because the ledger line above the rest is inserted automatically.
-@subheading extra-offset property
+@node The extra-offset property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{extra-offset} property
@cindex positioning objects
@cindex positioning grobs
@end lilypond
-@subheading positions property
+@node The positions property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{positions} property
@cindex controlling tuplets, slurs, phrasing slurs, and beams manually
@cindex manually controlling tuplets, slurs, phrasing slurs, and beams
@cindex phrasing slurs, controlling manually
@cindex beams, controlling manually
-The @code{positions} property allows the position and slope of
-tuplets, slurs, phrasing slurs and beams to be controlled manually.
-Here's an example which has an ugly phrasing slur due to its trying to
-avoid the slur on the acciaccatura.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=1]
-r4 \acciaccatura e8\( d8 c~ c d c d\)
-@end lilypond
+The @code{positions} property allows the vertical position and hence
+the slope of tuplets, slurs, phrasing slurs and beams to be controlled
+manually.
-@noindent
-We could simply move the phrasing slur above the notes, and this
-would be the preferred solution:
+Here's an example in which the phrasing slur and slur collide:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=1]
-r4
-\phrasingSlurUp
-\acciaccatura e8\( d8 c~ c d c d\)
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
+a8 \( ( a'16 ) a \)
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-But if there were some reason why this could not be done the
-other alternative would be to move the left end of the phrasing
-slur down a little using the @code{positions} property. This
-also resolves the rather nasty shape.
-
@cindex PhrasingSlur, example of overriding
@cindex positions property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=1]
-r4
-\once \override PhrasingSlur.positions = #'(-4 . -3)
-\acciaccatura e8\( d8 c~ c d c d\)
+@noindent
+One possibility would be to move the two ends of the phrasing slur
+higher. We can try setting the left end to 2.5 staff-spaces above the
+centre line and the right end to 4.5 above, and LilyPond will
+select the phrasing slur from the candidates it has found with its
+end points closest to these:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
+\once \override PhrasingSlur.positions = #'(2.5 . 4.5)
+a8 \( ( a'16 ) a \)
@end lilypond
+This is an improvement, but why not lower the right end of the slur
+a little? If you try it you'll find it can't be done in this way.
+That's because there are no candidate slurs lower than the one
+already selected, and in this case the @code{positions} property has
+no effect. However, ties, slurs and phrasing slurs @emph{can} be
+positioned and shaped very precisely when necessary. To learn how to
+do this, see @ruser{Modifying ties and slurs}.
+
Here's a further example. We see that the beams
collide with the ties:
{
\time 4/2
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ { c'1 ~ 2. e'8 f' }
\\
{ e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
>>
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ { c'1 ~ 2. e'8 f' }
\\
{ e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
>>
{
\time 4/2
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ { c'1 ~ 2. e'8 f' }
\\
{
\override Beam.positions = #'(-1 . -1)
}
>>
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ { c'1 ~ 2. e'8 f' }
\\
{ e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
>>
the second measure of eighth notes, but not to any of the beams in the
second voice.
-@subheading force-hshift property
+@node The force-hshift property
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{force-hshift property}
We can now see how to apply the final corrections to the Chopin
example introduced at the end of @ref{I'm hearing Voices}, which
\stemDown
% Stem on the d2 should be invisible
\tweak Stem.transparent ##t
- \tweak Flag.transparent ##t
d2
}
\new Voice {
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
\stemDown
% Stem on the d2 should be invisible
\tweak Stem.transparent ##t
- \tweak Flag.transparent ##t
d2
}
\new Voice {
@node Other uses for tweaks
@subsection Other uses for tweaks
+@menu
+* Tying notes across voices::
+* Simulating a fermata in MIDI::
+@end menu
+
@cindex transparent property, use of
@cindex objects, making invisible
@cindex removing objects
@cindex objects, hiding
@cindex invisible objects
@cindex objects, invisible
-@cindex tying notes across voices
-@subheading Tying notes across voices
+@node Tying notes across voices
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Tying notes across voices
+
+@cindex tying notes across voices
The following example demonstrates how to connect notes in
different voices using ties. Normally, only two notes in the
with the tied notes in one of them
@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2]
-<< { b8~ b\noBeam } \\ { b8[ g] } >>
+<< { b8~ 8\noBeam } \\ { b8[ g] } >>
@end lilypond
@noindent
<<
{
\tweak Stem.transparent ##t
- \tweak Flag.transparent ##t
- b8~ b\noBeam
+ b8~ 8\noBeam
}
\\
{ b8[ g] }
<<
{
\tweak Stem.transparent ##t
- \tweak Flag.transparent ##t
\tweak Stem.length #8
- b8~ b\noBeam
+ b8~ 8\noBeam
}
\\
{ b8[ g] }
>>
@end lilypond
-@subheading Simulating a fermata in MIDI
+@funindex \single
+@cindex tweak, generated from override
+Now for @emph{overriding} the transparency of a graphical object,
+we could have used the shorthand @code{\hide} as explained above.
+Tweaking is a different operation, affecting only properties
+generated from a single music expression. It turns out that we
+can convert overrides into tweaks using @code{\single}, making it
+possible to rewrite the above example as
+
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
+<<
+ {
+ \single \hide Stem
+ \single \hide Flag
+ \tweak Stem.length #8
+ b8~ 8\noBeam
+ }
+\\
+ { b8[ g] }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+In this particular case, the difference to @code{\once \hide} is
+not apparent. It is important when there are several objects at
+the same point in musical time (like noteheads in a chord). In
+that case, @code{\once} will affect all of those objects while
+@code{\single} will only affect a single one, the one generated by
+the immediately following music expression.
+
+@node Simulating a fermata in MIDI
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Simulating a fermata in MIDI
@cindex stencil property, use of
@cindex fermata, implementing in MIDI
% Visible tempo marking
\tempo 4=120
a4 a a
- \once \override Score.MetronomeMark.transparent = ##t
+ \once \hide Score.MetronomeMark
% Invisible tempo marking to lengthen fermata in MIDI
\tempo 4=80
a4\fermata |
% Visible tempo marking
\tempo 4=120
a4 a a
- \once \override Score.MetronomeMark.stencil = ##f
+ \once \omit Score.MetronomeMark
% Invisible tempo marking to lengthen fermata in MIDI
\tempo 4=80
a4\fermata |
compiled it from source, and (b) on which operating system it is
being used:
-@strong{Downloaded from lilypond.org}
+@subsubsubheading Downloaded from lilypond.org
@itemize @bullet
@item GNU/Linux
@end itemize
-@strong{Installed from a package manager or compiled from source}
+@subsubsubheading Installed from a package manager or compiled from source
Navigate to
@file{@var{PREFIX}/share/lilypond/@var{X.Y.Z}/}, where