Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.13.36"
+@c \version "2.15.10"
@node Tweaking output
@chapter Tweaking output
easily understood.
For now, don't worry about the @code{#'}, which must precede the
-layout property, and the @code{#}, which must precede the value.
+layout property, and the@tie{}@code{#}, which must precede the value.
These must always be present in exactly this form. This is the
most common command used in tweaking, and most of the rest of
this chapter will be directed to presenting examples of how it is
@funindex \once
@funindex once
-Both the @code{\override} and the @code{\set} commands may be
-prefixed by @code{\once}. This causes the following
-@code{\override} or @code{\set} command to be effective only
-during the current musical moment before the property reverts
-back to its default value. Using the same example, we can
-change the color of a single note like this:
+Both the @code{\override} and the @code{\set} commands may be prefixed
+by @code{\once}. This causes the following @code{\override} or
+@code{\set} command to be effective only during the current musical
+moment before the property reverts back to its previous value (this can
+be different from the default if another @code{\override} is still in
+effect). Using the same example, we can change the color of a single
+note like this:
@cindex color property, example
@cindex NoteHead, example of overriding
@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
c4 d
-\once \override NoteHead #'color = #red
+\override NoteHead #'color = #red
e4 f |
\once \override NoteHead #'color = #green
-g4 a b c |
+g4 a
+\revert NoteHead #'color
+b c |
@end lilypond
@strong{\overrideProperty command}
@funindex \tweak
@funindex tweak
-The final tweaking command which is available is @code{\tweak}.
-This should be used to change the properties of objects which
-occur at the same musical moment, such as the notes within a
-chord. Using @code{\override} would affect all the notes
-within a chord, whereas @code{\tweak} affects just the following
+The final tweaking command which is available is @code{\tweak}. This
+should be used when several objects occur at the same musical moment,
+but you only want to change the properties of selected ones, such as a
+single note within a chord. Using @code{\override} would affect all the
+notes within a chord, whereas @code{\tweak} affects just the following
item in the input stream.
Here's an example. Suppose we wish to change the size of the
it is effective only on objects which are created directly from
the input stream, essentially note heads and articulations;
objects such as stems and accidentals are created later and
-cannot be tweaked in this way. Furthermore, when it is applied
-to note heads these @emph{must} be within a chord, i.e., within
-single angle brackets, so to tweak a single note the @code{\tweak}
-command must be placed inside single angle brackets with the
-note.
+cannot be tweaked in this way.
So to return to our example, the size of the middle note of
a chord would be changed in this way:
@end lilypond
@noindent
-Note that the @code{\tweak} command must be preceded by an
-articulation mark as if it were an articulation itself.
+Note that the @code{\tweak} command must be preceded by an articulation
+mark since the tweaked expression needs to be applied as an articulation
+itself. In case of multiple direction overrides (@code{^} or @code{_}),
+the leftmost override wins since it is applied last.
@cindex tuplets, nested
@cindex triplets, nested
@end example
Don't forget the @code{#'} preceding the
-property name and a @code{#} preceding the new value!
+property name and a@tie{}@code{#} preceding the new value!
The final question is, @q{Where should this command be
placed?} While you are unsure and learning, the best
@tab A valid direction constant or its numerical equivalent (decimal
values between -1 and 1 are allowed)
@tab @code{LEFT}, @code{CENTER}, @code{UP},
- @code{1}, @code{-1}
+ @code{1}, @w{@code{-1}}
@item Integer
@tab A positive whole number
@tab @code{3}, @code{1}
@code{(ly:make-moment 3 8)}
@item Number
@tab Any positive or negative decimal value
- @tab @code{3.5}, @code{-2.45}
+ @tab @code{3.5}, @w{@code{-2.45}}
@item Pair (of numbers)
@tab Two numbers separated by a @q{space . space} and enclosed
in brackets preceded by an apostrophe
need is @code{'#(#f #f #f)}. Let's try that, remembering to include
the @code{Staff} context. Note also that in writing this value we
have @code{#'#} before the opening bracket. The @code{'#} is required
-as part of the value to introduce a vector, and the first @code{#} is
+as part of the value to introduce a vector, and the first@tie{}@code{#} is
required, as always, to precede the value itself in the
@code{\override} command.
@end lilypond
Here we use the constants @code{DOWN} and @code{UP}.
-These have the values @code{-1} and @code{+1} respectively, and
+These have the values @w{@code{-1}} and @code{+1} respectively, and
these numerical values may be used instead. The value @code{0}
may also be used in some cases. It is simply treated as meaning
@code{UP} for stems, but for some objects it means @q{center}.
@noindent
If the fingering seems a little crowded the @code{font-size}
could be reduced. The default value can be seen from the
-@code{Fingering} object in the IR to be @code{-5}, so let's
-try @code{-7}:
+@code{Fingering} object in the IR to be @w{@code{-5}}, so let's
+try @w{@code{-7}}:
@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
\override Fingering #'font-size = #-7
By default it is set to @code{#f} for all within-staff objects,
and to a numerical value appropriate to each outside-staff object
when the object is created. The following table shows the default
-numerical values for some of the commonest outside-staff objects
-which are, by default, placed in the @code{Staff} or @code{Voice}
-contexts.
+numerical values for some of the commonest outside-staff objects.
@cindex spanners
@headitem Layout Object
@tab Priority
@tab Controls position of:
-@item @code{MultiMeasureRestText}
- @tab @code{450}
- @tab Text over full-bar rests
+@item @code{RehearsalMark}
+ @tab @code{1500}
+ @tab Rehearsal marks
+@item @code{MetronomeMark}
+ @tab @code{1000}
+ @tab Metronome marks
+@item @code{VoltaBracketSpanner}
+ @tab @code{600}
+ @tab Volta brackets
@item @code{TextScript}
@tab @code{450}
@tab Markup text
+@item @code{MultiMeasureRestText}
+ @tab @code{450}
+ @tab Markup text over full-bar rests
@item @code{OttavaBracket}
@tab @code{400}
@tab Ottava brackets
@item @code{DynamicLineSpanner}
@tab @code{250}
@tab All dynamic markings
-@item @code{VoltaBracketSpanner}
- @tab @code{100}
- @tab Volta brackets
+@item @code{BarNumber}
+ @tab @code{ 100}
+ @tab Bar numbers
@item @code{TrillSpanner}
@tab @code{50}
@tab Spanning trills
@cindex tweaking rehearsal mark placement
@cindex rehearsal marks, tweaking placement
-Note that bar numbers, metronome marks and rehearsal marks are not
-shown. By default these are created in the @code{Score} context and
-their @code{outside-staff-priority} is ignored relative to the layout
-objects which are created in the @code{Staff} context. If you wish to
-place bar numbers, metronome marks or rehearsal marks in accordance
-with the value of their @code{outside-staff-priority} the
-@code{Bar_number_engraver}, @code{Metronome_mark_engraver} or
-@code{Mark_engraver} respectively should be removed from the
-@code{Score} context and placed in the top @code{Staff} context. If
-this is done, these marks will be given the following default
-@code{outside-staff-priority} values:
-
-@multitable @columnfractions .3 .3
-@headitem Layout Object @tab Priority
-@item @code{RehearsalMark} @tab @code{1500}
-@item @code{MetronomeMark} @tab @code{1000}
-@item @code{BarNumber} @tab @code{ 100}
-@end multitable
-
If the default values of @code{outside-staff-priority} do not give you
the placing you want, the priority of any of the objects may be
overridden. Suppose we would like the ottava bracket to be placed
c,4 c c c |
@end lilypond
+Note that some of these objects, in particular bar numbers,
+metronome marks and rehearsal marks, live by default in the
+@code{Score} context, so be sure to use the correct context
+when these are being overriden.
+
@cindex slurs and outside-staff-priority
@cindex slurs and articulations
@cindex articulations and slurs
the @code{self-alignment-interface}. In general these are objects
that contain text. The values are @code{LEFT}, @code{RIGHT}
or @code{CENTER}. Alternatively, a numerical value between
-@code{-1} and @code{+1} may be specified, where @code{-1} is
+@w{@code{-1}} and @code{+1} may be specified, where @w{@code{-1}} is
left-aligned, @code{+1} is right-aligned, and numbers in between
move the text progressively from left-aligned to right-aligned.
Numerical values greater than @code{1} may be specified to move
-the text even further to the left, or less than @code{-1} to
+the text even further to the left, or less than @w{@code{-1}} to
move the text even further to the right. A change of @code{1}
in the value corresponds to a movement of half the text's length.
the rest is in voice two. The default in @code{\voiceTwo} (i.e. in
the second voice of a @code{<<@{...@} \\ @{...@}>>} construct) is that
@code{staff-position} is set to -4 for MultiMeasureRest, so we need to
-move it, say, four half-staff spaces down to @code{-8}.
+move it, say, four half-staff spaces down to @w{@code{-8}}.
@cindex MultiMeasureRest, example of overriding
@cindex staff-position property, example
\acciaccatura e8\( d8 c~ c d c d\)
@end lilypond
-Here's a further example taken from the opening of the left-hand
-staff of Chopin's Prelude Op 28 No. 2. We see that the beam
-collides with the upper notes:
+Here's a further example. We see that the beams
+collide with the ties:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right]
{
- \clef "bass"
- << { b,8 ais, b, g, } \\ { e,8 g e, g } >>
- << { b,8 ais, b, g, } \\ { e,8 g e, g } >>
+ \time 4/2
+ <<
+ { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \\
+ { e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
+ >>
+ <<
+ { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \\
+ { e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
+ >>
}
@end lilypond
@noindent
This can be resolved by manually moving both ends of the beam
-up from their position at 2 staff-spaces above the center line to,
-say, 3:
+up from their position at 1.81 staff-spaces below the center line to,
+say, 1:
@cindex Beam, example of overriding
@cindex positions property, example
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right]
{
- \clef "bass"
+ \time 4/2
<<
- \override Beam #'positions = #'(3 . 3)
- { b,8 ais, b, g, }
- \\
- { e,8 g e, g }
+ { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \\
+ {
+ \override Beam #'positions = #'(-1 . -1)
+ e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g''
+ }
+ >>
+ <<
+ { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \\
+ { e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
>>
- << { b,8 ais, b, g, } \\ { e,8 g e, g } >>
}
@end lilypond
@noindent
Note that the override continues to apply in the first voice of
-the second block of quavers, but not to any of the beams in the
+the second measure of eighth notes, but not to any of the beams in the
second voice.
@subheading force-hshift property
c,8~
% Reposition the c2 to the right of the merged note
\once \override NoteColumn #'force-hshift = #1.0
- % Move the c2 out of the main note column so the merge will work
+ % Move the c2 out of the main note column
+ % so the merge will work
\shiftOnn
c2
}
\stemDown
% Stem on the d2 should be invisible
\once \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \once \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
d2
}
\new Voice {
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- % Move the c2 out of the main note column so the merge will work
+ % Move the c2 out of the main note column
+ % so the merge will work
c,8~ \shiftOnn c2
}
\new Voice {
c,8~
% Reposition the c2 to the right of the merged note
\once \override NoteColumn #'force-hshift = #1.0
- % Move the c2 out of the main note column so the merge will work
+ % Move the c2 out of the main note column
+ % so the merge will work
\shiftOnn
c2
}
\stemDown
% Stem on the d2 should be invisible
\once \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \once \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
d2
}
\new Voice {
* Using variables for tweaks::
* Style sheets::
* Other sources of information::
-* Avoiding tweaks with slower processing::
* Advanced tweaks with Scheme::
@end menu
<<
{
\once \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \once \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
b8~ b\noBeam
}
\\
<<
{
\once \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
+ \once \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
\once \override Stem #'length = #8
b8~ b\noBeam
}
}
VerseTwo = \lyricmode {
- O | \emphasize Christ, \normal whose voice the | wa -- ters heard,
+ O | \once \emphasize Christ, whose voice the | wa -- ters heard,
}
VerseThree = \lyricmode {
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
mpdolce =
#(make-dynamic-script
- (markup #:hspace 0
- #:translate '(5 . 0)
- #:line (#:dynamic "mp"
- #:text #:italic "dolce")))
+ #{ \markup { \hspace #0
+ \translate #'(5 . 0)
+ \line { \dynamic "mp"
+ \text \italic "dolce" } }
+ #})
inst =
#(define-music-function
(parser location string)
(string?)
- (make-music
- 'TextScriptEvent
- 'direction UP
- 'text (markup #:bold (#:box string))))
+ #{ ^\markup \bold \box #string #})
\relative c'' {
\tempo 4=50
}
@end lilypond
-There are some problems with overlapping output; we'll fix those using
-the techniques in @ref{Moving objects}. But let's also
-do something about the @code{mpdolce} and @code{inst}
-definitions. They produce the output we desire, but we might want
-to use them in another piece. We could simply copy-and-paste them
-at the top of every file, but that's an annoyance. It also leaves
-those definitions in our input files, and I personally find all
-the @code{#()} somewhat ugly. Let's hide them in another file:
+Let's do something about the @code{mpdolce} and @code{inst} definitions.
+They produce the output we desire, but we might want to use them in
+another piece. We could simply copy-and-paste them at the top of every
+file, but that's an annoyance. It also leaves those definitions in our
+input files, and I personally find all the @code{#()} somewhat ugly.
+Let's hide them in another file:
@example
%%% save this to a file called "definitions.ily"
mpdolce =
#(make-dynamic-script
- (markup #:hspace 0
- #:translate '(5 . 0)
- #:line (#:dynamic "mp"
- #:text #:italic "dolce")))
+ #@{ \markup @{ \hspace #0
+ \translate #'(5 . 0)
+ \line @{ \dynamic "mp"
+ \text \italic "dolce" @} @}
+ #@})
inst =
#(define-music-function
(parser location string)
(string?)
- (make-music
- 'TextScriptEvent
- 'direction UP
- 'text (markup #:bold (#:box string))))
+ #@{ ^\markup \bold \box #string #@})
@end example
We will refer to this file using the @code{\include} command near
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
mpdolce =
#(make-dynamic-script
- (markup #:hspace 0
- #:translate '(5 . 0)
- #:line (#:dynamic "mp"
- #:text #:italic "dolce")))
+ #{ \markup { \hspace #0
+ \translate #'(5 . 0)
+ \line { \dynamic "mp"
+ \text \italic "dolce" } }
+ #})
inst =
#(define-music-function
(parser location string)
(string?)
- (make-music
- 'TextScriptEvent
- 'direction UP
- 'text (markup #:bold (#:box string))))
+ #{ ^\markup \bold \box #string #})
\relative c'' {
\tempo 4=50
%%% definitions.ily
mpdolce =
#(make-dynamic-script
- (markup #:hspace 0
- #:translate '(5 . 0)
- #:line (#:dynamic "mp"
- #:text #:italic "dolce")))
+ #@{ \markup @{ \hspace #0
+ \translate #'(5 . 0)
+ \line @{ \dynamic "mp"
+ \text \italic "dolce" @} @}
+ #@})
inst =
#(define-music-function
(parser location string)
(string?)
- (make-music
- 'TextScriptEvent
- 'direction UP
- 'text (markup #:bold (#:box string))))
+ #@{ ^\markup \bold \box #string #@})
\layout@{
\context @{
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
mpdolce =
#(make-dynamic-script
- (markup #:hspace 0
- #:translate '(5 . 0)
- #:line (#:dynamic "mp"
- #:text #:italic "dolce")))
+ #{ \markup { \hspace #0
+ \translate #'(5 . 0)
+ \line { \dynamic "mp"
+ \text \italic "dolce" } }
+ #})
inst =
#(define-music-function
(parser location string)
(string?)
- (make-music
- 'TextScriptEvent
- 'direction UP
- 'text (markup #:bold (#:box string))))
+ #{ ^\markup \bold \box #string #})
\layout{
\context {
%%% definitions.ily
mpdolce =
#(make-dynamic-script
- (markup #:hspace 0
- #:translate '(5 . 0)
- #:line (#:dynamic "mp"
- #:text #:italic "dolce")))
+ #@{ \markup @{ \hspace #0
+ \translate #'(5 . 0)
+ \line @{ \dynamic "mp"
+ \text \italic "dolce" @} @}
+ #@})
inst =
#(define-music-function
(parser location string)
(string?)
- (make-music
- 'TextScriptEvent
- 'direction UP
- 'text (markup #:bold (#:box string))))
+ #@{ ^\markup \bold \box #string #@})
#(set-global-staff-size 23)
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
mpdolce =
#(make-dynamic-script
- (markup #:hspace 0
- #:translate '(5 . 0)
- #:line (#:dynamic "mp"
- #:text #:italic "dolce")))
+ #{ \markup { \hspace #0
+ \translate #'(5 . 0)
+ \line { \dynamic "mp"
+ \text \italic "dolce" } }
+ #})
inst =
#(define-music-function
(parser location string)
(string?)
- (make-music
- 'TextScriptEvent
- 'direction UP
- 'text (markup #:bold (#:box string))))
+ #{ ^\markup \bold \box #string #})
#(set-global-staff-size 23)
@item Linux
Navigate to
+@example
@file{@var{INSTALLDIR}/lilypond/usr/@/share/lilypond/current/}
+@end example
@item MacOS X
Navigate to
+@example
@file{@var{INSTALLDIR}/LilyPond.app/Contents/@/Resources/share/lilypond/current/}
+@end example
+
by either @code{cd}-ing into this directory from the
Terminal, or control-clicking on the LilyPond application and
selecting @q{Show Package Contents}.
@item Windows
Using Windows Explorer, navigate to
+@example
@file{@var{INSTALLDIR}/LilyPond/usr/@/share/lilypond/current/}
+@end example
@end itemize
@end multitable
-
-@node Avoiding tweaks with slower processing
-@subsection Avoiding tweaks with slower processing
-
-LilyPond can perform extra checks while it processes input files.
-These checks will take extra time to perform, but fewer manual tweaks
-may be required to obtain an acceptable result. If a text script
-or part of the lyrics extends over the margins these checks will
-compress that line of the score just enough to fit within the
-margins.
-
-To be effective under all circumstances these checks must be enabled
-by placing the overrides using @code{\context} within a @code{\layout}
-block, rather than in-line in music, as follows:
-
-@example
-\score @{
- @{ @dots{}notes@dots{} @}
- \layout @{
- \context @{
- \Score
- % Makes sure text scripts and lyrics are within the paper margins
- \override PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t
- \override NonMusicalPaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t
- @}
- @}
-@}
-@end example
-
-However, @code{keep-inside-line} is expensive and the recommendation
-is to not enable it, to allow for faster processing, until creating
-a final version. This way you do not need to manually add @code{\break}
-commands to avoid text running off the right-hand side of the page.
-
@node Advanced tweaks with Scheme
@subsection Advanced tweaks with Scheme