-@node File structure (introduction)
-@subsection File structure (introduction)
-
-A basic example of a lilypond input file is
-
-@example
-\version "2.11.15"
-\score @{
- @{ @} % this is a single music expression;
- % all the music goes in here.
- \header @{ @}
- \layout @{ @}
- \midi @{ @}
-@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-There are many variations of this basic pattern, but this
-example serves as a useful starting place.
-
-The major part of this manual is concerned with entering various
-forms of music in LilyPond. However, many music expressions are not
-valid input on their own, for example, a @code{.ly} file containing
-only a note
-@example
-c'4
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-will result in a parsing error. Instead, music should be inside other
-expressions, which may be put in a file by themselves. Such
-expressions are called toplevel expressions; see @ref{File structure}, for
-a list of all such expressions.
-
-
-@node File structure
-@subsection File structure
-
-A @code{.ly} file contains any number of toplevel expressions, where a
-toplevel expression is one of the following
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-An output definition, such as @code{\paper}, @code{\midi}, and
-@code{\layout}. Such a definition at the toplevel changes the default
-settings for the block entered.
-
-@item
-A direct scheme expression, such as
-@code{#(set-default-paper-size "a7" 'landscape)} or
-@code{#(ly:set-option 'point-and-click #f)}.
-
-@item
-A @code{\header} block. This sets the global header block. This
-is the block containing the definitions for book-wide settings, like
-composer, title, etc.
-
-@item
-A @code{\score} block. This score will be collected with other
-toplevel scores, and combined as a single @code{\book}.
-
-This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
-@code{toplevel-score-handler} at toplevel. The default handler is
-defined in the init file @file{scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
-
-The @code{\score} must begin with a music expression, and may
-contain only one music expression.
-
-@item
-A @code{\book} block logically combines multiple movements
-(i.e., multiple @code{\score} blocks) in one document. If there are
-a number of @code{\scores}, one output file will be created for
-each @code{\book} block, in which all corresponding movements are
-concatenated. The only reason to explicitly specify @code{\book} blocks
-in a @code{.ly} file is if you wish multiple output files from a single
-input file. One exception is within lilypond-book documents, where you
-explicitly have to add a @code{\book} block if you want more than a
-single @code{\score} or @code{\markup} in the same example.
-
-This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
-@code{toplevel-book-handler} at toplevel. The default handler is
-defined in the init file @file{scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
-
-@item
-A compound music expression, such as
-@example
-@{ c'4 d' e'2 @}
-@end example
-
-This will add the piece in a @code{\score} and format it in a
-single book together with all other toplevel @code{\score}s and music
-expressions. In other words, a file containing only the above
-music expression will be translated into
-
-@example
-\book @{
- \score @{
- \new Staff @{
- \new Voice @{
- @{ c'4 d' e'2 @}
- @}
- @}
- @}
- \layout @{ @}
- \header @{ @}
-@}
-@end example
-
-This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
-@code{toplevel-music-handler} at toplevel. The default handler is
-defined in the init file @file{scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
-
-@item
-A markup text, a verse for example
-@example
-\markup @{
- 2. The first line verse two.
-@}
-@end example
-
-Markup texts are rendered above, between or below the scores or music
-expressions, wherever they appear.
-
-@cindex variables
-@cindex identifiers
-
-@item
-An identifier, such as
-@example
-foo = @{ c4 d e d @}
-@end example
-
-This can be used later on in the file by entering @code{\foo}. The
-name of an identifier should have alphabetic characters only; no
-numbers, underscores or dashes.
-
-@end itemize
-
-The following example shows three things that may be entered at
-toplevel
-
-@example
-\layout @{
- % movements are non-justified by default
- ragged-right = ##t
-@}
-
-\header @{
- title = "Do-re-mi"
-@}
-
-@{ c'4 d' e2 @}
-@end example
-
-
-At any point in a file, any of the following lexical instructions can
-be entered:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item @code{\version}
-@item @code{\include}
-@item @code{\sourcefilename}
-@item @code{\sourcefileline}
-
-@end itemize
-
-
-@node A single music expression
-@subsection A single music expression
-
-A @code{\score} must contain a single music expression. However,
-this music expression may be of any size. Recall that music
-expressions may be included inside other expressions to form
-larger expressions. All of these examples are single music
-expressions; note the curly braces @{ @} or angle brackets <<
->> at the beginning and ending of the music.
-
-@example
-@{ c'4 c' c' c' @}
-@end example
-
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
-{
- { c'4 c' c' c'}
- { d'4 d' d' d'}
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \new Staff { c'4 c' c' c' }
- \new Staff { d'4 d' d' d' }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-@example
-@{
- \new GrandStaff <<
- \new StaffGroup <<
- \new Staff @{ \flute @}
- \new Staff @{ \oboe @}
- >>
- \new StaffGroup <<
- \new Staff @{ \violinI @}
- \new Staff @{ \violinII @}
- >>
- >>
-@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node Multiple scores in a book
-@subsection Multiple scores in a book
-
-@funindex \book
-@cindex movements, multiple
-
-A document may contain multiple pieces of music and texts. Examples
-of these are an etude book, or an orchestral part with multiple
-movements. Each movement is entered with a @code{\score} block,
-
-@example
-\score @{
- @var{..music..}
-@}
-@end example
-
-and texts are entered with a @code{\markup} block,
-
-@example
-\markup @{
- @var{..text..}
-@}
-@end example
-
-@funindex \book
-
-All the movements and texts which appear in the same @code{.ly} file
-will normally be typeset in the form of a single output file.
-
-@example
-\score @{
- @var{..}
-@}
-\markup @{
- @var{..}
-@}
-\score @{
- @var{..}
-@}
-@end example
-
-However, if you want multiple output files from the same @code{.ly}
-file, then you can add multiple @code{\book} blocks, where each such
-@code{\book} block will result in a separate output. If you do not
-specify any @code{\book} block in the file, LilyPond will implicitly
-treat the full file as a single @code{\book} block, see @ref{File
-structure}. One important exception is within lilypond-book documents,
-where you explicitly have to add a @code{\book} block, otherwise only
-the first @code{\score} or @code{\markup} will appear in the output.
-
-The header for each piece of music can be put inside the @code{\score}
-block. The @code{piece} name from the header will be printed before
-each movement. The title for the entire book can be put inside the
-@code{\book}, but if it is not present, the @code{\header} which is at
-the top of the file is inserted.
-
-@example
-\header @{
- title = "Eight miniatures"
- composer = "Igor Stravinsky"
-@}
-\score @{
- @dots{}
- \header @{ piece = "Romanze" @}
-@}
-\markup @{
- ..text of second verse..
-@}
-\markup @{
- ..text of third verse..
-@}
-\score @{
- @dots{}
- \header @{ piece = "Menuetto" @}
-@}
-@end example
-
-@node Extracting fragments of notation
-@subsection Extracting fragments of notation
-
-It is possible to quote small fragments of a large score directly from
-the output. This can be compared to clipping a piece of a paper score
-with scissors.
-
-This is done by definining the measures that need to be cut out
-separately. For example, including the following definition
-
-
-@verbatim
-\layout {
- clip-regions
- = #(list
- (cons
- (make-rhythmic-location 5 1 2)
- (make-rhythmic-location 7 3 4)))
-}
-@end verbatim
-
-@noindent
-will extract a fragment starting halfway the fifth measure, ending in
-the seventh measure. The meaning of @code{5 1 2} is: after a 1/2 note
-in measure 5, and @code{7 3 4} after 3 quarter notes in measure 7.
-
-More clip regions can be defined by adding more pairs of
-rhythmic-locations to the list.
-
-In order to use this feature, LilyPond must be invoked with
-@code{-dclip-systems}. The clips are output as EPS files, and are
-converted to PDF and PNG if these formats are switched on as well.
-
-For more information on output formats, see @ref{Invoking lilypond}.
-
-@seealso
-
-Examples: @inputfileref{input/regression/,clip-systems.ly}
-
-
-@node Including LilyPond files
-@subsection Including LilyPond files
-
-@funindex \include
-@cindex including files
-
-A large project may be split up into separate files. To refer to another
-file, use
-
-@example
-\include "otherfile.ly"
-@end example
-
-The line @code{\include "file.ly"} is equivalent to pasting the contents
-of file.ly into the current file at the place where you have the
-\include. For example, for a large project you might write separate files
-for each instrument part and create a @q{full score} file which brings
-together the individual instrument files.
-
-The initialization of LilyPond is done in a number of files that are
-included by default when you start the program, normally transparent to the
-user. Run lilypond --verbose to see a list of paths and files that Lily
-finds.
-
-Files placed in directory @file{PATH/TO/share/lilypond/VERSION/ly/} (where
-VERSION is in the form @q{2.6.1}) are on the path and available to
-@code{\include}. Files in the
-current working directory are available to \include, but a file of the same
-name in LilyPond's installation takes precedence. Files are
-available to \include from directories in the search path specified as an
-option when invoking @code{lilypond --include=DIR} which adds DIR to the
-search path.
-
-The @code{\include} statement can use full path information, but with the Unix
-convention @samp{/} rather than the DOS/Windows @samp{\}. For example,
-if @file{stuff.ly} is located one directory higher than the current working
-directory, use
-
-@example
-\include "../stuff.ly"
-@end example
-
-
-@node Text encoding
-@subsection Text encoding
-
-LilyPond uses the Pango library to format multi-lingual texts, and
-does not perform any input-encoding conversions. This means that any
-text, be it title, lyric text, or musical instruction containing
-non-ASCII characters, must be utf-8. The easiest way to enter such text is
-by using a Unicode-aware editor and saving the file with utf-8 encoding. Most
-popular modern editors have utf-8 support, for example, vim, Emacs,
-jEdit, and GEdit do.
-
-@c Currently not working
-@ignore
-Depending on the fonts installed, the following fragment shows Hebrew
-and Cyrillic lyrics,
-
-@cindex Cyrillic
-@cindex Hebrew
-@cindex ASCII, non
-
-@li lypondfile[fontload]{utf-8.ly}
-
-The @TeX{} backend does not handle encoding specially at all. Strings
-in the input are put in the output as-is. Extents of text items in the
-@TeX{} backend, are determined by reading a file created via the
-@file{texstr} backend,
-
-@example
-lilypond -b texstr input/les-nereides.ly
-latex les-nereides.texstr
-@end example
-
-The last command produces @file{les-nereides.textmetrics}, which is
-read when you execute
-
-@example
-lilypond -b tex input/les-nereides.ly
-@end example
-
-Both @file{les-nereides.texstr} and @file{les-nereides.tex} need
-suitable LaTeX wrappers to load appropriate La@TeX{} packages for
-interpreting non-ASCII strings.
-
-@end ignore
-
-To use a Unicode escape sequence, use
-
-@example
-#(ly:export (ly:wide-char->utf-8 #x2014))
-@end example
-
-
-@seealso
-
-@lsr{text,utf-8.ly}
-
-
-
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff