Imported Upstream version 2.12.3

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / keyboards.itely

diff --git a/Documentation/user/keyboards.itely b/Documentation/user/keyboards.itely
index 3a0760f6c600660486270c2cca1191c9ecf70e14..846a27443a10c49d8f3a7dbdfcfee2de5abb0c6c 100644 (file)
--- a/Documentation/user/keyboards.itely
+++ b/Documentation/user/keyboards.itely
@@ -6,29 +6,33 @@
     version that you are working on.  See TRANSLATION for details.
 @end ignore
 
     version that you are working on.  See TRANSLATION for details.
 @end ignore
 

-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.12.0"

 
 

-@c Andrew's TODO List
-@c references - first pass complete
-@c manual changes - first pass complete
-@c automatic changes - first pass complete
-@c staff-change lines - started
-@c cross-staff stems
-@c pedals
-@c accordian discant symbols
+@node Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
+@section Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments

 
 

-@node Keyboard instruments
-@section Keyboard instruments
+@lilypondfile[quote]{keyboard-headword.ly}
+
+This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are
+unique to keyboard instruments and other instruments notated on
+many staves, such as harps and vibraphones.  For the purposes of
+this section this entire group of multi-staff instruments is called
+@qq{keyboards} for short, even though some of them do not have a
+keyboard.

 
 @menu
 * Common notation for keyboards::
 * Piano::
 * Accordion::
 
 @menu
 * Common notation for keyboards::
 * Piano::
 * Accordion::

+* Harp::

 @end menu
 
 @node Common notation for keyboards
 @subsection Common notation for keyboards
 
 @end menu
 
 @node Common notation for keyboards
 @subsection Common notation for keyboards
 

+This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most
+keyboard instruments.
+

 @menu
 * References for keyboards::
 * Changing staff manually::
 @menu
 * References for keyboards::
 * Changing staff manually::


@@ -38,22 +42,32 @@
 @end menu
 
 @node References for keyboards
 @end menu
 
 @node References for keyboards

-@subsubsection References for keyboards
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for keyboards
+
+@cindex piano staves
+@cindex staves, piano
+@cindex staves, keyboard instruments
+@cindex staves, keyed instruments
+@cindex keyboard instrument staves
+@cindex keyed instrument staves
+
+@funindex PianoStaff

 
 Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves.  These
 are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace.  The same
 
 Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves.  These
 are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace.  The same

-notation is also used for harps and other keyed instruments.
+notation is also used for other keyed instruments.

 Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
 @code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
 
 The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
 Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
 @code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
 
 The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but

-sometimes voices can cross between the two staves.  In this
-section we discuss some notation techniques particular to keyboard
+sometimes voices can cross between the two staves.  This
+section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard

 music.
 
 Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
 
 @itemize
 music.
 
 Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
 
 @itemize

+

 @item Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
 number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
 @ref{Collision resolution}.
 @item Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
 number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
 @ref{Collision resolution}.


@@ -69,7 +83,7 @@ number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
 @item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
 
 @item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties
 @item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
 
 @item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties

-as well as ties on arpeggios and tremelos, described in
+as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in

 @ref{Ties}.
 
 @item Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is
 @ref{Ties}.
 
 @item Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is


@@ -85,12 +99,12 @@ as shown in @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
 
 @end itemize
 
 
 @end itemize
 

-@snippets
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-@c {creating-slurs-across-voices.ly}
+@c @snippets
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@c {forcing-visibility-of-systems-with-multi-bar-rests-when-using-\RemoveEmptyStaffContext.ly}
+@c http://lsr.dsi.unimi.it/LSR/Item?u=1&id=312

 
 @seealso
 
 @seealso

-

 Learning Manual:
 @rlearning{Real music example},
 @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
 Learning Manual:
 @rlearning{Real music example},
 @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.


@@ -98,13 +112,14 @@ Learning Manual:
 Notation Reference:
 @ref{Grouping staves},
 @ref{Instrument names},
 Notation Reference:
 @ref{Grouping staves},
 @ref{Instrument names},

+@ref{Collision resolution},

 @ref{Writing music in parallel},
 @ref{Fingering instructions},
 @ref{Writing music in parallel},
 @ref{Fingering instructions},

+@ref{List of articulations},

 @ref{Grid lines},
 @ref{Ties},
 @ref{Arpeggio},
 @ref{Grid lines},
 @ref{Ties},
 @ref{Arpeggio},

-@ref{Tremolo repeats},
-@ref{List of articulations}.
+@ref{Tremolo repeats}.

 
 Internals Reference:
 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
 
 Internals Reference:
 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.


@@ -112,14 +127,23 @@ Internals Reference:
 Snippets:
 @rlsr{Keyboards}.
 
 Snippets:
 @rlsr{Keyboards}.
 

+

 @knownissues
 
 @knownissues
 

-Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist.  See the
-@q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
+@cindex keyboard music, centering dynamics
+@cindex dynamics, centered in keyboard music
+@cindex piano music, centering dynamics
+@cindex centered dynamics in piano music
+@funindex staff-padding

 
 

+Dynamics are not automatically centered, but workarounds do exist.  One
+option is the @q{piano centered dynamics} template under
+@rlearning{Piano templates}; another option is to increase the
+@code{staff-padding} of dynamics as discussed in @rlearning{Moving
+objects}.

 
 @node Changing staff manually
 
 @node Changing staff manually

-@subsubsection Changing staff manually
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff manually

 
 @cindex changing staff manually
 @cindex manual staff changes
 
 @cindex changing staff manually
 @cindex manual staff changes


@@ -128,7 +152,9 @@ Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist.  See the
 @cindex notes, cross-staff
 @cindex cross-staff beams
 @cindex beams, cross-staff
 @cindex notes, cross-staff
 @cindex cross-staff beams
 @cindex beams, cross-staff

+

 @funindex \change
 @funindex \change

+@funindex change

 
 Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
 
 
 Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
 


@@ -138,27 +164,28 @@ Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
 
 @noindent
 The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff.  It switches
 
 @noindent
 The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff.  It switches

-the current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
+the current voice from its current staff to the staff called

 @var{staffname}.  Typical values for @var{staffname} are
 @code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
 
 Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
 
 @var{staffname}.  Typical values for @var{staffname} are
 @code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
 
 Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
 

-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]

 \new PianoStaff <<
   \new Staff = "up" {
     <e' c'>8
 \new PianoStaff <<
   \new Staff = "up" {
     <e' c'>8

-    \change Staff = down
-    g fis g
-    \change Staff = up
+    \change Staff = "down"
+    g8 fis g
+    \change Staff = "up"

     <g'' c''>8
     <g'' c''>8

-    \change Staff = down
-    e dis e
-    \change Staff = up
+    \change Staff = "down"
+    e8 dis e
+    \change Staff = "up"

   }
   \new Staff = "down" {
   }
   \new Staff = "down" {

-    \clef "bass"
-    s1 % keep staff alive
+    \clef bass
+    % keep staff alive
+    s1

   }
 >>
 @end lilypond
   }
 >>
 @end lilypond


@@ -169,29 +196,33 @@ center of the staff that is closest to the beam.  For a simple
 example of beam tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping
 notation}.
 
 example of beam tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping
 notation}.
 

-@seealso

 
 

+@seealso

 Learning Manual:
 @rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
 
 Notation Reference:
 Learning Manual:
 @rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
 
 Notation Reference:

-@ruser{Stems},
-@ruser{Automatic beams}.
+@ref{Stems},
+@ref{Automatic beams}.

 
 Snippets:
 @rlsr{Keyboards}.
 
 Internals Reference:
 
 Snippets:
 @rlsr{Keyboards}.
 
 Internals Reference:

-@rinternals{Beam}.
+@rinternals{Beam},
+@rinternals{ContextChange}.

 
 
 @node Changing staff automatically
 
 
 @node Changing staff automatically

-@subsubsection Changing staff automatically
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff automatically

 
 @cindex changing staff automatically
 @cindex automatic staff changes
 @cindex staff changes, automatic
 
 @cindex changing staff automatically
 @cindex automatic staff changes
 @cindex staff changes, automatic

+

 @funindex \autochange
 @funindex \autochange

+@funindex autochange
+@funindex PianoStaff

 
 Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the
 bottom staff.  The syntax for this is
 
 Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the
 bottom staff.  The syntax for this is


@@ -203,19 +234,26 @@ bottom staff.  The syntax for this is
 @noindent
 This will create two staves inside the current staff group
 (usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and
 @noindent
 This will create two staves inside the current staff group
 (usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and

-@code{"down"}.  The lower staff will be in bass clef by default.
-The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the
+@code{"down"}.  The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
+The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle@tie{}C is the

 turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
 in advance.
 
 turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
 in advance.
 

-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]

 \new PianoStaff {
   \autochange {
 \new PianoStaff {
   \autochange {

-    g4 a b c' d' r4 a g
+    g4 a b c'
+    d'4 r a g

   }
 }
 @end lilypond
 
   }
 }
 @end lilypond
 

+@cindex relative music and autochange
+@cindex autochange and relative music
+
+@funindex \relative
+@funindex relative
+

 A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange}
 has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
 @code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange}.
 A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange}
 has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
 @code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange}.


@@ -223,201 +261,386 @@ has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
 If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they
 can be created manually with the names @code{"up"} and
 @code{"down"}.  The @code{\autochange} command will then switch
 If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they
 can be created manually with the names @code{"up"} and
 @code{"down"}.  The @code{\autochange} command will then switch

-its voice between the existing staves.  For example, this is
-necessary to place a key signature in the lower staff:
+its voice between the existing staves.  
+
+@warning{If staves are created manually, they @emph{must} be named
+@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}.}

 
 

-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+For example, staves must be created manually in order to place a
+key signature in the lower staff:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]

 \new PianoStaff <<
   \new Staff = "up" {
     \new Voice = "melOne" {
       \key g \major
       \autochange \relative c' {
         g8 b a c b d c e
 \new PianoStaff <<
   \new Staff = "up" {
     \new Voice = "melOne" {
       \key g \major
       \autochange \relative c' {
         g8 b a c b d c e

-        d r fis, g a2
+        d8 r fis, g a2

       }
     }
   }
   \new Staff = "down" {
     \key g \major
       }
     }
   }
   \new Staff = "down" {
     \key g \major

-    \clef "bass"
+    \clef bass

   }
 >>
 @end lilypond
 
   }
 >>
 @end lilypond
 

+

 @seealso
 @seealso

+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Changing staff manually}.

 
 

-Notation Reference: @ref{Changing staff manually}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{AutoChangeMusic}.

 
 

-Internals Reference: @rinternals{AutoChangeMusic}.

 
 @knownissues
 
 
 @knownissues
 

+@cindex chords, splitting across staves with \autochange
+

 The staff switches may not end up in optimal places.  For high
 quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
 
 The staff switches may not end up in optimal places.  For high
 quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
 

-Chords will not be split across the staves; the staff will be
-chosen by the first note named in the chord.
-
+Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a
+staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.

 
 @node Staff-change lines
 
 @node Staff-change lines

-@subsubsection Staff-change lines
-
-@cindex staff-change lines
-@cindex cross-staff lines
-@cindex lines, staff-change follower
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff-change lines
+
+@cindex staff-change line
+@cindex staff change line
+@cindex cross-staff line
+@cindex cross staff line
+@cindex line, staff-change follower
+@cindex line, cross-staff
+@cindex line, staff-change

 @cindex follow voice
 @cindex follow voice

+@cindex voice, following

 @cindex staff switching
 @cindex cross-staff
 @cindex staff switching
 @cindex cross-staff

+

 @funindex followVoice
 @funindex followVoice

+@funindex \showStaffSwitch
+@funindex showStaffSwitch
+@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
+@funindex hideStaffSwitch

 
 Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the
 
 Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the

-notes can be printed automatically.  This is switched on by
-setting @code{followVoice} to true, or by the shorthand commands
-@code{\showStaffSwitch} and @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
+notes can be printed automatically:

 
 

-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]

 \new PianoStaff <<
 \new PianoStaff <<

-  \new Staff="one" {
+  \new Staff = "one" {

     \showStaffSwitch
     c1
     \showStaffSwitch
     c1

-    \change Staff=two
+    \change Staff = "two"

     b2 a
   }
     b2 a
   }

-  \new Staff="two" { \clef bass s1*2 }
+  \new Staff = "two" {
+    \clef bass
+    s1*2
+  }

 >>
 @end lilypond
 
 >>
 @end lilypond
 

-@seealso
-
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoiceFollower}.

 
 @predefined
 
 @predefined

-
-@funindex \showStaffSwitch

 @code{\showStaffSwitch},
 @code{\showStaffSwitch},

-@funindex \hideStaffSwitch

 @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
 @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.

+@endpredefined
+
+
+@seealso
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Note_head_line_engraver},
+@rinternals{VoiceFollower}.

 
 
 @node Cross-staff stems
 
 
 @node Cross-staff stems

-@subsubsection Cross-staff stems
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Cross-staff stems

 
 

-Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
-of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
-staff, or vice versa.
+@cindex cross-staff notes
+@cindex cross staff notes
+@cindex notes, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff stems
+@cindex cross staff stems
+@cindex stems, cross-staff
+@cindex chords, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff chords
+@cindex cross staff chords

 
 

-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
-stemExtend = {
-  \once \override Stem #'length = #10
-  \once \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
-}
-noFlag = \once \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
+@funindex Stem
+@funindex cross-staff
+@funindex length
+@funindex flag-style
+
+Chords that cross staves may be produced:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]

 \new PianoStaff <<
   \new Staff {
 \new PianoStaff <<
   \new Staff {

-    \stemDown \stemExtend
-    f'4
-    \stemExtend \noFlag
-    f'8
+    \relative c' {
+      f8 e4 d8 d f e4
+    }

   }
   \new Staff {
   }
   \new Staff {

-    \clef bass
-    a4 a8
+    \relative c' {
+      << {
+        \clef bass
+        % stems may overlap the other staff
+        \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
+        % extend the stems to reach other other staff
+        \override Stem #'length = #12
+        % do not print extra flags
+        \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
+        % prevent beaming as needed
+        a8 g4 f8 f bes\noBeam g4
+      }
+      \\
+      {
+        f,2 bes4 c
+      } >>
+    }

   }
 >>
 @end lilypond
 
   }
 >>
 @end lilypond
 

+@snippets
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Stem}.
+
+

 @node Piano
 @subsection Piano
 
 @node Piano
 @subsection Piano
 

+This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to the
+piano.
+

 @menu
 * Piano pedals::
 @end menu
 
 @node Piano pedals
 @menu
 * Piano pedals::
 @end menu
 
 @node Piano pedals

-@subsubsection Piano pedals
-@cindex Pedals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Piano pedals
+
+@cindex piano pedals
+@cindex pedals, piano
+@cindex sustain pedal
+@cindex pedal, sustain
+@cindex sostenuto pedal
+@cindex pedal, sostenuto
+@cindex una corda
+@cindex tre corde
+@cindex sos.
+@cindex U.C.
+
+@funindex \sustainOn
+@funindex sustainOn
+@funindex \sustainOff
+@funindex sustainOff
+@funindex \sostenutoOn
+@funindex sostenutoOn
+@funindex \sostenutoOff
+@funindex sostenutoOff
+@funindex \unaCorda
+@funindex unaCorda
+@funindex \treCorde
+@funindex treCorde
+
+Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is
+produced: @notation{sustain}, @notation{sostenuto}
+(@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corda} (@notation{U.C.}).
+Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn d e g
+<c, f a>1\sustainOff
+c4\sostenutoOn e g c,
+<bes d f>1\sostenutoOff
+c4\unaCorda d e g
+<d fis a>1\treCorde
+@end lilypond

 
 

-Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced.  Generally, a
-piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
+@cindex pedal indication styles
+@cindex pedal indication, text
+@cindex pedal indication, bracket
+@cindex pedal indication, mixed
+@cindex pedal sustain style
+@cindex sustain pedal style

 
 

+@funindex pedalSustainStyle
+@funindex mixed
+@funindex bracket
+@funindex text

 
 

-Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
-@code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
-@code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
-note or chord
+There are three styles of pedal indications: text, bracket, and mixed.
+The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default
+while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.

 
 

-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
-c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff
+\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2\sustainOff
+\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2
+\bar "|."

 @end lilypond
 
 @end lilypond
 

-What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
-where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
-@code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}.  Refer to
-@rinternals{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
-information.
+The placement of the pedal commands matches the physical movement of the
+sustain pedal during piano performance.  Pedalling to the final bar line
+is indicated by omitting the final pedal up command.

 
 

-Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
-@code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects

 
 

-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
-@end lilypond
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Ties}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.

 
 

-A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
-obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
-@code{mixed}
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{SustainPedal},
+@rinternals{SustainPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SustainEvent},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedal},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SostenutoEvent},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedal},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaEvent},
+@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket},
+@rinternals{Piano_pedal_engraver}.

 
 

-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
-@end lilypond

 
 

-The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
-style @code{#'text}.  The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
-default.
+@node Accordion
+@subsection Accordion

 
 

-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
-@end lilypond
+@cindex accordion

 
 

-For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
-@code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
-@code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
-@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
-modified.  For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
-of the note head
+This section discusses notation that is unique to the accordion.

 
 

-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
-@end lilypond
+@menu
+* Discant symbols::
+@end menu

 
 

-@noindent
-Note that overrides must be placed before the note at which the 
-pedal bracket starts.
+@node Discant symbols
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Discant symbols
+
+@cindex accordion discant symbols
+@cindex discant symbols, accordion
+@cindex accordion shifts
+@cindex accordion shift symbols
+
+Accordions are often built with more than one set of reeds that may be
+in unison with, an octave above, or an octave below the written pitch.
+Each accordion maker has different names for the @notation{shifts} that
+select the various reed combinations, such as @notation{oboe},
+@notation{musette}, or @notation{bandonium}, so a system of symbols has
+come into use to simplify the performance instructions.
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{accordion-discant-symbols.ly}

 
 

-@c TODO Check relative positions of the sustain pedal and
-@c      dynamics are correct (they collided in 2.11.44).
-@c      Give example showing this.

 
 @seealso
 
 @seealso

+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.

 
 

-Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).

 
 

-@node Accordion
-@subsection Accordion
+@node Harp
+@subsection Harp
+
+This section discusses notation issues that are unique to the harp.

 
 @menu
 
 @menu

-* Discant symbols::
+* References for harps::
+* Harp pedals::

 @end menu
 
 @end menu
 

-@node Discant symbols
-@subsubsection Discant symbols
+@node References for harps
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for harps
+@cindex harps
+@cindex bisbiglando
+
+Some common characteristics of harp music are covered elsewhere:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item The glissando is the most characterisic harp technique,
+@ref{Glissando}.
+
+@item A @notation{bisbigliando} is written as a tremelo @ref{Tremolo
+repeats}

 
 

-@c TODO Add text from -user and lsr 194
-TBC
+@item Natural harmonics are covered under @ref{Harmonics}.
+
+@item For directional arpeggios and non-arpeggios, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Tremolo repeats}
+@ref{Glissando}
+@ref{Arpeggio}
+@ref{Harmonics}
+
+@node Harp pedals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Harp pedals
+
+@cindex harp pedals
+@cindex harp pedal diagrams
+@cindex pedals, harp
+@cindex pedal diagrams, harp
+
+Harps have seven strings per octave that may be sounded at the natural,
+flattened, or sharpened pitch. In lever harps, each string is adjusted
+individually, but in pedal harps every string with the same pitch name
+is controlled by a single pedal. From the player's left to right, the
+pedals are D, C, and B on the left and E, F, G, and A on the right.
+The position of the pedals may be indicated with text marks:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\textLengthOn
+cis1_\markup \concat \vcenter { [D \flat C \sharp B|E \sharp F \sharp G A \flat] }
+c!1_\markup \concat \vcenter {[ C \natural ]}
+@end lilypond
+
+or pedal diagrams:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\textLengthOn
+cis1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^v-|vv-^" }
+c!1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^o--|vv-^" }
+@end lilypond
+
+The @code{\harp-pedal} command accepts a string of characters, where
+@code{^} is the highest pedal position (flattened pitch), @code{-} is
+the middle pedal postion (natural pitch), @code{v} is the lowest pedal
+position (sharpened pitch), and @code{|} is the divider. A prefixed
+@code{o} will circle the following pedal symbol.
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Text scripts}
+@ref{Instrument Specific Markup}