Run fixcc + astyle2.02.

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / learning / tutorial.itely

diff --git a/Documentation/learning/tutorial.itely b/Documentation/learning/tutorial.itely
index 1e46a9a0f06799455d5b3da9a521cac04d995030..ea6c4e08e6ae9867dae1ae8d8fff0e5ffb764637 100644 (file)
--- a/Documentation/learning/tutorial.itely
+++ b/Documentation/learning/tutorial.itely
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
     Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
 @end ignore
 
     Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
 @end ignore
 

-@c \version "2.12.0"
+@include included/generating-output.itexi
+
+@c \version "2.16.0"

 
 @node Tutorial
 @chapter Tutorial
 
 @node Tutorial
 @chapter Tutorial


@@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ This chapter gives a basic introduction to working with LilyPond.
 @menu
 * Compiling a file::
 * How to write input files::
 @menu
 * Compiling a file::
 * How to write input files::

+* Dealing with errors::

 * How to read the manuals::
 @end menu
 
 * How to read the manuals::
 @end menu
 


@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@ in your own music!  For more information about the display of
 examples in the manual, see @ref{How to read the manuals}.}
 
 In addition, LilyPond input is @strong{case sensitive}.
 examples in the manual, see @ref{How to read the manuals}.}
 
 In addition, LilyPond input is @strong{case sensitive}.

-@w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input; @w{@code{@{ C D E @}}} will
+@w{@samp{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input; @w{@samp{@{ C D E @}}} will

 produce an error message.
 
 
 produce an error message.
 
 


@@ -111,226 +114,38 @@ and the program(s) you use.
 
 There are several other text editors available with specific
 support for LilyPond.  For more information, see
 
 There are several other text editors available with specific
 support for LilyPond.  For more information, see

-@rweb{Alternate input}.
+@rweb{Easier editing}.

 
 @warning{The first time you ever run LilyPond, it may take a
 minute or two because all of the system fonts have to be analyzed
 first.  After this, LilyPond will be much faster!}
 
 
 @warning{The first time you ever run LilyPond, it may take a
 minute or two because all of the system fonts have to be analyzed
 first.  After this, LilyPond will be much faster!}
 

-@cindex running LilyPond under MacOS X
-@cindex MacOS X, running LilyPond

 
 @node MacOS X
 @subsection MacOS X
 
 
 @node MacOS X
 @subsection MacOS X
 

-@warning{These instructions assume that you are using the LilyPond
-application.  If you are using any of the programs described in
-@rweb{Alternate input}, please consult the documentation for
-those programs if you have any problems.}
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 1. Create your @file{.ly} file
-
-Double click the @command{LilyPond.app}, an example file will open.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_welcome,,,}
-
-From the menus along the top left of your screen, select
-@w{@code{File > Save}}.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_Save_menu,,,}
-
-Choose a name for your file, for example @file{test.ly}.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_Save_file_with_name,,,}
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 2. Compile (with LilyPad)
-
-From the same menus, select
-@w{@code{Compile > Tyepset}}.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_Typeset_menu,,,}
-
-A new window will open showing a progress log of the compilation
-of the file you have just saved.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_Compiling_log,,,}
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 3. View output
-
-Once the compilation has finished, a PDF file will be created with
-the same name as the original file and will be automatically
-opened in the default PDF viewer and displayed on your screen.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_pdf_output,,,}
-
-
-@subsubheading Other commands
-
-To create new files for LilyPond, begin by selecting
-@w{@code{File > New}}
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_New_menu,,,}
-
-or @w{@code{File > Open}} to open and edit existing files you have
-saved previously.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Macos_Open_menu,,,}
-
-You must save any new edits you make to your file before you
-@w{@code{Compile > Tyepset}} and if the PDF file is not displayed
-check the window with the progress log for any errors.
+@cindex running LilyPond under MacOS X
+@cindex MacOS X, running LilyPond

 
 

-If you are not using the defualt Preview PDF viewer that comes
-with the Mac Operating system and you have the PDF file generated
-from a previous compilation open, then any further compilations
-may fail to generate an update PDF until you close the original.
+@lilypadOSX

 
 

-@cindex running LilyPond under Windows
-@cindex Windows, running LilyPond

 
 @node Windows
 @subsection Windows
 
 
 @node Windows
 @subsection Windows
 

-@warning{These instructions assume that you are using the built-in
-LilyPad editor.  If you are using any of the programs described in
-@rweb{Alternate input}, please consult the documentation for
-those programs if you have any problems compiling a file.}
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 1. Create your @file{.ly} file
-
-Double-click the @command{LilyPond.app}, an example file will open.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Welcome_File_Whole,,,}
-
-From the menus that appear alonbg the top of the example file,
-select @w{@code{File > Save as}}. Do not use the @w{@code{File > Save}}
-for the example file as this will not work until you have given it a
-valid Lilypong file name.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Save_Menu,,,}
-
-Choose a name for your file, for example @file{test.ly}.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Save_File_With_Name,,,}
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 2a. Compile (with drag-and-drop)
-
-Depending on what you prefer, to compile your file either:
-
-Drag-and-drop the file directly onto the LilyPond icon.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Open_Dragndrop,,,}
-
-Right-click on the file and from the pop-up context menu choose
-@w{@code{Open with > LilyPond}}.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Open_Context_Menu,,,}
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 2b. Compile (with double-clicking)
-
-Or simply double-click the @file{test.ly}.
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 3. View output
-
-During the compilation of the @file{test.ly} file, a command window
-will, very briefly open and then close. Three additional files will
-have been created during this process.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_All_Files_Created,,,}
-
-The PDF file contains the engraved @file{test.ly} file.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Pdf_Output,,,}
-
-
-@subsubheading Other commands
-
-To create a new file, begin by selecting @w{@code{File > New}} from
-within any previously created file.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_New_Menu,,,}
-
-@noindent
-or @w{@code{File > Open}} to open and edit any files you have saved
-before.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Open_Menu,,,}
-
-You must save any new edits you make before you compile it and if the
-PDF file is not created, check the log file that will have been created
-during the compilation attempt, for any errors.
-
-@sourceimage{Learning_Win7_Log_File,,,}
-
-This log file is overwritten each time you compile your LilyPond file.
-
-The PS file is used internally by LilyPond to create the PDF file and
-can be ignored. It also gets overwritten each time you compile your
-file.
+@cindex running LilyPond under Windows
+@cindex Windows, running LilyPond

 
 

-If you are viewing your file in a PDF viewer, then you must close the
-PDF if you wish to make a new compilation as it may fail to create
-the new PDF while it is still being viewed.
+@lilypadWindows

 
 

-@cindex running LilyPond under Unix
-@cindex Unix, running LilyPond

 
 @node Command-line
 @subsection Command-line
 
 
 @node Command-line
 @subsection Command-line
 

-@warning{These instructions assume that you are familiar with
-command-line programs.  If you are using any of the programs
-described in @rweb{Alternate input}, please consult the
-documentation for those programs if you have any problems
-compiling a file.}
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 1. Create your @file{.ly} file
-
-Create a text file called @file{test.ly} and enter:
-
-@example
-\version "@w{@version{}}"
-@{
-  c' e' g' e'
-@}
-@end example
-
-
-@subsubheading Step 2. Compile (with command-line)
-
-To process @file{test.ly}, type the following at the command prompt:
-
-@example
-lilypond test.ly
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-You will see something resembling:
-
-@example
-GNU LilyPond @version{}
-Processing `test.ly'
-Parsing...
-Interpreting music...
-Preprocessing graphical objects...
-Solving 1 page-breaking chunks...[1: 1 pages]
-Drawing systems...
-Layout output to `test.ps'...
-Converting to `./test.pdf'...
-@end example
-
-@subsubheading Step 3. View output
-
-You may view or print the resulting @file{text.pdf}.
+@cindex running LilyPond under Unix
+@cindex Unix, running LilyPond

 
 

+@lilypadCommandLine

 
 @node How to write input files
 @section How to write input files
 
 @node How to write input files
 @section How to write input files


@@ -419,8 +234,8 @@ example, the first note -- the @code{d} -- is the closest D to
 middle C.
 
 By adding (or removing) quotes @code{'} or commas @code{,} from
 middle C.
 
 By adding (or removing) quotes @code{'} or commas @code{,} from

-the @code{@w{\relative c' @{}} command, we can change the starting
-octave:
+the @q{@w{@code{@bs{}relative c'}}} command, we can change the
+starting octave:

 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 % one octave above middle C
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 % one octave above middle C


@@ -469,9 +284,7 @@ comma @code{,} to the note name.
 @noindent
 To change a note by two (or more!) octaves, we use multiple
 @code{''} or @code{,,} -- but be careful that you use two single
 @noindent
 To change a note by two (or more!) octaves, we use multiple
 @code{''} or @code{,,} -- but be careful that you use two single

-quotes @code{''} and not one double quote @code{"}@tie{}!  The
-initial value in @code{@w{\relative c'}} may also be modified like
-this.
+quotes @code{''} and not one double quote @code{"}@tie{}!

 @c " - keeps quotes in order for context-sensitive editor -td
 
 @subheading Durations (rhythms)
 @c " - keeps quotes in order for context-sensitive editor -td
 
 @subheading Durations (rhythms)


@@ -496,7 +309,7 @@ so on.  @notation{Beams} are added automatically.
 
 If you do not specify a duration, the previous duration is used
 for the next note.  The duration of the first note defaults to a
 
 If you do not specify a duration, the previous duration is used
 for the next note.  The duration of the first note defaults to a

-quarter.
+quarter note.

 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c'' {
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c'' {


@@ -512,7 +325,7 @@ explicitly (i.e., with a number).
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c'' {
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c'' {

-  a a a4. a8
+  a4 a a4. a8

   a8. a16 a a8. a8 a4.
 }
 @end lilypond
   a8. a16 a a8. a8 a4.
 }
 @end lilypond


@@ -530,7 +343,7 @@ A @notation{rest} is entered just like a note with the name
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c'' {
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c'' {

-  a r r2
+  a4 r r2

   r8 a r4 r4. r8
 }
 @end lilypond
   r8 a r4 r4. r8
 }
 @end lilypond


@@ -559,6 +372,33 @@ command:
 }
 @end lilypond
 
 }
 @end lilypond
 

+@subheading Tempo marks
+
+@cindex tempo marks
+@cindex metronome marks
+
+@funindex \tempo
+@funindex tempo
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{tempo indication}, @rglos{metronome}.
+
+The @notation{tempo indication} and @notation{metronome mark} can be
+set with the @code{\tempo} command:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+  \time 3/4
+  \tempo "Andante"
+  a4 a a
+  \time 6/8
+  \tempo 4. = 96
+  a4. a
+  \time 4/4
+  \tempo  "Presto" 4 = 120
+  a4 a a a
+}
+@end lilypond
+

 
 @subheading Clef
 
 
 @subheading Clef
 


@@ -577,13 +417,13 @@ The @notation{clef} can be set using the @code{\clef} command:
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c' {
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c' {

-  \clef treble
+  \clef "treble"

   c1
   c1

-  \clef alto
+  \clef "alto"

   c1
   c1

-  \clef tenor
+  \clef "tenor"

   c1
   c1

-  \clef bass
+  \clef "bass"

   c1
 }
 @end lilypond
   c1
 }
 @end lilypond


@@ -595,10 +435,13 @@ Here is a small example showing all these elements together:
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c, {
 
 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
 \relative c, {

+  \clef "bass"

   \time 3/4
   \time 3/4

-  \clef bass
-  c2 e8 c' g'2.
-  f4 e d c4 c, r4
+  \tempo "Andante" 4 = 120
+  c2 e8 c'
+  g'2.
+  f4 e d
+  c4 c, r

 }
 @end lilypond
 
 }
 @end lilypond
 


@@ -632,11 +475,10 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Writing pitches},
 @funindex %@{ ... %@}
 
 LilyPond input files are similar to source files in many common
 @funindex %@{ ... %@}
 
 LilyPond input files are similar to source files in many common

-programming languages.  They contain a version statement,
-are case sensitive, and white-space
-is generally ignored.  Expressions are formed with curly braces
-@{ @}, and comments are denoted with @code{%} or
-@w{@code{%@{ ... %@}}}.
+programming languages.  They contain a version statement, are case
+sensitive, and white-space is generally ignored.  Expressions are
+formed with curly braces @w{@code{@{ @}}}, and comments are
+denoted with @code{%} or @w{@code{%@{ @dots{} %@}}}@tie{}.

 
 If the previous sentences sound like nonsense, don't worry!  We'll
 explain what all these terms mean:
 
 If the previous sentences sound like nonsense, don't worry!  We'll
 explain what all these terms mean:


@@ -667,50 +509,51 @@ a warning during the compilation of the file.
 @item
 @strong{Case sensitive}:
 it matters whether you enter a letter in lower case (e.g.
 @item
 @strong{Case sensitive}:
 it matters whether you enter a letter in lower case (e.g.

-@w{@code{a, b, s, t}}) or upper case (e.g.  @w{@code{A, B, S, T}}).
-Notes are lower case: @w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input;
-@w{@code{@{ C D E @}}} will produce an error message.
+@w{@code{a, b, s, t}}) or upper case (e.g. @w{@code{A, B, S, T}}).
+Notes are lower case: @w{@samp{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input;
+@w{@samp{@{ C D E @}}} will produce an error message.

 
 @item
 @strong{Whitespace insensitive}:
 it does not matter how many spaces (or tabs or new lines) you add.
 
 @item
 @strong{Whitespace insensitive}:
 it does not matter how many spaces (or tabs or new lines) you add.

-@w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} means the same thing as
-@w{@code{@{ c @tie{}} @tie{} @tie{} d e @}} and:
+@w{@samp{@{ c4 d e @}}} means the same thing as
+@w{@samp{@{ c4 @tie{} @tie{} @tie{} d e @}}} and:

 
 @example
 
 @example

-@{ c                        d
+@{ c4                       d

                    e   @}
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 Of course, the previous example is hard to read.  A good rule of
                    e   @}
 @end example
 
 @noindent
 Of course, the previous example is hard to read.  A good rule of

-thumb is to indent code blocks with either a tab or two spaces:
+thumb is to indent code blocks with two spaces:

 
 @example
 @{
 
 @example
 @{

-  c d e
+  c4 d e

 @}
 @end example
 
 @}
 @end example
 

-However, whitespace @emph{is} required to separate many syntactical
-elements from others.  In other words, whitespace can always be
-@emph{added}, but it cannot be @emph{eliminated}.  As missing
-whitespace can give rise to strange errors it is advisable to
-always insert whitespace before and after every syntactic element,
-for example, before and after every curly brace.
+However, whitespace @emph{is} required to separate many
+syntactical elements from others.  In other words, whitespace can
+always be @emph{added}, but not always @emph{eliminated}.  Since
+missing whitespace can give rise to strange errors, it is
+advisable to always insert whitespace before and after every
+syntactic element, for example, before and after every curly
+brace.

 
 @item
 @strong{Expressions}:
 
 @item
 @strong{Expressions}:

-every piece of LilyPond input needs to have @strong{@{ curly
-braces @}} placed around the input.  These braces tell LilyPond
-that the input is a single music expression, just like parentheses
-@code{()} in mathematics.  The braces should be surrounded by a
-space unless they are at the beginning or end of a line to avoid
-ambiguities.
+every piece of LilyPond input needs to have
+@strong{@{@tie{}curly@tie{}braces@tie{}@}} placed around the
+input.  These braces tell LilyPond that the input is a single
+music expression, just like parentheses @code{()} in mathematics.
+The braces should be surrounded by a space unless they are at the
+beginning or end of a line to avoid ambiguities.

 
 A LilyPond command followed by a simple expression in braces (such
 
 A LilyPond command followed by a simple expression in braces (such

-as @w{@code{\relative @{ @}}}) also counts as a single music
-expression.
+as @q{@w{@code{@bs{}relative c' @{ @dots{} @}}}}) also counts as a
+single music expression.

 
 @cindex comments
 @cindex line comment
 
 @cindex comments
 @cindex line comment


@@ -746,13 +589,50 @@ comments:
   This line, and the notes below are ignored,
   since they are in a block comment.
 
   This line, and the notes below are ignored,
   since they are in a block comment.
 

-  f f e e d d c2
+  f4 f e e d d c2

 %@}
 @end example
 
 @end itemize
 
 
 %@}
 @end example
 
 @end itemize
 
 

+@node Dealing with errors
+@section Dealing with errors
+
+@cindex troubleshooting
+
+Sometimes LilyPond doesn't produce the output you expect.  This
+section provides some links to help you solve the problems you
+might encounter.
+
+
+@menu
+* General troubleshooting tips::
+* Some common errors::
+@end menu
+
+@node General troubleshooting tips
+@subsection General troubleshooting tips
+
+Troubleshooting LilyPond problems can be challenging for
+people who are used to a graphical interface, because invalid
+input files can be created.  When this happens, a logical approach
+is the best way to identify and solve the problem.  Some guidelines
+to help you learn to do this are provided in @rprogram{Troubleshooting}.
+
+
+@node Some common errors
+@subsection Some common errors
+
+@cindex common errors
+@cindex errors, common
+
+There are a few common errors that are difficult to troubleshoot
+based simply on the error messages that are displayed.  These are
+described in @rprogram{Common errors}.
+
+
+

 @node How to read the manuals
 @section How to read the manuals
 
 @node How to read the manuals
 @section How to read the manuals
 


@@ -763,7 +643,6 @@ online version.
 @menu
 * Omitted material::
 * Clickable examples::
 @menu
 * Omitted material::
 * Clickable examples::

-* Keyboard navigation::

 * Overview of manuals::
 @end menu
 
 * Overview of manuals::
 @end menu
 


@@ -782,38 +661,39 @@ online version.
 @cindex constructing files, tips
 @cindex files, tips for constructing
 
 @cindex constructing files, tips
 @cindex files, tips for constructing
 

-LilyPond input must be surrounded by @{ @} marks or a
-@code{@w{\relative c'' @{ ... @}}}, as we saw in @ref{Working on
-input files}.  For the rest of this manual, most examples will
-omit this.  To replicate the examples, you may copy and paste the
-displayed input, but you @strong{must} add the
-@code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}} like this:
+LilyPond input must be surrounded by @code{@{ @}} marks or a
+@q{@w{@code{@bs{}relative c'' @{ @dots{} @}}}}, as we saw in
+@ref{Working on input files}.  For the rest of this manual, most
+examples will omit this.  To replicate the examples, you may copy
+and paste the displayed input, but you @strong{must} add the
+@q{@w{@code{@bs{}relative c'' @{ @dots{} @}}}} like this:

 
 @example
 \relative c'' @{
 
 @example
 \relative c'' @{

-  ... example goes here...
+  @dots{}example goes here@dots{}

 @}
 @end example
 
 Why omit the braces?  Most examples in this manual can be inserted
 into the middle of a longer piece of music.  For these examples,
 @}
 @end example
 
 Why omit the braces?  Most examples in this manual can be inserted
 into the middle of a longer piece of music.  For these examples,

-it does not make sense to add @code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}} --
-you should not place a @code{\relative} inside another
-@code{\relative}!  If we included @code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}}
-around every example, you would not be able to copy a small
-documentation example and paste it inside a longer piece of your
-own.  Most people want to add material to an existing piece, so we
-format the manual this way.
-
-Also, remember that every LilyPond file should have a @code{@bs{}version}
-statement.  Because the examples in the manuals are snippets, not files,
-the @code{@bs{}version} statement is omitted.  But you should make a
-practice of including them in your files.
+it does not make sense to add
+@q{@w{@code{@bs{}relative c'' @{ @dots{} @}}}} -- you should not
+place a @code{\relative} inside another @code{\relative}!  If we
+included @q{@w{@code{@bs{}relative c'' @{ @dots{} @}}}} around
+every example, you would not be able to copy a small documentation
+example and paste it inside a longer piece of your own.  Most
+people want to add material to an existing piece, so we format the
+manual this way.
+
+Also, remember that every LilyPond file should have a
+@code{\version} statement.  Because the examples in the manuals
+are snippets, not files, the @code{\version} statement is omitted.
+But you should make a practice of including them in your files.

 
 @node Clickable examples
 @subsection Clickable examples
 
 
 @node Clickable examples
 @subsection Clickable examples
 

-@warning{This features is only available in the HTML manuals.}
+@warning{This feature is only available in the HTML manuals.}

 
 Many people learn programs by trying and fiddling around with the
 program.  This is also possible with LilyPond.  If you click on a
 
 Many people learn programs by trying and fiddling around with the
 program.  This is also possible with LilyPond.  If you click on a


@@ -824,7 +704,7 @@ this image:
 @c no verbatim here
 @lilypond[quote]
 \relative c'' {
 @c no verbatim here
 @lilypond[quote]
 \relative c'' {

-  c-\markup { \bold \huge { Click here.  } }
+  c4-\markup { \bold \huge { Click here. } }

 }
 @end lilypond
 
 }
 @end lilypond
 


@@ -834,15 +714,18 @@ same output (line-width and all), copy everything from @qq{Start
 cut-&-pastable section} to the bottom of the file.
 
 
 cut-&-pastable section} to the bottom of the file.
 
 

-@node Keyboard navigation
-@subsection Keyboard navigation
+@ignore
+This is item 825
+
+@n ode Keyboard navigation
+@s ubsection Keyboard navigation

 
 @warning{This features is only available in the HTML manuals.}
 
 @c TODO: once this is figured out, insert it here.
 
 We are currently working on this feature.
 
 @warning{This features is only available in the HTML manuals.}
 
 @c TODO: once this is figured out, insert it here.
 
 We are currently working on this feature.

-
+@end ignore

 
 @node Overview of manuals
 @subsection Overview of manuals
 
 @node Overview of manuals
 @subsection Overview of manuals


@@ -874,8 +757,8 @@ may want to look in relevant sections of the
 Learning manual's @ref{Tweaking output}.
 
 @item
 Learning manual's @ref{Tweaking output}.
 
 @item

-@strong{Before undertaking a large project}: read Usage document's
-@rprogram{Suggestions for writing files}.
+@strong{Before undertaking a large project}: read the Usage
+document's @rprogram{Suggestions for writing files}.

 
 @end itemize
 
 
 @end itemize