More Learning manual rearrangement.

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / vocal.itely

@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-

@node Vocal music
@section Vocal music

Since LilyPond input files are text, there are two issues to
consider when working with vocal music:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Song texts must be entered as text, not notes.  For example, the
input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable, not the
note@tie{}D.

@item
Song texts must be aligned with the notes of their melody.
@end itemize

There are a few different ways to define lyrics; we shall begin
by examining the simplest method, and gradually increase complexity.

@menu
* TODO subsection vocal music::  
@end menu


@commonprop

Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is
a relatively large computational task.  To speed up processing, lilypond does
not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use

@example
\override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t
@end example

To make lyrics avoid barlines as well, use
@example
\layout @{
  \context @{
    \Lyrics
      \consists "Bar_engraver"
      \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver"
      \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t
  @}
@}
@end example


@node TODO subsection vocal music
@subsection TODO subsection vocal music

@menu
* Setting simple songs::        
* Entering lyrics::             
* Aligning lyrics to a melody::  
* Automatic syllable durations::  
* Another way of entering lyrics::  
* Assigning more than one syllable to a single note::  
* More than one note on a single syllable::  
* Extenders and hyphens::       
* Working with lyrics and identifiers::  
* Flexibility in placement::    
* Lyrics to multiple notes of a melisma::  
* Divisi lyrics::               
* Switching the melody associated with a lyrics line::  
* Lyrics independent of notes::  
* Spacing lyrics::              
* More about stanzas::          
* Other vocal issues::          
@end menu

@node Setting simple songs
@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting simple songs

@cindex \addlyrics

The easiest way to add lyrics to a melody is to append

@example
\addlyrics @{ @var{the lyrics} @}
@end example

@noindent
to a melody.  Here is an example,

@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
\time 3/4
\relative { c2 e4 g2. }
\addlyrics { play the game }
@end lilypond

More stanzas can be added by adding more
@code{\addlyrics} sections

@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
\time 3/4
\relative { c2 e4 g2. }
\addlyrics { play the game }
\addlyrics { speel het spel }
\addlyrics { joue le jeu }
@end lilypond

The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphony settings.  For these
cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and @code{\lyricmode}, as will be
introduced in @ref{Entering lyrics}.



@node Entering lyrics
@unnumberedsubsubsec Entering lyrics

@cindex lyrics
@funindex \lyricmode
@cindex punctuation
@cindex spaces, in lyrics
@cindex quotes, in lyrics

Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
by the keyword @code{\lyricmode}, or by using @code{\addlyrics} or
@code{\lyricsto}.  In this mode you can enter lyrics,
with punctuation and accents, and the input @code{d} is not parsed as
a pitch, but rather as a one letter syllable.  Syllables are entered
like notes, but with pitches replaced by text.  For example,

@example
\lyricmode @{ Twin-4 kle4 twin- kle litt- le star2 @}
@end example

There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable
explicitly, like in the example above, or by automatically aligning
the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
or @code{\lyricsto}.
@c  TODO: broken
@c For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}.

A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character, and ends
with
any space or digit.  The following characters can be any character
that is not a digit or white space.

Any character that is not a digit or white space will be regarded as
part of the syllable; one important consequence of this is that a word
can end with @code{@}}, which often leads to the following mistake:

@example
\lyricmode @{ lah- lah@}
@end example

In this example, the @code{@}} is included in the final syllable, so the
opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not
compile.


@funindex \property in \lyricmode

@noindent
Similarly, a period which follows an alphabetic sequence is included in
the resulting string.  As a consequence, spaces must be inserted around
property commands: do @emph{not} write

@example
\override Score.LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
@end example

@noindent
but instead use

@example
\override Score . LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
@end example

@funindex _
@cindex spaces, in lyrics
@cindex quotes, in lyrics
@cindex ties, in lyrics

In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
between syllables, or use tilde  symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric tie.

@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
\time 3/4
\relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
\addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
\addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
\addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
@end lilypond

The lyric tie is implemented with the Unicode character U+203F, so be
sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
glyph.


To enter lyrics with characters from non-English languages, or with
accented and special characters (such as the heart symbol or slanted quotes),
simply insert the characters directly into the input file and save
it with utf-8 encoding.  See @ref{Text encoding}, for more info.

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
\relative { e4 f e d e f e2 }
\addlyrics { He said: “Let my peo ple go”. }
@end lilypond

To use normal quotes in lyrics, add a backslash before the
quotes.  For example,

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
\relative c' { \time 3/4 e4 e4. e8 d4 e d c2. }
\addlyrics { "\"I" am so lone- "ly\"" said she }
@end lilypond

The full definition of a word start in Lyrics mode is somewhat more
complex.

A word in Lyrics mode begins with: an alphabetic character, @code{_},
@code{?}, @code{!}, @code{:}, @code{'}, the control characters @code{^A}
through @code{^F}, @code{^Q} through @code{^W}, @code{^Y}, @code{^^},
any 8-bit character with ASCII code over 127, or a two-character
combination of a backslash followed by one of @code{`}, @code{'},
@code{"}, or @code{^}.

To define identifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode}
must be used.

@example
verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
\score @{
  <<
    \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
      \autoBeamOff
      \time 2/4
      c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
    @}
    \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
  >>
@}
@end example


@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{LyricText}, @internalsref{LyricSpace}.



@node Aligning lyrics to a melody
@unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning lyrics to a melody

@funindex \lyricmode
@funindex \addlyrics
@funindex \lyricsto


Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called
@internalsref{Lyrics}.

@example
\new Lyrics \lyricmode @dots{}
@end example

There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
of the syllables:

@itemize @bullet
@item
by automatically aligning
the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
or @code{\lyricsto}.

@item
or by specifying the duration of each syllable
explicitly, using @code{\lyricmode}
@end itemize

@menu
* Automatic syllable durations::  
* Another way of entering lyrics::  
* Assigning more than one syllable to a single note::  
* More than one note on a single syllable::  
* Extenders and hyphens::       
@end menu

@node Automatic syllable durations
@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic syllable durations

@cindex automatic syllable durations
@cindex lyrics and melodies

The lyrics can be aligned under a given melody
automatically.  This is achieved by combining the
melody and the lyrics with the @code{\lyricsto} expression

@example
\new Lyrics \lyricsto @var{name} @dots{}
@end example

This aligns the lyrics to the
notes of the @internalsref{Voice} context called @var{name}, which must
already exist.  Therefore normally the @code{Voice} is specified first, and
then the lyrics are specified with @code{\lyricsto}.  The command
@code{\lyricsto} switches to @code{\lyricmode} mode automatically, so the
@code{\lyricmode} keyword may be omitted.

The following example uses different commands for entering lyrics.

@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
<<
  \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' {
    \autoBeamOff
    \time 2/4
    c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
  }
  \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy4 to8. the16 world!4. the8 Lord4 is come.2 }
  \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! the Sa -- viour reigns. }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let sins and sor -- rows grow. }
>>
@end lilypond

The second stanza is not properly aligned because the durations
were not specified.  A solution for that would be to use @code{\lyricsto}.

The @code{\addlyrics} command is actually just a convenient way
to write a more complicated LilyPond structure that sets up the
lyrics.

@example
@{ MUSIC @}
\addlyrics @{ LYRICS @}
@end example

@noindent
is the same as

@example
\new Voice = "blah" @{ music @}
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" @{ LYRICS @}
@end example

@node Another way of entering lyrics
@unnumberedsubsubsec Another way of entering lyrics

Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\addlyrics} or
@code{\lyricsto}.  In this case,
syllables are entered like notes -- but with pitches replaced by text -- and the
duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly. For example:
 
@example
play2 the4 game2.
sink2 or4 swim2.
@end example
 
The alignment to a melody can be specified with the
@code{associatedVoice} property,
 
@example
\set associatedVoice = #"lala"
@end example
 
@noindent
The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of
a @internalsref{Voice} context.  Without this setting, extender lines
will not be formatted properly.
 
Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations,
 
@lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
<< \new Voice = "melody" {
    \time 3/4
    c2 e4 g2.
 }
 \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
   \set associatedVoice = #"melody"
   play2 the4 game2.
 } >>
@end lilypond

@seealso
 
Program reference: @internalsref{Lyrics}.


@node Assigning more than one syllable to a single note
@unnumberedsubsubsec Assigning more than one syllable to a single note


@funindex _
@cindex ties, in lyrics

In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
between syllables, or use tilde  symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric
tie@footnote{The lyric ties is implemented with the Unicode character
U+203F, so be
sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
glyph.}.

@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
\time 3/4
\relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
\addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
\addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
\addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
@end lilypond

@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic}.

@c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata"
@c the new title might be more self-explanatory


@node More than one note on a single syllable
@unnumberedsubsubsec More than one note on a single syllable

@cindex melisma
@cindex melismata
@cindex phrasing, in lyrics

Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be sung on one
single syllable; such vocalises are called melismas, or melismata.

@c this method seems to be the simplest; therefore
@c it might be better to present it first - vv

You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_}
for every note
that is part of the melisma.

@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
{ \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
 c d( e) f f( e) e e  }
\addlyrics
 { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _  e }
@end lilypond

In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you
set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above.

However, the @code{\lyricsto} command can also
detect melismata automatically: it only puts one
syllable under a tied or slurred group of notes.  If you want to force
an unslurred group of notes to be a melisma, insert @code{\melisma}
after the first note of the group, and @code{\melismaEnd} after the
last one, e.g.,

@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
<<
  \new Voice = "lala" {
    \time 3/4
    f4 g8
    \melisma
    f e f
    \melismaEnd
    e2
  }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lala" {
    la di __ daah
  }
>>
@end lilypond

In addition, notes are considered a melisma if they are manually
beamed, and automatic beaming (see @ref{Setting automatic beam
behavior}) is switched off.

@c TODO: there might be some more relevant place for 
@c the following link (?)

@cindex SATB
@cindex choral score

A complete example of a SATB score setup is in section
@rlearning{Vocal ensembles}.


@refcommands

@code{\melisma}, @code{\melismaEnd}
@funindex \melismaEnd
@funindex \melisma

@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{Melisma_translator}.

@lsr{vocal,lyric@/-combine.ly}.

@refbugs

Melismata are not detected automatically, and extender lines must be
inserted by hand.

@node Extenders and hyphens
@unnumberedsubsubsec Extenders and hyphens

@cindex melisma
@cindex extender

Melismata are indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable
and the next one.  Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered
as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two underscore
characters).

@cindex hyphens

Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{ -- } between syllables of a same word
(note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters).  The hyphen
will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted
depending on the space between the syllables.

In tighly engraved music, hyphens can be removed.  Whether this
happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum
distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length}
(threshold below which hyphens are removed).

@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{LyricExtender},
@internalsref{LyricHyphen}


@node Working with lyrics and identifiers
@unnumberedsubsubsec Working with lyrics and identifiers
@cindex lyrics, identifiers

To define identifiers containing lyrics, the function @code{\lyricmode}
must be used. You do not have to enter durations though, if you add
@code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto}
when invoking your identifier.
 
@example
verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
\score @{
 <<
   \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
     \autoBeamOff
     \time 2/4
     c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
   @}
   \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
 >>
@}
@end example
 
For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to setup the
hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g.,
@example
\new ChoirStaff <<
  \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @}
  \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @}
  \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @}
  \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @}
>>
@end example
 
and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines
 
@example
\context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano"
@emph{the lyrics}
@end example
 
@noindent

The final input would resemble
 
@example
<<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >>
 \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc}
 \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc}
@emph{etc}
>>
@end example
 
@seealso
 
@c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug
Program reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic},
@internalsref{Lyrics}.  


@node Flexibility in placement
@unnumberedsubsubsec Flexibility in placement

Often, different stanzas of one song are put to one melody in slightly
differing ways.  Such variations can still be captured with
@code{\lyricsto}.

@menu
* Lyrics to multiple notes of a melisma::  
* Divisi lyrics::               
* Switching the melody associated with a lyrics line::  
* Lyrics independent of notes::  
@end menu


@node Lyrics to multiple notes of a melisma
@unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics to multiple notes of a melisma

One possibility is that the text has a melisma in one stanza, but
multiple syllables in another one.  One solution is to make the faster
voice ignore the melisma.  This is done by setting
@code{ignoreMelismata} in the Lyrics context.

There is one tricky aspect: the setting for @code{ignoreMelismata}
must be set one syllable @emph{before} the non-melismatic syllable
in the text, as shown here,

@c  FIXME: breaks compile
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
%{
<<
  \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" {
    \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
    c4
    \slurDotted
    f8.[( g16])
    a4
  }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
    more slow -- ly
  }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
    \set ignoreMelismata = ##t % applies to "fas"
    go fas -- ter
    \unset ignoreMelismata
    still
  }
>>
%}
@end lilypond


The @code{ignoreMelismata} applies to the syllable @q{fas}, so it
should be entered before @q{go}.

The reverse is also possible: making a lyric line slower than the
standard.  This can be achieved by insert @code{\skip}s into the
lyrics.  For every @code{\skip}, the text will be delayed another note.
For example,

@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
\relative { c c g' }
\addlyrics {
  twin -- \skip 4
  kle
}
@end lilypond


@node Divisi lyrics
@unnumberedsubsubsec Divisi lyrics

You can display alternate (or divisi) lyrics by naming voice
contexts and attaching lyrics to those specific contexts.

@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
\score{ <<
  \new Voice = "melody" {
    \relative c' {
      c4
      <<
        { \voiceOne c8 e }
        \new Voice = "splitpart" { \voiceTwo c4 }
      >>
      \oneVoice c4 c | c
    }
  }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { we shall not o- ver- come }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "splitpart" { will }
>> }
@end lilypond


You can use this trick to display different lyrics for a repeated
section.

@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
\score{ <<
  \new Voice = "melody" \relative c' {
    c2 e | g e | c1 |
    \new Voice = "verse" \repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f | g1 | }
    a2 b | c1}
  \new Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto melody \lyricmode {
    do mi sol mi do
    la si do }
  \context Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode {
   do re mi fa sol }
  \new Lyrics = "repeatlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode {
   dodo rere mimi fafa solsol }
>>
}
@end lilypond



@node Switching the melody associated with a lyrics line
@unnumberedsubsubsec Switching the melody associated with a lyrics line

More complex variations in text underlay are possible.  It is possible
to switch the melody for a line of lyrics during the text.  This is
done by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property.  In the example

@lilypond[ragged-right,quote]
<<
  \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" {
    \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
    c4
    <<
      \new Voice = "alternative" {
        \voiceOne
        \times 2/3 {
          % show associations clearly.
          \override NoteColumn #'force-hshift = #-3
          f8 f g
        }
      }
      {
        \voiceTwo
        f8.[ g16]
        \oneVoice
      } >>
    a8( b) c
  }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
    Ju -- ras -- sic Park
  }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
    % Tricky: need to set associatedVoice
    % one syllable too soon!
    \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran"
    Ty --
    ran --
    no --
    \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus"
    sau -- rus Rex
  } >>
@end lilypond

@noindent
the text for the first stanza is set to a melody called @q{lahlah},

@example
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{
  Ju -- ras -- sic Park
@}
@end example


The second stanza initially is set to the @code{lahlah} context, but
for the syllable @q{ran}, it switches to a different melody.
This is achieved with
@example
\set associatedVoice = alternative
@end example

@noindent
Here, @code{alternative} is the name of the @code{Voice} context
containing the triplet.

Again, the command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in
this case.

@example
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{
  \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran"
  Ty --
  ran --
  no --
  \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus"
  sau -- rus Rex
@}
@end example

@noindent
The underlay is switched back to the starting situation by assigning
@code{lahlah} to @code{associatedVoice}.


@node Lyrics independent of notes
@unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics independent of notes

In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place
lyrics completely independently of notes.  Music defined
inside @code{lyricrhythm} disappears into the
@code{Devnull} context, but the rhythms can still be used
to place the lyrics.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
voice = {
  c''2
  \tag #'music { c''2 }
  \tag #'lyricrhythm { c''4. c''8 }
  d''1
}

lyr = \lyricmode { I like my cat! }

<<
  \new Staff \keepWithTag #'music \voice
  \new Devnull="nowhere" \keepWithTag #'lyricrhythm \voice
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "nowhere" \lyr
  \new Staff { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c' c'
  c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' }
>>
@end lilypond


@node Spacing lyrics
@unnumberedsubsubsec Spacing lyrics

@cindex Spacing lyrics
@cindex Lyrics, increasing space between

To increase the spacing between lyrics, set the minimum-distance property of
LyricSpace.

@lilypond[relative,verbatim,fragment,quote,ragged-right]
{
  c c c c
  \override Lyrics.LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0
  c c c c
}
\addlyrics {
  longtext longtext longtext longtext
  longtext longtext longtext longtext
}
@end lilypond

To make this change for all lyrics in the score, set the property in the
layout.

@lilypond[relative,verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\score {
  \relative c' {
  c c c c
  c c c c
  }
  \addlyrics {
  longtext longtext longtext longtext
  longtext longtext longtext longtext
  }
  \layout {
    \context {
      \Lyrics
      \override LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0
    }
  }
}
@end lilypond


@node More about stanzas
@unnumberedsubsubsec More about stanzas

@cindex stanza number
@unnumberedsubsubsec Adding stanza numbers 

Stanza numbers can be added by setting @code{stanza}, e.g.,

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
\new Voice {
  \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.
} \addlyrics {
  \set stanza = "1. "
  Hi, my name is Bert.
} \addlyrics {
  \set stanza = "2. "
  Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime
}
@end lilypond

@noindent
These numbers are put just before the start of the first syllable.


@unnumberedsubsubsec Adding dynamics marks

Stanzas differing in loudness may be indicated by putting a
dynamics mark before each stanza.  In Lilypond, everthing coming in
front of a stanza goes into the @code{StanzaNumber} object; dynamics marks
are no different.  For technical reasons, you have to set the stanza
outside @code{\lyricmode}:

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
text = {
  \set stanza = \markup { \dynamic "ff" "1. " }
  \lyricmode {
    Big bang
  }
}

<<
  \new Voice = "tune" {
    \time 3/4
    g'4 c'2
  }
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "tune" \text
>>
@end lilypond

@cindex singer name
@cindex name of singer
@unnumberedsubsubsec Adding singer names

Names of singers can also be added.  They are printed at the start of
the line, just like instrument names.  They are created by setting
@code{vocalName}.  A short version may be entered as @code{shortVocalName}.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\new Voice {
  \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.
} \addlyrics {
  \set vocalName = "Bert "
  Hi, my name is Bert.
} \addlyrics {
  \set vocalName = "Ernie "
  Oh, che -- ri, je t'aime
}
@end lilypond


@unnumberedsubsubsec Printing stanzas at the end 

Sometimes it is appropriate to have one stanza set
to the music, and the rest added in verse form at
the end of the piece.  This can be accomplished by adding
the extra verses into a @code{\markup} section outside
of the main score block.  Notice that there are two
different ways to force linebreaks when using
@code{\markup}.

@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
melody = \relative c' {
e d c d | e e e e |
d d e d | c1 |
}

text = \lyricmode {
\set stanza = "1." Ma- ry had a lit- tle lamb,
its fleece was white as snow.
}

\score{ <<
  \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
  \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
>>
  \layout { }
}
\markup { \column{
  \line{ Verse 2. }
  \line{ All the children laughed and played }
  \line{ To see a lamb at school. }
  }
}
\markup{
  \wordwrap-string #"
  Verse 3.

  Mary took it home again,

  It was against the rule."
}
@end lilypond


@unnumberedsubsubsec Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns 

When a piece of music has many verses, they are often printed in
multiple columns across the page. An outdented verse number often
introduces each verse. The following example shows how to produce such
output in Lilypond.

@lilypond[ragged-right,quote,verbatim]
melody = \relative c' {
  c c c c | d d d d
}
 
text = \lyricmode {
  \set stanza = "1." This is verse one.
  It has two lines.
}

\score{ <<
    \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
    \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
   >>
  \layout { }
}

\markup {
  \fill-line {
    \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin; can be removed if
        % space on the page is tight
     \column {
      \line { \bold "2."
        \column {
          "This is verse two."
          "It has two lines."
        }
      }
      \hspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses
      \line { \bold "3."
        \column {
          "This is verse three."
          "It has two lines."
        }
      }
    }
    \hspace #0.1  % adds horizontal spacing between columns; if they are
        % still too close, add more " " pairs until the result 
        % looks good
     \column {
      \line { \bold "4."
        \column {
          "This is verse four."
          "It has two lines."
        }
      }
      \hspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses
      \line { \bold "5."
        \column {
          "This is verse five."
          "It has two lines."
        }
      }
    }
  \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin; can
      % be removed if page space is tight
  }
}
@end lilypond


@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{LyricText}, @internalsref{StanzaNumber},
@internalsref{VocalName}.



@node Other vocal issues
@unnumberedsubsubsec Other vocal issues

@ignore
yeah, I'm giving up somewhat by stuffing a bunch of things in
here.  But at least they're in the manual now; it's easier to
move them around in the manual once they're already here.

Besides, if users complain about everything stuffed in here, I
can ask them for specific instructions about where to move these
examples, and that might get them more involved in the docs.  -gp
@end ignore

@q{Parlato} is spoken without pitch but still with rhythm; it is
notated by cross noteheads.  This is demonstrated in
@ref{Special noteheads}.