1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
14 Since LilyPond input files are text, there are two issues to
15 consider when working with vocal music:
19 Song texts must be entered as text, not notes. For example, the
20 input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable, not the
24 Song texts must be aligned with the notes of their melody.
27 There are a few different ways to define lyrics; we shall begin
28 by examining the simplest method, and gradually increase complexity.
31 * Common notation for vocals::
32 * Aligning lyrics to a melody::
33 * Placement of lyrics::
39 Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is
40 a relatively large computational task. To speed up processing, LilyPond does
41 not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use
44 \override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t
47 To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use
53 \consists "Bar_engraver"
54 \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver"
55 \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t
60 @node Common notation for vocals
61 @subsection Common notation for vocals
64 * References for vocal music::
65 * Setting simple songs::
67 * Working with lyrics and variables::
70 @node References for vocal music
71 @subsubsection References for vocal music
76 @q{Parlato} is spoken without pitch but still with rhythm; it is
77 notated by cross note heads. This is demonstrated in
78 @ref{Special note heads}.
81 @node Setting simple songs
82 @subsubsection Setting simple songs
86 The easiest way to add lyrics to a melody is to append
89 \addlyrics @{ @var{the lyrics} @}
93 to a melody. Here is an example,
95 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
97 \relative { c2 e4 g2. }
98 \addlyrics { play the game }
101 More stanzas can be added by adding more
102 @code{\addlyrics} sections
104 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
106 \relative { c2 e4 g2. }
107 \addlyrics { play the game }
108 \addlyrics { speel het spel }
109 \addlyrics { joue le jeu }
112 The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphony settings. For these
113 cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and @code{\lyricmode}, as will be
114 introduced in @ref{Entering lyrics}.
118 @node Entering lyrics
119 @subsubsection Entering lyrics
124 @cindex spaces, in lyrics
125 @cindex quotes, in lyrics
127 Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
128 by the keyword @code{\lyricmode}, or by using @code{\addlyrics} or
129 @code{\lyricsto}. In this mode you can enter lyrics,
130 with punctuation and accents, and the input @code{d} is not parsed as
131 a pitch, but rather as a one letter syllable. Syllables are entered
132 like notes, but with pitches replaced by text. For example,
135 \lyricmode @{ Twin-4 kle4 twin- kle litt- le star2 @}
138 There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
139 of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable
140 explicitly, like in the example above, or by automatically aligning
141 the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
144 @c For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}.
146 A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character, and ends
148 any space or digit. The following characters can be any character
149 that is not a digit or white space.
151 Any character that is not a digit or white space will be regarded as
152 part of the syllable; one important consequence of this is that a word
153 can end with @code{@}}, which often leads to the following mistake:
156 \lyricmode @{ lah- lah@}
159 In this example, the @code{@}} is included in the final syllable, so the
160 opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not
164 @funindex \property in \lyricmode
167 Similarly, a period which follows an alphabetic sequence is included in
168 the resulting string. As a consequence, spaces must be inserted around
169 property commands: do @emph{not} write
172 \override Score.LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
179 \override Score . LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
183 @cindex spaces, in lyrics
184 @cindex quotes, in lyrics
185 @cindex ties, in lyrics
187 In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
188 surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
189 between syllables, or use tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric tie.
191 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
193 \relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
194 \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
195 \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
196 \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
199 The lyric tie is implemented with the Unicode character U+203F, so be
200 sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
204 To enter lyrics with characters from non-English languages, or with
205 accented and special characters (such as the heart symbol or slanted quotes),
206 simply insert the characters directly into the input file and save
207 it with utf-8 encoding. See @ref{Text encoding}, for more info.
211 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
212 \relative { e4 f e d e f e2 }
213 \addlyrics { He said: “Let my peo ple goâ€
\9d. }
216 To use normal quotes in lyrics, add a backslash before the
219 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
220 \relative c' { \time 3/4 e4 e4. e8 d4 e d c2. }
221 \addlyrics { "\"I" am so lone- "ly\"" said she }
224 The full definition of a word start in Lyrics mode is somewhat more
227 A word in Lyrics mode begins with: an alphabetic character, @code{_},
228 @code{?}, @code{!}, @code{:}, @code{'}, the control characters @code{^A}
229 through @code{^F}, @code{^Q} through @code{^W}, @code{^Y}, @code{^^},
230 any 8-bit character with ASCII code over 127, or a two-character
231 combination of a backslash followed by one of @code{`}, @code{'},
232 @code{"}, or @code{^}.
234 @c " to balance double quotes for not-so-bright context-sensitive editors
236 To define variables containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode}
240 verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
243 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
246 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
248 \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
256 Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricText}, @internalsref{LyricSpace}.
258 @node Working with lyrics and variables
259 @subsubsection Working with lyrics and variables
261 @cindex lyrics, variables
263 To define variables containing lyrics, the function @code{\lyricmode}
264 must be used. You do not have to enter durations though, if you add
265 @code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto}
266 when invoking your variable.
269 verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
272 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
275 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
277 \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
282 For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to setup the
283 hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g.,
286 \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @}
287 \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @}
288 \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @}
289 \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @}
293 and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines
296 \context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano"
302 The final input would resemble
305 <<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >>
306 \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc}
307 \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc}
314 @c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug
315 Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic},
316 @internalsref{Lyrics}.
319 @node Aligning lyrics to a melody
320 @subsection Aligning lyrics to a melody
327 Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called
328 @internalsref{Lyrics}.
331 \new Lyrics \lyricmode @dots{}
334 There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
339 by automatically aligning
340 the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
344 or by specifying the duration of each syllable
345 explicitly, using @code{\lyricmode}
349 * Automatic syllable durations::
350 * Manual syllable durations::
351 * Multiple syllables to one note::
352 * Multiple notes to one syllable::
354 * Extenders and hyphens::
355 * Lyrics and repeats::
358 @node Automatic syllable durations
359 @subsubsection Automatic syllable durations
361 @cindex automatic syllable durations
362 @cindex lyrics and melodies
364 The lyrics can be aligned under a given melody
365 automatically. This is achieved by combining the
366 melody and the lyrics with the @code{\lyricsto} expression
369 \new Lyrics \lyricsto @var{name} @dots{}
372 This aligns the lyrics to the
373 notes of the @internalsref{Voice} context called @var{name}, which must
374 already exist. Therefore normally the @code{Voice} is specified first, and
375 then the lyrics are specified with @code{\lyricsto}. The command
376 @code{\lyricsto} switches to @code{\lyricmode} mode automatically, so the
377 @code{\lyricmode} keyword may be omitted.
379 The following example uses different commands for entering lyrics.
381 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
383 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' {
386 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
388 \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy4 to8. the16 world!4. the8 Lord4 is come.2 }
389 \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! the Sa -- viour reigns. }
390 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let sins and sor -- rows grow. }
394 The second stanza is not properly aligned because the durations
395 were not specified. A solution for that would be to use @code{\lyricsto}.
397 The @code{\addlyrics} command is actually just a convenient way
398 to write a more complicated LilyPond structure that sets up the
403 \addlyrics @{ LYRICS @}
410 \new Voice = "blah" @{ music @}
411 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" @{ LYRICS @}
414 @node Manual syllable durations
415 @subsubsection Manual syllable durations
417 Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\addlyrics} or
418 @code{\lyricsto}. In this case,
419 syllables are entered like notes -- but with pitches replaced by text -- and the
420 duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly. For example:
427 The alignment to a melody can be specified with the
428 @code{associatedVoice} property,
431 \set associatedVoice = #"lala"
435 The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of
436 a @internalsref{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines
437 will not be formatted properly.
439 Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations,
441 @lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
442 << \new Voice = "melody" {
446 \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
447 \set associatedVoice = #"melody"
454 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Lyrics}.
457 @node Multiple syllables to one note
458 @subsubsection Multiple syllables to one note
462 @cindex ties, in lyrics
464 In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
465 surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
466 between syllables, or use tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric
467 tie@footnote{The lyric ties is implemented with the Unicode character
469 sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
472 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
474 \relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
475 \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
476 \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
477 \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
482 Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic}.
484 @c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata"
485 @c the new title might be more self-explanatory
488 @node Multiple notes to one syllable
489 @subsubsection Multiple notes to one syllable
493 @cindex phrasing, in lyrics
495 Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be sung on one
496 single syllable; such vocalises are called melismas, or melismata.
498 @c this method seems to be the simplest; therefore
499 @c it might be better to present it first - vv
501 You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_}
503 that is part of the melisma.
505 @lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
506 { \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
507 c d( e) f f( e) e e }
509 { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _ e }
512 In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you
513 set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above.
515 However, the @code{\lyricsto} command can also
516 detect melismata automatically: it only puts one
517 syllable under a tied or slurred group of notes. If you want to force
518 an unslurred group of notes to be a melisma, insert @code{\melisma}
519 after the first note of the group, and @code{\melismaEnd} after the
522 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
524 \new Voice = "lala" {
532 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lala" {
538 In addition, notes are considered a melisma if they are manually
539 beamed, and automatic beaming (see @ref{Setting automatic beam
540 behavior}) is switched off.
542 @c TODO: there might be some more relevant place for
543 @c the following link (?)
548 A complete example of a SATB score setup is in section
549 @rlearning{Vocal ensembles}.
554 @code{\melisma}, @code{\melismaEnd}
555 @funindex \melismaEnd
560 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Melisma_translator}.
562 @c @lsr{vocal,lyric@/-combine.ly}.
566 Melismata are not detected automatically, and extender lines must be
570 @subsubsection Skipping notes
572 Making a lyric line run slower than the melody can be achieved by
573 inserting @code{\skip}s into the lyrics. For every @code{\skip},
574 the text will be delayed another note.
578 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
587 @node Extenders and hyphens
588 @subsubsection Extenders and hyphens
593 @c leave this as samp. -gp
594 Melismata are indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable
595 and the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered
596 as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two underscore
601 @c leave this as samp. -gp
602 Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{ -- } between syllables of a same word
603 (note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters). The hyphen
604 will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted
605 depending on the space between the syllables.
607 In tightly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
608 happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum
609 distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length}
610 (threshold below which hyphens are removed).
614 Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricExtender},
615 @internalsref{LyricHyphen}
617 @node Lyrics and repeats
618 @subsubsection Lyrics and repeats
620 @c TODO New section. Add text
624 @node Placement of lyrics
625 @subsection Placement of lyrics
627 Often, different stanzas of one song are put to one melody in slightly
628 differing ways. Such variations can still be captured with
633 * Lyrics independent of notes::
635 * Spacing out syllables::
636 * Centering lyrics between staves::
642 @subsubsection Divisi lyrics
644 You can display alternate (or divisi) lyrics by naming voice
645 contexts and attaching lyrics to those specific contexts.
647 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
649 \new Voice = "melody" {
654 \new Voice = "splitpart" { \voiceTwo c4 }
659 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { we shall not o- ver- come }
660 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "splitpart" { will }
665 You can use this trick to display different lyrics for a repeated
668 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
670 \new Voice = "melody" \relative c' {
672 \new Voice = "verse" \repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f | g1 | }
674 \new Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto melody \lyricmode {
677 \context Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode {
679 \new Lyrics = "repeatlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode {
680 dodo rere mimi fafa solsol }
687 @node Lyrics independent of notes
688 @subsubsection Lyrics independent of notes
690 In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place
691 lyrics completely independently of notes. Music defined
692 inside @code{lyricrhythm} disappears into the
693 @code{Devnull} context, but the rhythms can still be used
696 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
699 \tag #'music { c''2 }
700 \tag #'lyricrhythm { c''4. c''8 }
704 lyr = \lyricmode { I like my cat! }
707 \new Staff \keepWithTag #'music \voice
708 \new Devnull="nowhere" \keepWithTag #'lyricrhythm \voice
709 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "nowhere" \lyr
710 \new Staff { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c' c'
711 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' }
716 @subsubsection Chants
718 @c TODO Add text from lsr and -user
721 @node Spacing out syllables
722 @subsubsection Spacing out syllables
724 @cindex Spacing lyrics
725 @cindex Lyrics, increasing space between
727 To increase the spacing between lyrics, set the minimum-distance property of
730 @lilypond[relative,verbatim,fragment,quote,ragged-right]
733 \override Lyrics.LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0
737 longtext longtext longtext longtext
738 longtext longtext longtext longtext
742 To make this change for all lyrics in the score, set the property in the
745 @lilypond[relative,verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
752 longtext longtext longtext longtext
753 longtext longtext longtext longtext
758 \override LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0
765 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
768 @c TODO Create and add lsr example of lyricMelismaAlignment
769 @c It's used like this to center-align all lyric syllables,
770 @c even when notes are tied. -td
775 \context { \Score lyricMelismaAlignment = #0 }
779 @node Centering lyrics between staves
780 @subsubsection Centering lyrics between staves
782 @c TODO Add text from -user
789 * Adding stanza numbers ::
790 * Adding dynamics marks to stanzas::
791 * Adding singers' names to stanzas::
792 * Stanzas with different rhythms::
793 * Printing stanzas at the end ::
794 * Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns ::
798 @node Adding stanza numbers
799 @subsubsection Adding stanza numbers
801 @cindex stanza number
803 Stanza numbers can be added by setting @code{stanza}, e.g.,
805 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
807 \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.
813 Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime
818 These numbers are put just before the start of the first syllable.
820 @c TODO Create and add snippet to show how two lines of a
821 @c stanza can be grouped together, along these lines:
822 @c (might need improving a bit) -td
825 leftbrace = \markup { \override #'(font-encoding . fetaBraces) \lookup
829 \set stanza = \markup { "1. " \leftbrace }
830 \lyricmode { Child, you're mine and I love you.
831 Lend thine ear to what I say.
837 % \set stanza = \markup { " "}
838 \lyricmode { Child, I have no great -- er joy
839 Than to have you walk in truth.
845 @node Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
846 @subsubsection Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
848 Stanzas differing in loudness may be indicated by putting a
849 dynamics mark before each stanza. In LilyPond, everything coming in
850 front of a stanza goes into the @code{StanzaNumber} object; dynamics marks
851 are no different. For technical reasons, you have to set the stanza
852 outside @code{\lyricmode}:
854 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
856 \set stanza = \markup { \dynamic "ff" "1. " }
863 \new Voice = "tune" {
867 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tune" \text
871 @node Adding singers' names to stanzas
872 @subsubsection Adding singers' names to stanzas
875 @cindex name of singer
877 Names of singers can also be added. They are printed at the start of
878 the line, just like instrument names. They are created by setting
879 @code{vocalName}. A short version may be entered as @code{shortVocalName}.
881 @lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,relative=2]
883 \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.
885 \set vocalName = "Bert "
888 \set vocalName = "Ernie "
889 Oh, che -- ri, je t'aime
893 @node Stanzas with different rhythms
894 @subsubsection Stanzas with different rhythms
896 @subsubheading Ignoring melismata
898 One possibility is that the text has a melisma in one stanza, but
899 multiple syllables in another one. One solution is to make the faster
900 voice ignore the melisma. This is done by setting
901 @code{ignoreMelismata} in the Lyrics context.
903 There is one tricky aspect: the setting for @code{ignoreMelismata}
904 must be set one syllable @emph{before} the non-melismatic syllable
905 in the text, as shown here,
907 @c TODO: breaks compile
908 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
911 \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" {
912 \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
918 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
921 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
922 \set ignoreMelismata = ##t % applies to "fas"
924 \unset ignoreMelismata
932 The @code{ignoreMelismata} applies to the syllable @q{fas}, so it
933 should be entered before @q{go}.
936 @subsubheading Switching to an alternative melody
938 More complex variations in text underlay are possible. It is possible
939 to switch the melody for a line of lyrics during the text. This is
940 done by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property. In the example
942 @lilypond[ragged-right,quote]
944 \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" {
945 \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
948 \new Voice = "alternative" {
951 % show associations clearly.
952 \override NoteColumn #'force-hshift = #-3
963 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
964 Ju -- ras -- sic Park
966 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
967 % Tricky: need to set associatedVoice
968 % one syllable too soon!
969 \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran"
973 \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus"
979 the text for the first stanza is set to a melody called @q{lahlah},
982 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{
983 Ju -- ras -- sic Park
988 The second stanza initially is set to the @code{lahlah} context, but
989 for the syllable @q{ran}, it switches to a different melody.
990 This is achieved with
992 \set associatedVoice = alternative
996 Here, @code{alternative} is the name of the @code{Voice} context
997 containing the triplet.
999 Again, the command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in
1003 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{
1004 \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran"
1008 \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus"
1014 The underlay is switched back to the starting situation by assigning
1015 @code{lahlah} to @code{associatedVoice}.
1018 @node Printing stanzas at the end
1019 @subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end
1021 Sometimes it is appropriate to have one stanza set
1022 to the music, and the rest added in verse form at
1023 the end of the piece. This can be accomplished by adding
1024 the extra verses into a @code{\markup} section outside
1025 of the main score block. Notice that there are two
1026 different ways to force linebreaks when using
1029 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
1030 melody = \relative c' {
1036 \set stanza = "1." Ma- ry had a lit- tle lamb,
1037 its fleece was white as snow.
1041 \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
1042 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
1048 \line{ All the children laughed and played }
1049 \line{ To see a lamb at school. }
1056 Mary took it home again,
1058 It was against the rule."
1063 @node Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
1064 @subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
1066 When a piece of music has many verses, they are often printed in
1067 multiple columns across the page. An outdented verse number often
1068 introduces each verse. The following example shows how to produce such
1071 @lilypond[ragged-right,quote,verbatim]
1072 melody = \relative c' {
1077 \set stanza = "1." This is verse one.
1082 \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
1083 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
1090 \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin; can be removed if
1091 % space on the page is tight
1095 "This is verse two."
1099 \hspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses
1102 "This is verse three."
1107 \hspace #0.1 % adds horizontal spacing between columns; if they are
1108 % still too close, add more " " pairs until the result
1113 "This is verse four."
1117 \hspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses
1120 "This is verse five."
1125 \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin; can
1126 % be removed if page space is tight
1134 Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricText}, @internalsref{StanzaNumber},
1135 @internalsref{VocalName}.