1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Unfretted string instruments
12 @section Unfretted string instruments
15 {unfretted-headword.ly}
17 @cindex orchestral strings
18 @cindex strings, orchestral
19 @cindex strings, writing for
21 This section provides information and references which are helpful
22 when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
26 * Common notation for unfretted strings::
29 @node Common notation for unfretted strings
30 @subsection Common notation for unfretted strings
32 There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
33 instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and
34 usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might
35 be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
38 * References for unfretted strings::
39 * Bowing indications::
41 * Snap (Bartok) pizzicato::
44 @node References for unfretted strings
45 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings
47 Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
48 and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
52 @item Texual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
53 added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.
55 @item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
56 in @ref{Fingering instructions}.
58 @item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
59 see @ref{Chorded notes}. Directives for playing chords may be
60 added, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
62 @item A template for a string quartet can be found in
63 @rlearning{String quartet}. Others are shown in the snippets.
69 @rlearning{String quartet}.
73 @ref{Fingering instructions},
78 @rlsr{Unfretted strings}.
80 @node Bowing indications
81 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications
87 @cindex bowing indications
88 @cindex up bow indication
89 @cindex down bow indication
90 @cindex open string indication
91 @cindex string, indicating open
93 Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
94 described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
96 The bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used
97 with slurs as follows:
99 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
100 c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f)
104 and the following example shows three ways in which an open A
105 string on a violin might be indicated:
107 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
109 a^\markup { \teeny "II" }
110 a2^\markup { \small "sul A" }
121 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
125 @unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics
129 @strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}
131 @cindex natural harmonics
132 @cindex harmonics, natural
134 Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped
135 note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
136 the note if it were not a diamond.
138 @warning{Harmonics @strong{must} be defined inside a chord
139 construct even if there is only a single note.}
141 @c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this
142 Dotted harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
143 dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
146 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
147 <d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
148 \set harmonicDots = ##t
149 <d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
152 Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
153 sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
154 played as a harmonic:
156 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
157 d2^\flageolet d_\flageolet
160 A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
161 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
163 @strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}
165 @cindex artificial harmonics
166 @cindex harmonics, artifical
168 Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
169 note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
170 diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
172 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
173 <e a\harmonic>2 <c g'\harmonic>
181 @ref{Special note heads},
182 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
184 @node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato
185 @unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
187 @cindex pizzicato, Bartók
188 @cindex pizzicato, snap
189 @cindex Bartók pizzicato
190 @cindex snap pizzicato
194 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
195 {snap-pizzicato-markup-bartok-pizzicato.ly}