* VERSION (MY_PATCH_LEVEL): make 1.7.0

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / tutorial.itely

@c -*-texinfo-*-

@c TODO: LilyPond LilyPond LilyPond

@node Tutorial
@chapter Tutorial

@html
<!--- @@WEB-TITLE@@=Tutorial --->
@end html

@menu
* First steps::                 Music language of LilyPond
* Running LilyPond::            Printing music
* More basics::                 
* Printing lyrics::             
* A melody with chords ::       
* More stanzas::                
* More movements ::             Joining separate pieces of music
* A piano excerpt::             Piano music
* Fine tuning a piece::         
* An orchestral score::         Conductor's score and individual parts
* Integrating text and music::  Integrating text and music
* End of tutorial::             The end
@end menu

Operating lilypond is done through text files: to print a piece of
music, you enter the music in a file.  When you run lilypond (normally
using the program @code{ly2dvi}) on that file, the program produces
another file which contains sheet music that you can print or view.

This tutorial starts with a small introduction to the LilyPond music
language.  After this first contact, we will show you how to run
LilyPond to produce printed output; you should then be able to create
your first sheets of music. The tutorial continues with more and more
complex examples.

@node First steps
@section First steps

We start off by showing how very simple music is entered in
LilyPond:  you get a note simply by typing its note name, from
@code{a} through @code{g}. So if you enter
@quotation
@example
c d e f g a b
@end example
@end quotation
then the result looks like this:
@quotation
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\transpose c'' { c d e f g a b }
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

We will continue with this format: first we show a snippet of input,
then the resulting output.

The length of a note is specified by adding a number, ``@code{1}'' for a
whole note, ``@code{2}'' for a half note, and so on:

@quotation
@example
a1 a2 a4 a16 a32
@end example

@c missing clef seems to raise more questions than actual pitch of notes,
@c as these are snippets anyway
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
%\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
\transpose c'' { a1 a2 a4 a16 a32 }
s16_" "
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

If you don't specify a duration, the previous one is used: 
@quotation
@example
a4 a a2 a
@end example

@c missing clef seems to raise more questions than actual pitch of notes,
@c as these are snippets anyway
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
%\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
\transpose c'' { a a a2 a }
s16_" "
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

A sharp (@texisharp{}) is made by adding ``@code{is}'', a flat
(@texiflat{}) by adding ``@code{es}''.  As you would expect, a
double-sharp or double-flat is made by adding ``@code{isis}'' or
``@code{eses}'':

@quotation
@example
cis1 ees fisis aeses
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\transpose c'' { cis1 ees fisis aeses }
s16_" "
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

Add a dot ``@code{.}'' after the duration to get a dotted note:
@quotation
@example
a2. a4 a8. a16
@end example

@c missing clef seems to raise more questions than actual pitch of notes,
@c as these are snippets anyway
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature \set #'transparent = ##t
%\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
\transpose c'' { a2. a4 a8. a16 }
s16_" "
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

The meter (or time signature) can be set with the @code{\time} command:

@quotation
@example
\time 3/4
\time 6/8
\time 4/4
@end example

@c a clef here may lead to confusion
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Staff.Clef \set #'transparent = ##t 
\time 3/4
s4_" "
\time 6/8
s4_" "
\time 4/4
s16_" "
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

The clef can be set using the ``@code{\clef}'' command:

@c what is more common name treble or violin?
@c in Dutch, its violin.
@c in English its definitely treble.
@quotation
@example
\clef treble
\clef bass
\clef alto
\clef tenor
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\clef violin
s4_" "
\clef bass
s4_" "
\clef alto
s4_" "
\clef tenor
s16_" "
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

@c From these commands and notes, a piece of music can be formed.  A piece
@c of music is made by enclosing it in ``@code{\notes @{ ... @}}''.
@c     rephrased:
When you enter these commands in a file, you must to enclose them in
``@code{\notes @{ .. @}}''.  This lets LilyPond know that music (and
not lyrics, for example) follows:

@quotation
@example
\notes @{
   \time 3/4
   \clef bass
   c2 e4 g2.
   f4 e d c2.
@}
@end example
@end quotation
@separate

Now the piece of music is almost ready to be printed.  The final step is to
combine the music with a printing command.

The printing command is the so-called ``@code{\paper}'' block.  Later on
you will see that the @code{\paper} block is used to customize
printing specifics.  The music and the @code{\paper} block are combined by
enclosing them in ``@code{\score @{ ... @}}''.  This is what a full
LilyPond source file looks like:

@quotation
@example
\score @{
  \notes @{
     \time 3/4
     \clef bass
     c2 e4 g2.
     f4 e d c2.
  @}
  \paper @{ @}
@}
@end example

@lilypond
\score {
  \notes {
     \time 3/4
     \clef bass
     c2 e4 g2.
     f4 e d c2.
  }
  \paper { linewidth = 60 * \staffspace }
}
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate


@node Running LilyPond
@section Running LilyPond

In the last section we explained what kind of things you could enter
in a lilypond file.  In this section we explain how to run LilyPond 
and how to view or print the output.  If you have not used LilyPond
before, want to test your setup of LilyPond, or want to run an example
file yourself, read this section.   The instructions that follow
are for running LilyPond on Unix-like systems.  Some additional
instructions for running LilyPond on Windows are given at the end of
this section.

Begin by opening a terminal window and starting a text editor.
For example, you could open an xterm and execute @code{joe}.  In your
text editor, enter the following input and save the file as
@file{test.ly}:

@quotation
@example
\score @{
  \notes @{ c'4 e' g' @}
@} 
@end example
@end quotation

@cindex ly2dvi

@c now this is weird, running ly2dvi to run LilyPond
@c (therefore name change proposal) 

LilyPond is the program that computes the sheet music. All other
things, such as adding titles, page breaking and other page layout,
are done by a small wrapper program called
@code{ly2dvi}. @code{ly2dvi} calls lilypond to render the music, and
then adds the titling and page layout instructions.  To process
@file{test.ly} with @code{ly2dvi}, proceed as follows:

@quotation
@example
ly2dvi -P test.ly
@end example
@end quotation

You will see the following on your screen:

@quotation
@example
GNU LilyPond 1.6.0
Now processing: `/home/fred/ly/test.ly'
Parsing...
Interpreting music...[1]
 @emph{ ... more interesting stuff ... }
PS output to `test.ps'...
DVI output to `test.dvi'...
@end example
@end quotation
@cindex DVI file
@cindex Viewing music
@cindex xdvi

The results of the ly2dvi run are two files, @file{test.dvi} and
@file{test.ps}.  The PS file (@file{test.ps}) is the one you can print.
You can view the PS file using the program ghostview.  If a version of
ghostview is installed on your system, one of these commands will
produce a window with some music notation on your screen:
@c eeek
@quotation
@example
  gv test.ps
  ghostview test.ps
  ggv test.ps
  kghostview test.ps
@end example
@end quotation
If the music on your screen looks good, you can print it by clicking
File/Print inside ghostview.

The DVI file (@file{test.dvi}) contains the same sheet music in a
different format. DVI files are more easily processed by the computer,
so viewing them usually is quicker.  You can run @code{xdvi test.dvi} or
@code{kdvi test.dvi} to view the DVI file. In Xdvi, the mouse buttons
activate magnifying glasses.  Unfortunately, variable symbols (such as
beams and slurs) are not displayed in the magnifying glasses.

If your DVI viewer does not have a "Print" button, you can print the
file by executing @code{lpr test.ps}.

@c volgende alinea schrappen?  

If your system does not support printing PostScript files, then you
can install Ghostscript, a PostScript emulator.  Refer to
Ghostscript's website at @uref{http://www.ghostscript.com}.

@cindex Ghostscript
@cindex @code{lpr}
@cindex Printing output
@cindex PostScript
@cindex PDF

A final option is to use the popular PDF format.  You can get a PDF
file by running @code{ly2dvi --pdf test.ly}.  With @code{--pdf}
you will get DVI, PS and PDF files.  Viewers for PS files also
accept PDF files, but there are also many other applications for
viewing PDF files.

If you are familiar with @TeX{}, be warned: do not use other
DVI drivers like @code{dvilj}. The @TeX{} coming out of LilyPond
uses embedded PostScript code and will not render correctly if
you use anything other than @code{dvips}.

@cindex dvips
@cindex dvilj
@cindex DVI driver

@unnumberedsubsec Windows users
Windows users can start the terminal by clicking on the LilyPond or
Cygwin icon.  You can use any text editor (such as NotePad, Emacs or
Vim) to edit the LilyPond file.  If you install the Cygwin's
@code{XFree86} X11 window system, @code{tetex-x11} and
@code{ghostscript-x11} packages too, you can view the @code{dvi}
output doing @code{xdvi test.dvi} as described above.  If you have
installed a PostScript/PDF viewer, such as @code{GSView} from
@uref{http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost}, viewing the PS file can be done
with:
@quotation
@example
@code{gsview32 test.ps}
@end example
@end quotation
You can also print from the command line by executing:
@quotation
@example
@code{gsview32 /s test.ps}
@end example
@end quotation


@strong{SUMMARY}

To run LilyPond, input a text file, then run the command @code{ly2dvi} on
that file.  The resulting files are either DVI or PostScript, and can
be viewed with @code{xdvi} (unix) and ghostview (unix and windows)
respectively.  The following table summarizes the constructs that were
discussed in the previous two sections.

@multitable @columnfractions  .3 .3 .4  

@item @b{Syntax}
@tab @b{Description}
@tab @b{Example}

@item @code{1 2 8 16}
@tab durations 
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c1 c2 c8 c16
@end lilypond

@item @code{. ..}
@tab augmentation dots
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c4. c4..  
@end lilypond

@item @code{c d e f g a b }
@tab scale 
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c d e f g a b
@end lilypond

@item @code{\clef treble \clef bass }
@tab clefs
@tab
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Staff.TimeSignature \set #'transparent = ##t 
\clef treble
s4_" "
\clef bass
s4_" "
@end lilypond

@item @code{\time 3/4 \time 4/4 }
@tab time signature
@tab
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Staff.Clef \set #'transparent = ##t 
\time 3/4
s4_" "
\time 4/4
s16_" "
@end lilypond

@end multitable


@node More basics
@section More basics 

We continue with the introduction of the remaining musical constructs.
Normal rests are entered just like notes with the name ``@code{r}'':

@quotation
@example
r2 r4 r8 r16
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
r2 r4 r8 r16
s16_" "
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

@c Tim wants to move this quotes example just before the: quotes-don't-work
@c score, but we'd need to remove quotes from the other two (key and
@c tie) examples...

@c better to have this just before the `octaves are bad' snipped
@c but we'd need to remove the ', from \key and tie 
To raise a note by an octave, add a high quote @code{'} (apostrophe) to
the note name, to lower a note one octave, add a ``low quote'' @code{,}
(a comma).  Middle C is @code{c'}:

@quotation
@example
c'4 c'' c''' \clef bass c c,
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
c'4 c'' c''' \clef bass c c,
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

A tie is created by entering a tilde ``@code{~}'' between the notes to
be tied.  A tie between two notes means that the second note must not be
played separately; it just makes the first note sound longer:

@quotation
@lilypond[fragment,verbatim]
g'4 ~ g' a'2 ~ a'4
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

The key signature is set with the command ``@code{\key}''.  One caution:
you need to specify whether the key is @code{\major} or @code{\minor}.
@quotation
@example
\key d \major
g'1
\key c \minor
g'
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\key d \major
g'1
\key c \minor
g'
@end lilypond
@end quotation


@c bit on the long/complex/scary taste
@c cheating a bit: two lines makes for a friendlier look
This example shows notes, ties, octave marks, and rests in action.

@quotation
@example
\score @{
  \notes @{
    \time 4/4
    \key d \minor
    \clef violin
    r4 r8 d''8 cis''4 e''
    d''8 a'4. ~ a' b'8
    cis''4 cis''8 cis'' bis'4 d''8 cis'' ~
    cis''2 r2
  @}
  \paper @{ @}
@}
@end example

@lilypond
\score {
  \notes {
    \time 4/4
    \clef violin
    \key d \minor
    r4 r8 d''8 cis''4 e''
    d''8 a'4. ~ a' b'8
    cis''4 cis''8 cis'' bis'4 d''8 cis'' ~
    cis''2 r2
  }
  \paper { linewidth = 50*\staffspace }
}
@end lilypond
@end quotation

@c accidentals...
There are some interesting points to note in this example.
Accidentals (sharps and flats) don't have to be marked explicitly: you
just enter the note name, and LilyPond determines whether or not to
print an accidental.  Bar lines and beams are drawn automatically.
LilyPond calculates line breaks for you; it doesn't matter where you
make new lines in the source file. Finally, the order of time, key and
clef changes is not relevant: lilypond will use standard notation
conventions for ordering these items.

The example also indicates that a piece of music written in a high
register needs lots of quotes.  This makes the input less readable,
and is also a potential source of errors.

The solution is to use ``relative octave'' mode.  In practice, this is
the most convenient way to copy existing music.  To use relative mode,
add @code{\relative} before the piece of music.  You must also give a
note from which relative starts, in this case @code{c''}.  If you don't
use octavation quotes (ie don't add ' or , after a note), relative mode
chooses the note that is closest to the previous one.  Since most music
has small intervals, you can write quite a lot in relative mode without
using octavation quotes.
@c don't use commas or quotes in this sentence
For example: @code{c f} goes up; @code{c g} goes down:

@quotation
@example
\relative c'' @{
  c f c g c
@}
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\relative c'' {
  c f c g c
}
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate


@c needed better, maybe even redundant explanation
@c   added another example below.
@c grappig: Pa vond het heel logies, en slim toen-i eenmaal begreep.
@c in eerste instantie drong het `relative' niet door zonder extra uitleg.
You can make larger intervals by adding octavation quotes.  Note that
quotes or commas do not determine the absolute height of a note;
the height of a note is relative to the previous one.
@c don't use commas or quotes in this sentence
For example: @code{c f,} goes down; @code{f, f} are both the same;
@code{c' c} are the same; and @code{c g'} goes up:

@quotation
@example
\relative c'' @{
  c f, f c' c g' c,
@}
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\relative c'' {
  c f, f c' c g' c,
}
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate


Here's an example of the difference between relative mode and
``normal'' (non-relative) mode:

@quotation
@example
\relative a @{
\clef bass
  a d a e d c' d'
@}
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\relative a {
\clef bass
  a d a e d c' d'
}
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

@quotation
@example
\clef bass
  a d a e d c' d'
@end example

@lilypond[fragment]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\clef bass
  a d a e d c' d'
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

@strong{SUMMARY}

The following table summarizes the syntax learned so far in this section.

@c Is it possible to avoid page breaks directly after the 
@c table head?   /Mats

@multitable @columnfractions .3 .3 .4  

@item @b{Syntax}
@tab @b{Description}
@tab @b{Example}

@item @code{r4 r8}
@tab rest 
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
r4 r8
@end lilypond


@item @code{~}
@tab tie
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
d ~ d
@end lilypond


@item @code{\key es \major }
@tab key signature
@tab
@lilypond[fragment]
\property Staff.TimeSignature \set #'transparent = ##t
\clef treble
\key es \major
s4 
@end lilypond

@item @var{note}@code{'}
@tab raise octave
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
a a'
@end lilypond

@item @var{note}@code{,}
@tab lower octave
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c c,
@end lilypond

@end multitable

A slur is drawn across many notes, and indicates bound articulation
(legato).  The starting note and ending note are marked with a
``@code{(}'' and a ``@code{)}'' respectively:

@quotation
@lilypond[fragment,relative 1, verbatim]
d4( )c16( cis d e c cis d )e( )d4
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

If you need two slurs at the same time (one for articulation, one for
phrasing), you can also make a phrasing slur with @code{\(} and
@code{\)}.

@c lousy example
@c ? --hwn
@c fragment of 1st hrn in Adams' The Chairman Dances, with creative
@c chromatic thing pasted in front.  (admittedly the original doesn't
@c have a phrasing slur. The problem is that we don't want the slur
@c and the Phrasing slur to collide. We're trying to make a good
@c impression here.

@quotation
@lilypond[fragment,relative 1, verbatim]
a8(\( ais b ) c cis2 b'2 a4 cis, \) c
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

Beams are drawn automatically, but if you don't like the choices, you
can enter beams by hand. Surround the notes to be grouped with @code{[}
and @code{]}:
@quotation
@lilypond[fragment,relative 1, verbatim]
[a8 ais] [d es r d]
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

To print more than one staff, each piece of music that makes up a staff
is marked by adding @code{\context Staff} before it.  These
@code{Staff}'s are then grouped inside @code{<} and @code{>}, as is
demonstrated here:

@quotation
@lilypond[fragment,verbatim]
<
  \context Staff = staffA { \clef violin c'' }
  \context Staff = staffB { \clef bass c }
>
@end lilypond
@end quotation

In this example, @code{staffA} and @code{staffB} are names that are
given to the staves.  It doesn't matter what names you give, as long
as each staff has a different name.

@separate

We can now typeset a melody with two staves:

@quotation
@lilypond[verbatim,singleline]
\score {
  \notes 
  < \context Staff = staffA {
      \time 3/4
      \clef violin
      \relative c'' { e2 ( d4 c2 b4 [a8 a] [b b] [g g] )a2. }  
    }
    \context Staff = staffB {
       \clef bass
       c2 e4  g2.
       f4 e d c2.
    }
  >
  \paper {} 
}
@end lilypond
@end quotation

Notice that the time signature is specified in one melody staff only
(the top staff), but is printed on both.  LilyPond knows that the time
signature should be the same for all staves.

@separate

Common accents can be added to a note using @code{-.}, @code{--}, @code{->}:
@quotation
@lilypond[verbatim,relative 1]
c-. c-- c->
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

Dynamic signs are made by adding the markings to the note:
@quotation
@lilypond[verbatim,relative 1]
c-\ff c-\mf
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

Crescendi and decrescendi are started with the commands @code{\<} and
@code{\>}. The command @code{\!} finishes a crescendo on the following
note.
@quotation
@lilypond[verbatim,relative 1]
c2\<  \!c2-\ff  \>c2  \!c2
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

Chords can be made by surrounding notes with @code{<} and @code{>}:
@quotation
@lilypond[relative 0, fragment,verbatim]
r4 <c e g> <c f a> 
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

@ignore
@c te diepzinnig?
@c hmm, te losjes, iig
In general, @code{ < @var{stuff} > } is used when @var{stuff} all
happens at the same time, like in chords, or (like in the two-staff
example above) in a bunch of stacked staves.
@end ignore

You can combine beams and ties with chords.  Beam and tie markings
must be placed outside the chord markers:
@quotation
@lilypond[relative 0, fragment,verbatim]
r4 [<c8 e g> <c8 f a>] ~ <c8 f a>
@end lilypond
@end quotation

When you want to combine chords with slurs and dynamics, technical
detail crops up: you have type these commands next to the notes, which
means that they have to be inside the @code{< >}.  Don't get confused
by the chord @code{< >} and the dynamic @code{\< \>}!


@quotation
@example
r4 <c8 e g \> ( > <c e g> <c e g>  < ) \! c8 f a>
@end example
@lilypond[relative 0, fragment]
\slurUp
r4 <c8 e g \> ( > <c e g> <c e g>  < ) \! c8 f a>
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

@c   this example is a bit too strongly worded -- there's nothing wrong
@c   with starting a piece with a chord; you just have to be careful when
@c   you do so.  I've rephrased this example below.
@c There is one golden rule that you should keep in mind when writing
@c LilyPond input:
@c @quotation
@c @strong{DO NOT START A PIECE WITH A CHORD}
@c @end quotation
@c Of course, it is a allowed, but the result might not be what you expect:

@c   rephrased "don't start with a chord"
There is one caution when using chords: if you use a chord at the very
beginning of the piece, LilyPond might not understand what you want:

@quotation
@lilypond[verbatim,singleline]
\score { \notes <c'2 e'2> }
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate

If you have a piece that begins with a chord, you must explicitly
state that the notes of the chord are to be put on the same staff, in
the same voice.  This is done by specifying @code{\context Staff} or
@code{\context Voice} for the notes:

@quotation
@lilypond[verbatim,singleline]
\score { \notes \context Voice <c'2 e'2> }
@end lilypond
@end quotation
@separate


@strong{SUMMARY}

@multitable @columnfractions .3 .3 .4  

@item @b{Syntax}
@tab @b{Description}
@tab @b{Example}


@item @code{( )}
@tab slur
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c( d )e
@end lilypond


@item @code{\( \)}
@tab phrasing slur
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c\(  c() d \)e
@end lilypond


@item @code{[ ]}
@tab beam
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
[a8 b]
@end lilypond


@item @code{< \context Staff ... >}
@tab more staffs
@tab
@lilypond[fragment]
< \context Staff = SA { c'1 }
  \context Staff = SB { c'1 } >
@end lilypond

  
@item @code{-> -.}
@tab articulations
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c-> c-.
@end lilypond


@item @code{-\mf -\sfz}
@tab dynamics
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
c-\mf c-\sfz
@end lilypond


@item @code{\< \!}
@tab crescendo
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
a\< a \!a
@end lilypond

@item @code{\> \!}
@tab decrescendo
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\property Score.timing = ##f
\property Staff.TimeSignature = \turnOff
\property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
\property Staff.Clef = \turnOff
a\> a \!a
@end lilypond


@item @code{< >}
@tab chord
@tab
@lilypond[fragment, relative 1]
\context Voice <c e> 
@end lilypond

@end multitable

Now you know the basic ingredients of a music file, so this is the right
moment to try your at hand at doing it yourself: try typing some
simple examples, and experiment a little.

When you're comfortable with the basics, you might want to read
the rest of this chapter.  It continues in tutorial-style, but it
is much more in-depth, dealing with more advanced topics such as
lyrics, chords, orchestral scores and parts, fine tuning of output,
polyphonic music, and integrating text and music.





@node Printing lyrics
@section Printing lyrics
@cindex lyrics

In this section we shall explain how to typeset the following
fragment of The Free Software Song: 

@lilypond[singleline]
\score  { \notes { \addlyrics
  \notes \relative c' {
    \time 7/4
    d'2 c4 b16 ( a g a b a b ) c a2
    b2 c4 b8 ( a16 g ) a4 g2 }
  \context Lyrics \lyrics { 
    Join us now __ and
    share the soft -- ware; }
}
\paper { linewidth = -1. }
}
@end lilypond


@cindex lyric mode
@cindex @code{\lyrics}


To print lyrics, you must enter them and then instruct lilypond to
print the lyrics.
You can enter lyrics in a special input mode of LilyPond. This mode is
called Lyrics mode, and it is introduced by the keyword @code{\lyrics}.
The purpose of this mode is that you can enter lyrics as plain text,
punctuation, and accents without any hassle.

Syllables are entered like notes, but with pitches replaced by text.  For
example, @code{Twin- kle twin- kle} enters four syllables.  Note that
the hyphen has no special meaning for lyrics, and does not introduce
special symbols.

Spaces can be introduced into a lyric either by using quotes:
@code{"He could" not} or by using an underscore without quotes:
@code{He_could not}.  All unquoted underscores are converted to
spaces.

These are the lyrics for the free software song:

@example 
 \lyrics @{ 
    Join us now __ and
    share the soft -- ware; @}
@end example

As you can see, extender lines are entered as @code{__}.  This will
create an extender, which is a line that extends over the entire
duration of the lyric.  This line will run all the way to the start
of the next lyric, so you may want to shorten it by using a blank
lyric (using @code{_}).


You can use ordinary hyphens at the end of a syllable, i.e.
@example
        soft- ware
@end example
but then the hyphen will be attached to the end of the first syllable.
 
If you want them centered between syllables you can use the special
`@code{-}@code{-}' lyric as a separate word between syllables.  The
hyphen will have variable length depending on the space between
the syllables and it will be centered between the syllables.
 
Normally the notes that you enter are transformed into note heads.
Note heads alone make no sense, so they need surrounding information: a
key signature, a clef, staff lines, etc.  They need @emph{context}.  In
LilyPond, these symbols are created by objects called `interpretation
contexts'.  Interpretation contexts exist for generating notation
(`notation context') and for generating sound (`performance
context').  These objects only exist while LilyPond is executing.

When LilyPond interprets music, it will create a Staff context.
We don't want that default here, because we want lyric.  The
command
@example
  \context Lyrics
@end example
explicitly creates an interpretation context of 
@code{Lyrics} type to interpret the song text that we entered.

The melody of the song doesn't offer anything new:
@example
 \notes \relative c' @{
    \time 7/4
    d'2 c4 b16 ( a g a b a b ) c a2
    b2 c4 b8 ( a16 g ) a4 g2 @}
@end example

Both can be combined with the @code{\addlyrics}:
@example
\addlyrics
  \notes \relative c' @dots{}
  \context Lyrics \lyrics @dots{} 
@end example

The lyrics are also music expressions, similar to notes. Each syllable
of the lyrics is put under a note of the melody. 
The complete file is listed here:

@example
\score  @{ \notes @{ \addlyrics
  \notes \relative c' @{
    \time 7/4
    d'2 c4 b16 ( a g a b a b ) c a2
    b2 c4 b8 ( a16 g ) a4 g2 @}
  \context Lyrics \lyrics @{ 
    Join us now __ and
    share the soft -- ware; @}
@}
\paper @{ linewidth = -1. @}
@}
@end example



@node A melody with chords 
@section A melody with chords

In this section we show how to typeset a melody with chord
accompaniment. This file is included as @file{input/tutorial/flowing.ly}.

@example 
\include "paper16.ly"
melody = \notes \relative c' @{
        \partial 8
        \key c \minor
        g8 |
        c4 c8 d [es () d] c4 | f4 f8 g [es() d] c g |
        c4 c8 d [es () d] c4 | d4 es8 d c4.
        \bar "|."
@}

accompaniment =\chords @{
        r8
        c2:3- f:3-.7 d:min es4 c8:min r8
        c2:min f:min7 g:7^3.5 c:min @}

\score @{
        \simultaneous @{
          %\accompaniment
          \context ChordNames \accompaniment
            \context Staff = mel @{        
              \melody 
            @}

        @}
        \midi  @{ \tempo 4=72 @}
        \paper @{ linewidth = 10.0\cm @}
@} 
@end example 


The result would look this.

@lilypond[center]
\include "paper16.ly"
melody = \notes \relative c' {
        \partial 8
        \key c \minor
        g8 |
        c4 c8 d [es () d] c4 | f4 f8 g [es() d] c g |
        c4 c8 d [es () d] c4 | d4 es8 d c4.
        \bar "|."
}

accompaniment =\chords {
        r8
        c2:3- f:3-.7 d:min es4 c8:min r8
        c2:min f:min7 g:7^3.5 c:min }

\score {
        \simultaneous {
          %\accompaniment
          \context ChordNames \accompaniment

            \context Staff = mel {
              \property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
             \melody 
            }
        }
        \midi  { \tempo 4=72 }
        \paper { linewidth = 10.0\cm }
}
@end lilypond

We will dissect this file line by line.

@separate
@example 

        \include "paper16.ly"
 
@end example
Smaller size (suitable for inclusion in a book).
@separate
@example 

        melody = \notes \relative c' @{
 
@end example 
The structure of the file will be the same as the previous one: a
@code{\score} block with music in it.  To keep things readable, we will
give different names to the different parts of music, and use the names
to construct the music within the score block.

@separate
@example 
        \partial 8
@end example 

@cindex @code{\partial}
@cindex anacrusis
The piece starts with an anacrusis (or ``pickup'') of one eighth.
@separate

@separate
@example 

        c4 c8 d [es () d] c4 | f4 f8 g [es() d] c g |
        c4 c8 d [es () d] c4 | d4 es8 d c4.
        \bar "|."
 
@end example 

@cindex manual beaming
@cindex automatic beaming, turning off
We use explicit beaming.  Since this is a song, we turn automatic
beams off and use explicit beaming where needed.
@separate
@example 

        @}
 
@end example 
This ends the definition of @code{melody}.  

@separate
@example 

        text = \lyrics @{
 
@end example
@cindex lyrics
@cindex identifier assignment
@cindex syllables, entering
This defines the lyrics, similar to what we have seen before.

@separate
@example 

        accompaniment =\chords @{
 
@end example
@cindex chords
@cindex mode, chords
We'll put chords over the music. To enter them, we use a special mode
analogous to @code{\lyrics} and @code{\notes} mode, where you can give
the names of the chords you want instead of listing the notes
comprising the chord.
@separate
@example 

        r8
 
@end example 
There is no accompaniment during the anacrusis.
@separate
@example 

        c2:3- 
 
@end example

@cindex tonic
@cindex chord modifier
@cindex modifier, chord 
This is a c minor chord, lasting for a half note. Chords are entered using
the tonic.  Notes can be changed to create different chords.  In this case,
a lowered third is used (making a C major chord into a C minor chord).
The code for this is @code{3-}. 

@separate
@example
f:3-.7
@end example
Similarly, @code{7} modifies (adds) a seventh, which is small by
default to create the @code{f a c es} chord.  Multiple modifiers must be
separated by dots.
@separate
@example 

        d:min es4 c8:min r8
 
@end example
Some modifiers have predefined names, e.g. @code{min} is  the same as
@code{3-}, so @code{d-min} is a minor @code{d} chord.
@separate
@example 

        c2:min f:min7 g:7^3.5 c:min @}
 
@end example
@cindex named modifier

A named modifier @code{min} and a normal modifier @code{7} do not have
to be separated by a dot.  Tones from a chord are removed with chord
subtractions.  Subtractions are started with a caret, and they are
also separated by dots.  In this example, @code{g:7^3.5} produces a
minor seventh (a G7 chord without the third or the fifth).  The
brace ends the sequential music.
@separate
@example 

        \score @{
                \simultaneous @{
 
@end example 
We assemble the music in the @code{\score} block.  Melody, lyrics and
accompaniment have to sound at the same time, so they should be
@code{\simultaneous}.
@cindex @code{\simultaneous}
@separate
@example 

        %\accompaniment
 
@end example 
Chord mode generates notes grouped in @code{\simultaneous} music.  If
you remove the comment sign, you can see the chords in normal
notation: they will be printed as note heads on a separate
staff. To print them as chords names, they have to be interpreted as
being chords, not notes. This is done with the following command:  
@separate
@example 

        \context ChordNames \accompaniment
 
@end example
@cindex context
@cindex interpretation context
@cindex notation context


Normally the notes that you enter are transformed into note heads.
Note heads alone make no sense, so they need surrounding information: a key
signature, a clef, staff lines, etc.  They need @emph{context}.  In
LilyPond, these symbols are created by objects called `interpretation
contexts'.  Interpretation contexts exist for generating notation
(`notation context') and for generating sound (`performance
context').  These objects only exist while LilyPond is executing.

When LilyPond interprets music, it will create a Staff context.  If
the @code{%} sign in the previous line were removed, you could see
that mechanism in action.

We don't want that default here, because we want chord names.  The
command above explicitly creates an interpretation context of 
@code{ChordNames} type to interpret the music @code{\accompaniment}. 

@separate
@example 

        \context Staff = mel @{
 
@end example

We place the melody on a staff called @code{mel}. We give it a name to
differentiate it from the one that would contain note heads for the
chords, if you would remove the comment before the ``note heads''
version of the accompaniment. By giving this staff a name, it is
forced to be different.
@separate
@example 

        \property Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
 
@end example
@cindex \property
@cindex context variables
@cindex setting context variables
An interpretation context has variables, called properties, that tune
its behavior.  One of the variables is @code{autoBeaming}.  Setting
this @code{Staff}'s property to @code{##f}, which is the boolean value
@var{false}, turns the automatic beaming mechanism off for the current
staff.


@separate
@example 

          \melody
        @}
 
@end example 
Finally, we put the melody on the current staff.  Note that the
@code{\property} directives and @code{\melody} are grouped in sequential
music,  so the property settings are done before the melody is
processed.

@separate
@example 

        \midi  @{ \tempo 4=72@}
 
@end example 
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a standard for
connecting and recording digital instruments. So a MIDI file is like a
tape recording of an instrument. The @code{\midi} block makes the
music go to a MIDI file, so you can listen to the music you entered.  It
is great for checking the music.  Whenever you hear something weird, you
probably hear a typing error.

Syntactically, @code{\midi} is similar to @code{\paper @{ @}}, since it
also specifies an output method.  You can specify the tempo using the
@code{\tempo} command, in this case the tempo of quarter notes is set to
72 beats per minute.
@separate
@example 

        \paper @{ linewidth = 10.0\cm @}
 
@end example 
We also want notation output.  The linewidth is short so that the piece
will be set in two lines.

@node More stanzas
@section More stanzas


@cindex phrasing

If you have multiple stanzas printed underneath each other, the vertical
groups of syllables should be aligned around punctuation.  LilyPond can
do this if you tell it which lyric lines belong to which melody.
We show how you can do this by showing how you could print a frivolous
fragment of a fictional Sesame Street duet. 

@lilypond[singleline,verbatim]
\score {
\addlyrics
  \notes \relative c'' \context Voice = duet { \time 3/4
     g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.  }
  \lyrics \context Lyrics <
  \context LyricsVoice = "duet-1" {
    \property LyricsVoice . stanza = "Bert"
    Hi, my name is bert.    }
  \context LyricsVoice = "duet-2" {
    \property LyricsVoice . stanza = "Ernie" 
    Ooooo, ch\'e -- ri, je t'aime. }
  >
}
@end lilypond

To this end, give the Voice context an identity, and set the
LyricsVoice to a name starting with that identity followed by a dash.
In the following example, the Voice identity is @code{duet},
@example
\context Voice = duet @{
     \time 3/4
     g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.  @}
@end example
and the
identities of the LyricsVoices are @code{duet-1} and @code{duet-2}.
@example
  \context LyricsVoice = "duet-1" @{
    Hi, my name is bert. @}
  \context LyricsVoice = "duet-2" @{
    Ooooo, ch\'e -- ri, je t'aime. @}
@end example

We add the names of the singers.  This can be done by setting
@code{LyricsVoice.Stanza} (for the first system) and
@code{LyricsVoice.stz} for the following systems.  Note that you must
surround dots with spaces in @code{\lyrics} mode.

@example
    \property LyricsVoice . stanza = "Bert"
    @dots{}
    \property LyricsVoice . stanza = "Ernie" 
@end example

The convention for naming @code{LyricsVoice} and @code{Voice} must
also be used to get melismata on rests correct.


@c    I think we need to change the name of this section, but that
@c    would probably involve a lot of changes in other places too.
@node More movements 
@section More movements

The program @code{lilypond} only produces sheet music and does not
create titles, subtitles, or print the composer's name.  To do that,
you need to use @code{ly2dvi}, which comes with LilyPond.  @code{ly2dvi}
creates the title, then calls @code{lilypond} to format the sheet music.
In this section, we show you how to create titles like this:

@c    Old version of the above paragraph.
@c LilyPond only produces sheet music; it doesn't concern itself with
@c producing titles.  Titles are produced using a simply wrapper program
@c This is the jobs of a simple wrapper
@c program called ly2dvi. @code{ly2dvi} calls LilyPond to do the
@c sheet music formatting. Then it produces titles, and ties together all
@c inputs into a single @file{dvi} file.  In this section, we show some of
@c the options  for titling.  We will show how you can produce a file
@c that looks like this:

@center @strong{Two miniatures}
@flushright
Opus 1.
@end flushright
@flushleft
@var{Up}
@end flushleft
@lilypond
  \score {
    \notes { c'4 d'4 }
    \paper { linewidth = -1.0 }
  }
@end lilypond
@flushright
Opus 2.
@end flushright
@flushleft
@var{Down}
@end flushleft
@lilypond
  \score {
    \notes { d'4 c'4 }
    \paper { linewidth = -1.0 }
  }
@end lilypond

For example, consider the following file (@file{miniatures.ly}) 

@example
\version "1.5.72"
\header @{
  title = "Two miniatures"
  composer = "F. Bar Baz" 
  tagline = "small is beautiful" @}

\paper @{ linewidth = -1.0 @}

%@{

Mental note: discuss Schenkerian analysis of these key pieces.

%@}

\score @{
    \notes @{ c'4 d'4 @}
    \header @{
        opus = "Opus 1."
        piece = "Up" @}
@}
\score @{
    \notes @{ d'4 c'4 @}
    \header @{
        opus = "Opus 2."
        piece = "Down" @}
@}
@end example


The information for the global titling is in a so-called header block.
The information in this block is not used by LilyPond, but it is
passed into @code{ly2dvi}, which uses this information to print titles
above the music.
@cindex assignments
@cindex identifier assignment
the @code{\header} block contains assignments.  In each assignment, a
variable is set to a value. The header block for this file looks like
this
@cindex @code{\header}
@example 
  \header @{
    title = "Two miniatures" 
    composer = "F. Bar Baz"
    tagline = "small is beautiful"
  @}
@end example

When you process a file with ly2dvi, a signature line is printed at
the bottom of the last page.  This signature is produced from the
@code{tagline} field of @code{\header}.  The default "Lily was here,
@var{version number}" is convenient for programmers: archiving the
layouts of different versions allows programmers to compare the
versions using old print-outs.

@cindex Lily was here
@cindex signature line
@cindex tag line

Many people find the default tagline (``Lily was here'') too droll.  
If that is the case, you can change @code{tagline} to somethign else,
as shown above.

@separate
@example
  \paper @{ 
    linewidth = -1.0 @}
@end example

A paper block at top level (i.e. not in a @code{\score} block) sets the
default page layout.  The following @code{\score} blocks don't have
@code{\paper} sections, so the settings of this block are used.

The variable @code{linewidth} normally sets the length of the systems
on the page. However, a negative value has a special meaning. If
@code{linewidth} is less than 0, no line breaks are inserted into the
score, and the spacing is set to natural length: a short phrase takes
up little space, a longer phrase takes more space, all on the same line.

@example
%@{

Mental note: discuss Schenkerian analysis of these key pieces.

%@}
@end example

Mental notes to yourself can be put into comments. There are two types
of comments. Line comments are introduced by @code{%}, and block
comments are delimited by @code{%@{} and @code{%@}}.

@separate
@example
  \score @{
    \notes @{ c'4 d'4 @}
@end example

In previous examples, most notes were specified in relative octaves 
(i.e. each note was put in the octave that is closest to its
predecessor).  Besides relative, there is also absolute octave
specification, which you get when you don't include @code{\relative} in
your input file.  In this input mode, the middle C is denoted by
@code{c'}. Going down, you get @code{c} @code{c,} @code{c,,} etc.  
Going up, you get @code{c''} @code{c'''} etc.

When you're copying music from existing sheet music, relative octaves
are probably the easiest to use: you have to do less typing, and errors are
easily spotted. However, if you write LilyPond input directly, either by
hand (i.e. composing) or by computer, absolute octaves may be easier to use.


@separate
@example
    \header @{
@end example

The @code{\header} is normally at the top of the file, where it sets
values for the rest of the file.  If you want to typeset different pieces
from one file (for example, if there are multiple movements, or if
you're making an exercise book), you can put different @code{\score}
blocks into the input file.  @code{ly2dvi} will assemble all LilyPond
output files into a big document.  The contents of @code{\header} blocks
specified within each score is used for the title of that movement.
@separate
@example
        opus = "Opus 1."
        piece = "Up" @}
@end example
For example, the Opus number is put at the right, and the "piece" string
will be at the left.



@example
\version "1.5.72"
\header @{
  title = "Two miniatures"
  composer = "F. Bar Baz" 
  tagline = "small is beautiful" @}

\paper @{ linewidth = -1.0 @}

\score @{
    \notes @{ c'4 d'4 @}
    \header @{
        opus = "Opus 1."
        piece = "Up" @}
@}
\score @{
    \notes @{ d'4 c'4 @}
    \header @{
        opus = "Opus 2."
        piece = "Down" @}
@}
@end example


@separate
@example 
\version "1.5.72"
@end example 
Lilypond and its language are still under development, and
occasionally details of the syntax are changed.  The @code{version}
fragment indicates which version of lilypond the input file was written
for.  When you compile this file, the version number will be checked
and you will get a warning when the file is too old.  This version
number is also used by the @code{convert-ly} program (See
@ref{Invoking convert-ly}), which can used to update the file to the
latest lily version.


@node A piano excerpt
@section A piano excerpt

Our eighth subject is a piece of piano music.  The fragment in the
input file is a piano reduction of the G major Sinfonia by Giovanni
Battista Sammartini, composed around 1740.  It's in the source
package under the name @file{input/tutorial/sammartini.ly}.

@lilypondfile[smallverbatim]{sammartini.ly}

As you can see, this example features multiple voices on one staff.  To
make room for those voices, their notes should be stemmed in opposite
directions.

LilyPond includes the identifiers @code{\stemUp}, @code{\stemDown} along
with some other commonly used formatting instructions, but to explain how
it works, we wrote our own here.  Of course, you should use predefined
identifiers like these if possible: you will be less affected by changes
between different versions of LilyPond.

@separate
@example 
viola = \notes \relative c'  \context Voice = viola @{ 
@end example 
In this example you can see multiple parts on a staff.  Each part is
associated with one notation context.  This notation context handles
stems and dynamics (among other things).  The type name of this context
is @code{Voice}.  For each part we have to make sure that there is
precisely one @code{Voice} context, so we give it a unique name
(`@code{viola}').

@separate
@example 
<c4-\arpeggio g' c>
@end example 
The delimiters @code{<} and @code{>} are shorthands for
@code{\simultaneous @{} and @code{@}}. The expression enclosed in
@code{<} and @code{>} is a chord.

@cindex arpeggio

@code{\arpeggio} typesets an arpeggio sign (a wavy vertical line) before
the chord.

@separate
@example 
   \voiceTwo
@end example 

We want the viola to have stems down, and have all the other
characteristics of a second voice. This is enforced using the
@code{\voiceTwo} command:  it inserts instructions that makes stem,
ties, slurs, etc. go down.



@separate
@example 
        g'8. b,16 
@end example 
Relative octaves work a little differently with chords.  The starting
point for the note following a chord is the first note of the chord.  So
the @code{g} gets an octave up quote: it is a fifth above the starting
note of the previous chord (the central C).

@separate
@example 
s1 s2. r4 
@end example 
@code{s} is a spacer rest.  It does not print anything, but it does have
the duration of a rest. It is useful for filling up voices that
temporarily don't play. In this case, the viola doesn't come until one
and a half measure later.

@separate
@example 
oboes = \notes \relative c'' \context Voice = oboe @{ 
@end example 
Now comes a part for two oboes.  They play homophonically, so we
print the notes as one voice that makes chords. Again, we insure that
these notes are indeed processed by precisely one context with
@code{\context}.
@separate
@example 
\voiceOne s4  g8. b,16 c8 r <e'8. g> <f16 a> 
@end example

The oboes should have stems up to keep them from interfering with
the staff-jumping bass figure.  To do that, we use @code{\voiceOne}.

@separate
@example 
\grace <e8( g> < d4 )f> <c2 e> 
@end example
@cindex @code{\grace}
@cindex ornaments
@cindex grace notes
@code{\grace} introduces grace notes.  It takes one argument, in this
case a chord. A slur is introduced starting from the @code{\grace}
ending on the following chord.

@separate
@example 
\times 2/3 
@end example
@cindex tuplet
@cindex triplets
Tuplets are made with the @code{\times} keyword.  It takes two
arguments: a fraction and a piece of music.  The duration of the piece
of music is multiplied by the fraction.  Triplets make notes occupy 2/3
of their notated duration, so in this case the fraction is 2/3.
@separate
@example 
@{ <d8 f> <e g> <f a> @} 
@end example 
The piece of music to be `tripletted' is sequential music containing
three chords.

@separate
@example 
< 
@end example 
At this point, the homophonic music splits into two rhythmically
different parts.  We can't use a sequence of chords to enter this, so
we make a "chord of sequences" to do it.  We start with the upper
voice, which continues with upward stems:
@separate
@example 
 @{ \times 2/3 @{ a8 g c @} c2 @} 
@end example

@separate
@example
\\
@end example
The easiest way to enter multiple voices is demonstrated
here. Separate the components of the voice (single notes or entire
sequences) with @code{\\} in a simultaneous music expression. The
@code{\\} separators split first voice, second voice, third voice, and
so on.

As far as relative mode is concerned, the previous note is the
@code{c'''2} of the upper voice, so we have to go an octave down for
the @code{f}.
@separate
@example 

  f,8 e e2
@} > 
@end example 
This ends the two-part section.
@separate
@example 
\stemBoth
\grace <c,8( e> <)b8. d8.-\trill> <c16 e> |  
@end example
@cindex trill
@cindex stemBoth

@code{\stemBoth} ends the forced stem directions.  From here, stems are
positioned as if it were single part music.

The bass has a little hoom-pah melody to demonstrate parts switching
between staves.  Since it is repetitive, we use repeats:
@separate
@example 
hoomPah  =  \repeat unfold 8
@end example
@cindex unfolded @code{\repeat}
The unfolded repeat prints the notes in its argument as if they were
written out in full eight times.
@separate
@example
\notes \transpose c' @{
@end example
@cindex transposing
@cindex relative mode and transposing

Transposing can be done with @code{\transpose}, which takes two arguments.
The first specifies what central C should be transposed to.  The second
is the to-be-transposed music.  As you can see, in this case, the
transposition has no effect, as central C stays at central C.

The purpose of this no-op is to protect it from being interpreted as
relative notes.  Relative mode can not be used together with
transposition, so @code{\relative} will leave the contents of
@code{\hoomPah} alone.  We can use it without having to worry about
getting the motive in a wrong octave.
@separate
@cindex staff switch, manual
@cindex cross staff voice, manual
@cindex @code{\translator}

@example
        \translator Staff = down
        \stemUp
        c8
        \translator Staff = up
        \stemDown
        c'8 @}
@end example
Voices can switch between staves.  Here you see two staff switching
commands.  The first one moves to the lower staff, the second one to
the lower one.  If you set the stem directions explicitly
(using the identifiers @code{\stemUp} and @code{\stemDown}, the notes
can be beamed together (despite jumping between staffs).

@separate
@example 
bassvoices = \notes \relative c' @{
c4 g8. b,16
\autochange Staff \hoomPah \context Voice
@end example

@separate
@example
        \translator Staff = down
@end example
@cindex staff switch
@cindex cross staff voice
We want the remaining part of this melody on the lower staff, so we do a
manual staff switch here.


@separate
@example 
\context Voice = reallyLow  @{\stemDown g2 ~ | g4 c8 @} > 
@end example
@cindex tie
@cindex @code{~}
After skipping some lines, we see @code{~}.  This mark makes ties.  Note
that ties and slurs are different things.  A tie can only connect two
note heads of the same pitch, whereas a slur can connect many notes
with one curve.

@separate
@example 
\context PianoStaff 
@end example 
 A special context is needed to get cross staff beaming right.  This
context is called @code{PianoStaff}.
@separate
@example 
\context Staff = bottom < \time 2/2 \clef bass 
@end example 
The bottom staff must have a different clef.
@separate
@example 
indent = 0.0 
@end example 
To make some more room on the line, the first (in this case the only)
line is not indented.  The line still looks very cramped, but that is due
to the page layout of this document.


@ignore
[TODO:

* font-size, multi-stanza.

* Simple part combining in a Hymn
@end ignore


@node Fine tuning a piece
@section  Fine tuning a piece

In this section we show some ways to fine tune the final output of a
piece.  We do so using a single measure of a moderately complex piano
piece: a Brahms intermezzo (opus 119, no. 1).  Both fragments (the
tuned and the untuned versions) are in @file{input/tutorial/}.

The code for the untuned example shows us some new things.

@lilypondfile[verbatim]{brahms-original.ly}


@cindex dynamics
@cindex loudness
@cindex forte
@cindex crescendo
@cindex @code{\<}
@cindex @code{\!}

Hairpin dynamics can be easily added to Lilypond scores.  Beginning a
crescendo is indicated with @code{\<} and ending a crescendo is indicated
with @code{\!}.  A decrescendo can be indicated with @code{\>} and
@code{\!}.  Absolute dynamics (sometimes called ``Letter dynamics'') can
be entered using @code{\p}, @code{\mf}, etc.  All these dynamics will
apply to the whole chord where they are entered, but for syntactical
reasons they must be attached to one of the notes of the chord.

@cindex fingering instructions

Fingering indications are entered with @code{-@var{N}}, where
@var{N} is a digit.

Now that we have the basic piece of music entered, we want to fine
tune it so that we get something that resembles the original printed
edition by Schott/Universal Edition:

@lilypondfile{brahms-tweaked.ly}

@cindex tuning graphical objects

Fine tuning involves overriding the defaults of the printing system.
We do this by setting variables which control how Lilypond prints
symbols.  Printed symbols are called graphical objects (often
abbreviated to @emph{grob}). Each object is described by a bunch of
settings.  Every setting is a variable: it has a name and a value
which you can change.  These values determine the fonts, offsets,
sub-routines to be called on the object, etc.  The initial values of
these settings are set in the Scheme file
@file{scm/grob-description.scm}.

@cindex slur attachments

We start with the slur in the upper part, running from F sharp to A.  In
the printed edition, this slur runs from stem to stem; in our version,
the slur begins at the note head of the F sharp.  The following property
setting forces all slurs to run from stem to stem (not from or to note
heads!).

@example
  \property Voice.Slur \set #'attachment = #'(stem . stem)
@end example

More precisely, this command modifies the definition of the @code{Slur}
object in the current @code{Voice}.  The variable @code{attachment} is
set to the pair of symbols @code{'(stem . stem)}. 

Although this fixes the slur, it isn't very helpful for fine tuning in
general: the lilypond back-end supports approximately 240 variables
like @code{attachment}, each with their own meaning and own type
(eg. number, symbol, list, etc).  Besides slur, LilyPond has 80
different types of graphical objects, that may be created in 14
different context types besides Voice.

@cindex internal documentation
@cindex finding graphical objects
@cindex graphical object descriptions 

The interesting information is how you can figure out which properties
to tune for your own scores. To discover this, you must have a copy of
the internals document. This is a set of HTML pages which should be
included if you installed a binary distribution@footnote{You can also
compile them by executing @code{make -C Documentation/user/
out/lilypond-internals.html} in the source package.}.  These HTML pages
are also available on the web: go to the lilypond website, click
``Documentation: Index'' on the side bar, look in the ``Information for
uses'' section, and click on ``Documentation of internals''.

You might want to bookmark either the HTML files on your disk, or the one
on the web (the HTML on your hard drive will load much faster than the
ones on the web!).  One word of caution: the internals documentation is
generated from the definitions that lily uses.  For that reason, it is
strongly tied to the version of LilyPond that you use.  Before you
proceed, please make sure that you are using the documentation that
corresponds to the version of LilyPond that you are using.

@c  TODO: the quote is incorrect, although that shouldn't be a big
@c    problem for the reader.
Suppose that you wanted to tune the behavior of the slur.  The first
step is to get some general information on slurs in lilypond.  Turn to
the index, and look up ``slur''. The section on slurs says
@quotation
The grob for this object is @internalsref{Slur}, generally in
@internalsref{Voice} context.
@end quotation

So the graphical object for this object is called @code{Slur}, and
slurs are created in the @code{Voice} context.  If you are reading
this tutorial in the HTML version, then you can simply click Slur,
otherwise, you should look it up the internal documentation: click
``grob overview'' and select ``slur'' (the list is alphabetical).

Now you get a list of all the properties that the slur object
supports, along with their default values.  Among the properties we
find the @code{attachment} property with its default setting.  
The property documentation explains that the following setting will
produce the desired effect:
@example 
 \property Voice.Slur \set #'attachment = #'(stem . stem)
@end example

If you ran the previous example, you have unknowingly already used
this kind of command.  The @file{ly/property-init.ly} contains the
definition of @code{\stemUp}:
@example
  stemUp = \property Voice.Stem \set #'direction = #1
@end example  

@c this is a long section, and adding an extra space here helps to
@c break it into smaller subsections and thus is easier to understand.
@separate

Next we want to move the fingering `3'.  In the printed edition it is
not above the stem, but a little lower and slightly left of the stem.
From the user manual we find that the associated graphical object is
called @code{Fingering}, but how do we know if we should use
@code{Voice} or @code{Staff}?  In many cases, @code{Voice} is a safe
bet, but you can also deduce this information from the internals
documentation: if you visit the documentation of @code{Fingering}, you
will notice
@example
Fingering grobs are created by: Fingering_engraver
@end example

Clicking @code{Fingering_engraver} will show you the documentation of
the module responsible for interpreting the fingering instructions and
translating them to a @code{Fingering} object.  Such a module is called
an @emph{engraver}.  The documentation of the @code{Fingering_engraver}
says
@example
Fingering_engraver is part of contexts: Voice and TabVoice
@end example
so tuning the settings for Fingering should be done using either
@example
  \property Voice.Fingering \set @dots{}
@end example
or
@example
  \property TabVoice.Fingering \set @dots{}
@end example

Since the @code{TabVoice} is only used for tab notation, we see that
the first guess @code{Voice} was indeed correct.

@cindex setting object properties
@cindex @code{extra-offset}

For shifting the fingering, we use the property @code{extra-offset}.
The following command manually adds an offset to the object.  We move
it a little to the left, and 1.8 staff space downwards.
@example
 \property Voice.Fingering \set #'extra-offset = #'(-0.3 . -1.8) 
@end example       
The @code{extra-offset} is a low-level feature: it moves around
objects in the printout; the formatting engine is completely oblivious
to these offsets.  The unit of these offsets are staff-spaces.  The
first number controls left-right movement; a positive number will move
the object to the right.  The second number controls up-down movement;
a positive number will move it higher.

@cindex reverting object properties
@cindex undoing object properties

We only want to offset a single object, so after the F-sharp we must
undo the setting. The technical term is to revert the property.
@example
  \property Voice.Fingering \revert #'extra-offset
@end example

@cindex property types
@cindex translator properties
@cindex grob properties
@cindex music properties
@separate

There are three different types of variables in LilyPond, something
which can be confusing at first (and for some people it stays confusing
:).  Variables such as @code{extra-offset} and @code{attachment} are
called grob properties.  They are not the same as translator properties,
like @code{autoBeaming}.  Finally, music expressions are internally
stored using properties (so-called music properties).  You will encounter
music properties if you run Scheme functions on music using @code{\apply}.

The second fingering instruction should be moved up a little to avoid
a collision with the slur.  This could be achieved with
@code{extra-offset}, but in this case, a simpler mechanism also
works.  We insert an empty text between the 5 and the note. The empty
text pushes the fingering instruction away:
@example
  a^" "^#'(finger "5")
@end example

Lilypond tries to put fingering instructions as close to the notes as
possible.  To make sure that Lilypond doesn't do that, we disguise the
fingering as text: @code{(finger "5")}.

@separate

Normally one would specify all dynamics in the same voice, so that
dynamics (such as @b{f} and @b{p}) will be aligned with hairpins.  But
in this case, we don't want the decrescendo to be aligned with the
piano sign.  We achieve this by putting the dynamic markings in different
voices.  The crescendo should be above the upper staff.  This can be
forced by using the precooked command 
@example
  \dynamicsUp
@end example

However, if you do that the decrescendo will be too close to the
upper voice and collide with the stems.  Looking at the manual for
dynamics, we notice that ``Vertical positioning of these symbols is
handled by the @internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner} grob.''.  If we turn
to the documentation of @code{DynamicLineSpanner}, we find that
@code{DynamicLineSpanner} supports several so-called `interfaces'.  This
object not only puts dynamic objects next to the staff
(@code{side-position-interface}), but it also groups dynamic objects
(@code{axis-group-interface}), is considered a dynamic sign
itself (@code{dynamic-interface}), and is an object.  It has the standard
@code{grob-interface} with all the variables that come with it.

For the moment we are interested in side positioning:
@quotation
 side-position-interface

  Position a victim object (this one) next to other objects (the
  support).  In this case, the direction signifies where to put the
  victim object relative to the support (left or right, up or down?)
@end quotation
Between the object and its support (in this case the notes in the voice
going down), there should be more space.  This space is controlled by
@code{padding}, so we increase it.
@example
            \property Voice.DynamicLineSpanner \override #'padding = #5.0
@end example

This command is almost like the command for setting slur attachments,
but subtly different in its details.  Grob properties can be
manipulated with two commands: @code{\override} extends the 
variables with a setting, and @code{\revert} releases this
setting.  This has a certain theoretical appeal: the operations are
simple and symmetric.  But for practical use, it can be cumbersome.  The
commands act like parentheses: you should carefully balance the use of
@code{\override} and @code{\revert}.  The @code{\set} command is more
friendly: it first does a @code{\revert} followed by @code{\override}.

@separate

Brahms uses music notation is a slightly unorthodox way.  Ties
usually happen only within one voice.  In this piece, the composer
gladly produces ties that jump voices.  We deal with this by faking
these ties: whenever we need such a tie, we insert a notehead in a
different voice, and blank the stem.  This is done in the following
snippet of code.

@example
         \property Voice.Stem \set #'transparent = ##t
          d'
@end example
Blanking the stem should be done for only one object. One of the ways
to achieve that, is by setting the property before a note. Reverting
it afterwards is tedious, so for setting a property only once, we have
the syntax @code{\once}: it reverts the property directly before
proceeding to the next step in time.

The @code{\once} keyword is added to @code{\property}.


Finally, the last tie is forced up using @code{\tieUp}.

@separate

Here's the complete ``fine tuned'' version, which includes all the
modifications we discussed in this section:

@lilypondfile[verbatim]{brahms-tweaked.ly}


@node An orchestral score
@section An orchestral score

@menu
* The full score::              
* Extracting an individual part::  
@end menu


Our next two examples demonstrate one way to create an orchestral score
in LilyPond.  When typesetting a piece for several instruments, you'll
want to create a full score (for the conductor) along with several
individual parts (for the players).

LilyPond is well suited for this task.  We will declare the music for
each instrument individually, giving the music of each instrument its
own name.  These pieces of music are then combined in different
@code{\score} blocks to produce different combinations of instruments
(for example, one @code{\score} block may only include the cello part;
another @code{\score} block may be for all the strings, and yet another
@code{\score} block may be for all parts together).

This orchestral score example consists of three input files.  In the
first file, @file{os-music.ly}, we define the music for all
instruments.  This file will be used for producing the score and
the separate parts, but the file doesn't produce any sheet music
itself.  Other files reference this file by doing @code{\include
"os-music.ly"}.

@example
% os-music.ly
\header @{
  title = "Zo, goed lieverd?"
  subtitle = "How's, this babe?"
  composer = "JCN"
  opus = "1"
  piece = "Laid back"
@}
global = @{
  \time 2/4
  \skip 2*4 \bar "|."
@}
Key = \notes \key as \major
flautoI = \notes\relative c'' @{
  f8 g f g f g f g
  bes as bes as bes as bes as
@}
flautoII = \notes\relative c'' @{
  as8 bes as bes R1 d4 ~ d
@}
tromboI = \notes\relative c'' @{
  c4. c8 c8 c4. es4 r as, r
@}
tromboII = \notes\relative c'' @{
  as4. as8 as8 as4. R1*1/2 as4 es'
@}
timpani = \notes\relative c, @{
  \times 2/3 @{ f4 f f @}
  \times 4/5 @{ as8 as as as as @}
  R1
@}
corno = \notes\relative c' @{
   bes4 d f, bes d f, bes d
@}
@end example

We will not examine this example line by line, since you already know
most of it.  We'll examine a few lines which contain new elements.


@separate
@example
global = @{
  \time 2/4
  \skip 2*4 \bar "|."
@}
@end example

Declare setting to be used globally.  The @code{\skip} command produces
no output, but moves forward in time: in this case, the duration of a
half note (@code{2}), and that four times (@code{*4}).  This brings us
to the end of the piece, and we can set the end bar.  You can use @code{s}
as a shortcut for @code{\skip} (the last line of this section would
be @code{s2*4 \bar"|."}).

@separate
@example
Key = \notes \key as \major
@end example
Declare the key signature of the piece and assign it to the identifier
@var{Key}.  Later on we'll use @code{\Key} for all staves except those
for transposing instruments.

@node The full score
@subsection The full score


The second file, @file{input/tutorial/os-score.ly}, reads the definitions of the first
(@file{input/tutorial/os-music.ly}), and defines the @code{\score} block for the full
conductor's score.


@example
% os-score.ly
\include "os-music.ly"
\include "paper13.ly"

#(set-point-and-click! 'line-column)
#(define text-flat '((font-relative-size . -2)
         (music "accidentals--1")))

\score @{
  <
    \global
    \property Score.BarNumber \override #'padding = #3
    \context StaffGroup = woodwind <
      \context Staff = flauti <
        \property Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
        \property Staff.instrument = "2 Flauti"
        \property Staff.instr = "Fl."
        \Key
        \context Voice=one @{ \voiceOne \flautoI @}
        \context Voice=two @{ \voiceTwo \flautoII @}
      >
    >
    \context StaffGroup = timpani <
      \context Staff = timpani <
        \property Staff.midiInstrument = #"timpani"
        \property Staff.instrument = #'(lines "Timpani" "(C-G)")
        \property Staff.instr = #"Timp."
        \clef bass
        \Key
        \timpani
      >
    >
    \context StaffGroup = brass <
      \context Staff = trombe <
        \property Staff.midiInstrument = #"trumpet"
        \property Staff.instrument = #`(lines "2 Trombe" "(C)")
        \property Staff.instr = #`(lines "Tbe." "(C)")
        \Key
        \context Voice=one \partcombine Voice
          \context Thread=one \tromboI
          \context Thread=two \tromboII
      >
      \context Staff = corni <
        \property Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
        \property Staff.instrument = #`(lines "Corno"
          (columns "(E" ,text-flat ")"))
        \property Staff.instr = #`(lines "Cor."
          (columns "(E" ,text-flat ")"))
        \property Staff.transposing = #3
        \notes \key bes \major
        \context Voice=one \corno
      >
    >
  >
  \paper @{
    indent = 15 * \staffspace
    linewidth = 60 * \staffspace
    textheight = 90 * \staffspace
    \translator@{
      \HaraKiriStaffContext
    @}
  @}
  \midi @{
    \tempo 4 = 75
  @}
@}
@end example

@center @strong{Zo, goed lieverd?}
@sp 1
@center How's, this babe?
@flushright
Opus 1.
@end flushright
@flushleft
@sc{Laid back}
@end flushleft

@lilypondfile{os-score.ly}

@separate
@example
\include "os-music.ly"
@end example
First we need to include the music definitions we made in
@file{os-music.ly}.

@separate
@example
#(set-point-and-click! 'line-column)
@end example

This piece of Scheme code executes the function
@code{set-point-and-click!} with the argument
@code{line-column}.  Editing input files can be complicated if you're
working with large files: if you're digitizing existing music, you have
to synchronize the .ly file, the sheet music on your lap and the sheet
music on the screen.  The point-and-click mechanism makes it easy to
find the origin of an error in the LY file: when you view the file with
Xdvi and click on a note, your editor will jump to the spot where that
note was entered.  For more information, see @ref{Point and click}.


@separate
@example
#(define text-flat '((font-relative-size . -2)
         (music "accidentals--1")))
@end example

To name the transposition of the french horn, we will need a piece of
text with a flat sign.  LilyPond has a mechanism for font selection and
kerning called Scheme markup text (See @ref{Text markup}).  The flat
sign is taken from the music font, and its name is @code{accidentals--1}
(The natural sign is called @code{accidentals-0}).  The default font is
too big for text, so we select a relative size of @code{-2}.

@separate
@example
  <
    \global
@end example
All staves are simultaneous and use the same global settings.

@separate
@example
    \property Score.BarNumber \override #'padding = #3
@end example
LilyPond prints bar numbers at the start of each line, but
unfortunately they end up a bit too close to the staff in this
example.  In LilyPond, a bar number is called @var{BarNumber}.
BarNumber objects can be manipulated through their
@var{side-position-interface}.  One of the properties of a
@var{side-position-interface} that can be tweaked is @var{padding}:
the amount of extra space that is put between this and other objects.
We set the padding to three staff spaces.

You can find information on all these kind of properties in LilyPond's
automatically generated documentation in
@ifnottex
@ref{ (lilypond-internals)lilypond-internals, LilyPond Internals}
or in @ref{Fine tuning a piece}.
@end ifnottex
@iftex
the online documentation or in the previous section of the tutorial.
@end iftex

@c  REFERENCE MAO

@separate
@example
    \context StaffGroup = woodwind <
      \context Staff = flauti <
@end example
A new notation context: the @code{StaffGroup}.  @code{StaffGroup} can
hold one or more @code{Staff}'s, and will print a big bracket at the
left of the score.  This starts a new staff group for the woodwind
section (just the flutes in this case).  Immediately after that, we
start the staff for the two flutes, who also play simultaneously.

@separate
@example
        \property Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
@end example
Specify the instrument for MIDI output (see @ref{MIDI instrument
names}).

@separate
@example
        \property Staff.instrument = "2 Flauti"
        \property Staff.instr = "Fl."
@end example
This defines the instrument names to be printed in the
margin.  @code{instrument} specifies the name for the first line
of the score, @code{instr} is used for the rest of the score.

@separate
@example
        \Key
@end example
The flutes play in the default key.

@separate
@example
        \context Voice=one @{ \voiceOne \flautoI @}
        \context Voice=two @{ \voiceTwo \flautoII @}
@end example
Last come the actual flute parts.  Remember that we're still in
simultaneous mode.  We name both voices differently, so that LilyPond
will create two Voice contexts.  The flute parts are simple, so
we specify manually which voice is which: @code{\voiceOne} forces the
direction of stems, beams, slurs and ties up, @code{\voiceTwo} sets
directions down.

@separate
@example
      >
    >
@end example
Close the flutes staff and woodwind staff group.

@separate
@example
        \property Staff.instrument = #'(lines "Timpani" "(C-G)")
@end example
The timpani staff demonstrates a new piece of scheme markup, it sets two
lines of text.

@separate
@example
        \context Voice=one \partcombine Voice
          \context Thread=one \tromboI
          \context Thread=two \tromboII
@end example
You have seen the notation contexts Staff and Voice, but here's a new
one: Thread.  One or more Threads can be part of a Voice.  Thread
takes care of note heads and rests; Voice combine note heads onto a
stem.

For the trumpets we use the automatic part combiner (see @ref{Automatic
part combining}) to combine the two simultaneous trumpet parts onto the
trumpet staff.  Each trumpet gets its own Thread context, which must be
named @code{one} and @code{two}).  The part combiner makes these two
threads share a Voice when they're similar, and splits the threads up
when they're different.

@separate
@example
        \property Staff.instrument = #`(lines "Corno"
          (columns "(E" ,text-flat ")"))
@end example
The french horn (``Corno'') has the most complex scheme markup name, made
up of two lines of text.  The second line has three elements (columns) --
the @code{(E}, the flat sign @code{text-flat} that we defined previously,
and a final @code{")"}.  Note that we use a backquote instead of an
ordinary quote at the beginning of the Scheme expression to be able to
access the @code{text-flat} identifier, `unquoting' it with a ``@code{,}''.

@separate
@example
        \property Staff.transposing = #3
@end example
The french horn is to be tuned in E-flat, so we tell the MIDI back-end to
transpose this staff by three steps.

Note how we can choose different tunings for the text input, sheet music
output and, and MIDI output, using @code{\transpose} and the MIDI Staff
property @var{transposing}.

@separate
@example
        \notes \key bes \major
@end example
Since the horn is transposing, it's in a different key.

@separate
@example
    indent = 15 * \staffspace
    linewidth = 60 * \staffspace
@end example
We specify a big indent for the first line and a small linewidth for this
tutorial.

@separate

Usually LilyPond's default setup of notation contexts (Thread,
Voice, Staff, Staffgroup, Score) is just fine.  But in this case we
want a different type of Staff context.

@example
    \translator@{
      \HaraKiriStaffContext
    @}
@end example

In orchestral scores it often happens that one instrument only has
rests during one line of the score.  @code{HaraKiriStaffContext} can
be used as a regular @code{StaffContext} drop-in and will take care of
the automatic removing of empty staves -- so if the strings are the
only instruments playing for a line, LilyPond will only print the string
parts for that line of the score.  This reduces the number of page turns
(and the number of dead trees!) required in a score.

@node Extracting an individual part
@subsection Extracting an individual part

The third file, @file{os-flute-2.ly} also reads the definitions of the
first (@file{os-music.ly}), and defines the @code{\score} block for the
second flute part.

@example
\include "os-music.ly"
\include "paper16.ly"

\score @{
  \context Staff <
    \property Score.skipBars = ##t
    \property Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
    \global
    \Key
    \flautoII
  >
  \header @{
    instrument = "Flauto II"
  @}
  \paper @{
    linewidth = 80 * \staffspace
    textheight = 200 * \staffspace
  @}
  \midi @{
    \tempo 4 = 75
  @}
@}
@end example

@center @strong{Zo, goed lieverd?}
@sp 1
@center How's, this babe?
@center @emph{Flauto II}
@flushright
Opus 1.
@end flushright
@flushleft
@sc{Laid back}
@end flushleft
@lilypondfile{os-flute-2.ly}


Because we separated the music definitions from the @code{\score}
instantiations, we can easily define a second score with the music of
the second flute.  This is the part for the second flute player.  Of
course, we would make separate parts for all individual instruments if
we were preparing the score for an orchestra.

@separate
@example
    \flautoII
@end example
In this individual part the second flute has a whole staff for itself,
so we don't want to force stem or tie directions.

@separate
@example
  \header @{
    instrument = "Flauto II"
  @}
@end example
The @code{\header} definitions were also read from @file{os-music.ly},
but we need to set the instrument for this particular score.

@separate
@example
    \property Score.skipBars = ##t
@end example
In the conductor's full score, all bars with rests are printed, but for
the individual parts, we want to print one multimeasure rest instead of
many consecutive empty bars.  LilyPond will do this if
@code{Score.skipBars} is set to true (@code{##t}).


@node Integrating text and music
@section Integrating text and music


@cindex La@TeX{}, music in
@cindex HTML, music in
@cindex Texinfo, music in

Sometimes you might want to use music examples in a text that you are
writing (for example a musicological treatise, a songbook, or (like us)
the LilyPond manual).  You can make such texts by hand, simply by
importing a PostScript figure into your word processor.  However,
there is an automated procedure to reduce the amount of work.

If you use HTML, La@TeX{}, or texinfo, you can mix text and LilyPond
code.  A script called @code{lilypond-book} will extract the music
fragments, run LilyPond on them, and put back the resulting
notation.  This program is fully described in the chapter
@ref{Integrating text and music with lilypond-book}.  Here we show a
small example.  Since the example also contains explanatory text, we
won't comment on the contents.

@example
\documentclass[a4paper]@{article@}
\begin@{document@}

In a lilypond-book document, you can freely mix music and text. For
example:
\begin@{lilypond@}
  \score @{ \notes \relative c' @{
     c2 g'2 \times 2/3 @{ f8 e d @} c'2 g4
  @} @}
\end@{lilypond@}
Notice that the music line length matches the margin settings of the
document.

If you have no \verb+\score+ block in the fragment,
\texttt@{lilypond-book@} will supply one:

\begin@{lilypond@}
  c'4
\end@{lilypond@}

In the example you see here, two things happened: a
\verb+\score+ block was added, and the line width was set to natural
length. You can specify many more options using  \LaTeX style options
in brackets:

\begin[verbatim,11pt,singleline,
  fragment,relative,intertext="hi there!"]@{lilypond@}
  c'4 f bes es
\end@{lilypond@}

\texttt@{verbatim@} prints the LilyPond code in addition to the
graphical score,
\texttt@{11pt@} selects the default music size,
\texttt@{fragment@} adds a score block,
\texttt@{relative@} uses relative mode for the fragment, and
\texttt@{intertext@} specifies what to print between the
\texttt@{verbatim@} code and the music.

If you want to include large examples into the text, it may be more
convenient to put the example in a separate file:

\lilypondfile[printfilename]@{sammartini.ly@}

The \texttt@{printfilename@} option adds the file name to the output.

\end@{document@}
@end example

Under Unix, you can view the results as follows.
@example
$ cd input/tutorial
$ mkdir -p out/
$ lilypond-book --outdir=out/ lilbook.tex
lilypond-book (GNU LilyPond) 1.6.1
Reading `input/tutorial/lilbook.tex'
Reading `input/tutorial/sammartini.ly'
@var{lots of stuff deleted}
Writing `out/lilbook.latex'
$ cd out
$ latex lilbook.latex
@var{lots of stuff deleted}
$ xdvi lilbook 
@end example

Notice the @code{outdir} option to lilypond-book. Running lilypond-book
and running latex creates a lot of temporary files, and you wouldn't want
those to clutter up your working directory. Hence, we have them created
in a separate subdirectory.

The result looks more or less like this: 

@separate

In a lilypond-book document, you can freely mix music and text. For
example:
@lilypond
  \score { \notes \relative c' {
     c2 g'2 \times 2/3 { f8 e d } c'2 g4
  } }
@end lilypond
Notice that the music line length matches the margin settings of the
document.

If you have no @code{\score} block in the fragment,
@code{lilypond-book} will supply one:

@lilypond
  c'4
@end lilypond

In the example you see here, a number of things happened: a
@code{\score} block was added, and the line width was set to natural
length. You can specify many more options using  La@TeX{} style options
in brackets:

@lilypond[verbatim,11pt,singleline,
  fragment,relative,intertext="hi there!"]
  c'4 f bes es
@end lilypond

@code{verbatim} also shows the LilyPond code, @code{11pt} selects
the default music size, @code{fragment} adds a score block,
@code{relative} uses relative mode for the fragment, and
@code{intertext} specifies what to print between the
@code{verbatim} code and the music.

If you include large examples into the text, it may be more convenient
to put the example in a separate file:

@lilypondfile[printfilename]{sammartini.ly}

The @code{printfilename} option adds the file name to the output.
@node  End of tutorial
@section End of tutorial
         
This is the end of the tutorial.  If you read everything until this point
(and understood everything!) then you're now an accomplished lilypond
hacker.  From here you should try fiddling with input files or making your
own input files.  Come back to the reference manual for more information
if you get stuck!

Don't forget to check out the 
@ifhtml
@uref{../../templates/out-www/templates.html,templates},
@uref{../../test/out-www/test.html,example} and 
@uref{../../regression/out-www/regression.html,feature test}
snippets.
@end ifhtml
@ifnothtml
templates, example and feature test snippets.
@end ifnothtml
If you want to see real action lilypond then head over to
@uref{http://www.mutopiaproject.org}, which has many examples of
classical music typeset with LilyPond.