Preparing the terrain in Vocal

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / staff.itely

@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
    Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH

    When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
    version that you are working on.  See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore

@c \version "2.11.51"

@node Staff notation
@section Staff notation

@lilypondfile[quote]{staff-headword.ly}

This section explains how to influence the staff appearance, print
scores with more than one staff, and how to apply specific
performance marks to single staves.

@menu
* Displaying staves::           
* Modifying single staves::     
* Writing parts::               
@end menu


@node Displaying staves
@subsection Displaying staves

This section shows the different possibilities to create and group
staves into groups, which can be marked in the beginning of each
line with either a bracket or a brace.

@menu
* Instantiating new staves::
* Grouping staves:: 
* Deeper nested staff groups::  
@end menu

@node Instantiating new staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Instantiating new staves

@cindex new staff
@cindex staff initiation
@cindex staff instantiation
@cindex staff, new
@cindex staff, single
@cindex drum staff
@cindex percussion staff
@cindex Gregorian transcription staff
@cindex rhythmic staff
@cindex tabstaff
@cindex tablature

Staves (sg. staff) are created with the @code{\new} or
@code{\context} commands.  For an explanation on these commands,
see @ref{Creating contexts}.

There are different predefined staff contexts available in
LilyPond:

@itemize
@item
The default is @code{Staff}:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new Staff { c4 d e f }
@end lilypond

@item
@code{DrumStaff} creates a five line staff set up for a typical
drum set.  It uses different names for each instrument.  The
instrument names have to be set using the @code{drummode}.  See
@ref{Percussion staves}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new DrumStaff { 
  \drummode { cymc hh ss tomh }
}
@end lilypond

@c FIXME: remove when mentioned in NR 2.8
@item
@code{GregorianTranscriptionStaff} sets up a staff to notate
modern Gregorian chant.  It does not show bar lines.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c4 d e f }
@end lilypond

@item
@code{RhythmicStaff} can be used to show the rhythm of some music.
The notes are printed on one line regardless of their pitch, but
the duration is preserved.  See @ref{Showing melody rhythms}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new RhythmicStaff { c4 d e f }
@end lilypond

@item
@code{TabStaff} creates by default a tablature with six strings in
standard guitar tuning.  See @ref{Default tablatures}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new TabStaff { c4 d e f }
@end lilypond

@end itemize

@noindent
Besides these staves there are two staff contexts specific for the
notation of ancient music: @code{MensuralStaff} and
@code{VaticanaStaff}.  They are described in @ref{Pre-defined
contexts}.

Once a staff is instantiated it can be started or stopped at every
point in the score.  This is done with the commands
@code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff}.  How to use it is
explained in @ref{Staff symbol}.


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{staff},
@rglos{staves}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Creating contexts},
@ref{Percussion staves}, 
@ref{Default tablatures},
@ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
@ref{Mensural contexts},
@ref{Staff symbol},
@ref{Pre-defined contexts},
@ref{Showing melody rhythms}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Staff},
@rinternals{DrumStaff},
@rinternals{GregorianTranscriptionStaff},
@rinternals{RhythmicStaff},
@rinternals{TabStaff},
@rinternals{MensuralStaff},
@rinternals{VaticanaStaff},
@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.


@node Grouping staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Grouping staves

@cindex start of system
@cindex staff, multiple
@cindex staves, multiple
@cindex system start delimiters
@cindex bracket, vertical
@cindex brace, vertical
@cindex grand staff
@cindex piano staff
@cindex staff group
@cindex staff, choir
@cindex choir staff
@cindex system

LilyPond provides different types of contexts to group single
staves together.  These contexts influence in the first place the
appearance of the system start delimiter, but they have also
influence on the behavior of the bar lines.

@itemize
@item
If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
bar lines are not connected.  The name of the beginning bar line
grob is @code{SystemStartBar}.  

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
<<
  \new Staff { c1 c }
  \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond

@item
In a @code{StaffGroup}, the bar lines will be drawn through all
the staves, and the group is started with a bracket.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new StaffGroup <<
  \new Staff { c1 c }
  \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond

@item
In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is started with a bracket, but
bar lines are not connected. 

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new ChoirStaff <<
  \new Staff { c1 c }
  \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond

@item
In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace at the
left, and bar lines are connected between the staves. 

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new GrandStaff <<
  \new Staff { c1 c }
  \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond

@item
The @code{PianoStaff} behaves almost as the @code{GrandStaff} but
is optimized for setting piano music. In particular it supports
the printing of an instrument name directly, see @ref{Instrument
names}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new PianoStaff <<
  \new Staff { c1 c }
  \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond

@end itemize

Each staff group context sets the property
@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the values
@code{SystemStartBar}, @code{SystemStartBrace}, and
@code{SystemStartBracket}.  A fourth delimiter,
@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
instantiated manually.  The usage of this last delimiter is shown
further down in the snippet section.

According to classic engraver rules an orchestral score consists
of staves connected only with a single line at the beginning of
the system.  In LilyPond this is produced grouping the
@code{Staff} contexts with @code{<< ... >>}.

Each instrument family is grouped inside of a @code{StaffGroup}
with a starting bracket.  A group of same instruments or an
instrument using more than one staff is grouped with braces in a
@code{GrandStaff}.

As the context names tell, @code{PianoStaff} is used for notating
piano music and @code{ChoirStaff} for all kind of vocal ensemble
music.


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{use-square-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group.ly}

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a-system.ly}

@cindex mensurstriche layout
@cindex renaissance music
@cindex transcription of mensural music
@cindex mensural music, transcription of

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
@c FIXME: move to NR 2.8.x when sectioning is ready


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{brace}, 
@rglos{bracket},
@rglos{grand staff}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Instrument names}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Staff},
@rinternals{ChoirStaff},
@rinternals{GrandStaff},
@rinternals{PianoStaff}, 
@rinternals{StaffGroup},
@rinternals{systemStartDelimiter},
@rinternals{SystemStartBar},
@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
@rinternals{systemStartSquare}.


@node Deeper nested staff groups
@unnumberedsubsubsec Deeper nested staff groups

There are also two inner staff contexts named
@code{InnerStaffGroup} and @code{InnerChoirStaffGroup} besides the
grouping contexts mentioned in @ref{Grouping staves}.  They behave
in the same way as their simple counterparts, except that they are
contained in another staff grouping context, thus producing one
more bracket on top of the existing one.  Note that
@code{GrandStaff} and @code{PianoStaff} do not have any inner
grouping contexts.  They can both be inside any other staff
context, including inner staff groups, though.

Here is an example of an orchestral score using groupings and
nesting of these groupings.  Note that the instrument names are
omitted from the source code, for instructions how to set them see
@ref{Instrument names}.

@cindex staff, nested
@cindex staves, nested
@cindex nesting of staves
@cindex system start delimiters, nested
@cindex nested staff brackets
@cindex brackets, nesting of
@cindex braces, nesting of
@cindex inner staff group
@cindex inner choir staff group

@example
\score @{
\relative c' <<
  \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
  <<
  \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %flute
  \new InnerStaffGroup <<
    \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %sax 
    \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %oboe
    \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %English horn
    >>
  \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @} %bassoon
  >>
  \new StaffGroup %the brass group
  <<
    \new Staff @{ c'1 d @} %trumpet
    \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @} %trombone
    \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
    <<
      \new Staff @{ c'1 d @}
      \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @}
    >>
  >>
  \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
  <<
   \new Staff @{ c'1 d @}
    \new InnerChoirStaff <<
     \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
     \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
    >>
   \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
  >>
  \new PianoStaff %for the piano
  <<
    \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
    \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @}
  >>
>> @}
@end example

@c no verbatim so instrument names are only in the music
@lilypond[quote]
\score {
\relative c' <<
  \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
  <<
  \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "fl" c1 d } %flute
  \new InnerStaffGroup <<
    \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "sax" c1 d } %sax 1
    \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ob" c1 d } %sax 2
    \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ca" c1 d }
    >>
  \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "bs" \clef bass c,1 d } %bassoon
  >>
  \new StaffGroup %the brass group
  <<
    \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "tr" c'1 d } %trumpet
    \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "tb" \clef bass c,1 d } %trombone
    \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
    <<
      \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "cor1" c'1 d }
      \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "cor2" \clef bass c,1 d }
    >>
  >>
  \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
  <<
   \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "S" c'1 d }
    \new InnerChoirStaff <<
     \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "A1" c1 d }
     \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "A2" c1 d }
    >>
   \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "T" c1 d }
  >>
  \new PianoStaff %for the piano
  <<
    \new Staff { c1 d }
    \new Staff { \clef bass c,1 d }
  >>
>> }
@end lilypond


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{nesting-staves.ly}


@seealso

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Grouping staves},
@ref{Instrument names}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{InnerChoirStaffGroup}, 
@rinternals{InnerStaffGroup},
@rinternals{SystemStartBar}, 
@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
@rinternals{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.


@node Modifying single staves
@subsection Modifying single staves

This section explains how to change specific attributes of one
staff like the staff lines, starting and stopping of staves,
sizing of staves, and setting ossia sections.

@menu
* Staff symbol::   
* Ossia staves::             
* Hiding staves::    
@end menu

@node Staff symbol
@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff symbol

@cindex adjusting staff symbol
@cindex drawing staff symbol
@cindex staff symbol, setting of
@cindex stop staff lines
@cindex start staff lines
@cindex staff lines, amount of
@cindex staff lines, number of
@cindex staff line, thickness of
@cindex amount of staff lines
@cindex thickness of staff lines
@cindex ledger lines, setting
@cindex setting of ledger lines
@cindex spacing of ledger lines
@cindex number of staff lines

The layout object which draws the lines of a staff is called
@code{staff symbol}.  The staff symbol may be tuned in number,
thickness and distance of lines, using properties.  It may also be
started and stopped at every point in the score.

@itemize
@item
Changing the number of staff lines is done by overriding
@code{line-count}.  You may need to adjust the clef position and
the position of the middle C to fit to the new staff.  For an
explanation, see the snippet section in @ref{Displaying pitches}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new Staff {
  \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
  d4 d d d
}
@end lilypond

@item
The placement and amount of the staff lines can also set totally
manually by defining their positions explicitly.  The middle of
the staff has the value of 0, each half staff space up and down
adds an integer.  The default values are 4 2 0 -2 -4.  Bar lines
are drawn according to the calculated width of the system, but
they are always centered.  As the example shows, the positions of
the notes are not influenced by the position of the staff lines.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
  \override StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(7 3 0 -4 -6 -7)
}
{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
@end lilypond

@item
The staff line thickness can be set by overriding the
@code{thickness} property.  Note that it gets applied also to
ledger lines and stems, since they depend on the staff line
thickness.  The argument of @code{thickness} is a factor of
@code{line-thickness} which defaults to the normal staff line
thickness.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
  \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #3
}
{ d4 d d d }
@end lilypond

@item
The thickness of the ledger lines can also be set independent of
the settings for staff lines.  The setting is calculated from a
pair of values which will be added for the final thickness.  The
first value is the staff line thickness multiplied by a factor,
the second is the staff space multiplied by a factor.  In the
example the ledger lines get their thickness from one staff line
thickness plus 1/5 staff space, so they are heavier than a normal
staff line.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
  \override StaffSymbol #'ledger-line-thickness = #'(1 . 0.2)
}
{ d4 d d d }
@end lilypond

@item
The distance of the stafflines can be changed with the
@code{staff-space} property. Its argument is the amount of staff
spaces that should be inserted between the lines.  The default
value is 1. Setting the distance has influence on the staff lines
as well as on ledger lines.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
  \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #1.5
}
{ a4 b c d }
@end lilypond

@item
The length of the staff line can also be adjusted manually.  The
unit is one staff space.  Spacing of the objects inside the staff
does not get influenced by this setting.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
  \override StaffSymbol #'width = #23
}
{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
@end lilypond

@end itemize

These properties can only be set before instantiating the staff
symbol.  But it is possible to start and stop staves in the middle
of a score, so each new setting will be applied to the newly
instantiated staff.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
b4 b
%Set here the overrides for the staff 
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = 2
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
%Revert to the default
\revert Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
@end lilypond
 

@predefined

@funindex \startStaff
@code{\startStaff},
@funindex \stopStaff
@code{\stopStaff}.


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}

@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{line},
@rglos{ledger line},
@rglos{staff}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Displaying pitches}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.

@knownissues

When setting staff lines manually, bar lines are always drawn
centered on the position 0, so the maximum distance of the bar
lines in either direction must be equal.


@node Ossia staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Ossia staves

@cindex staff, Frenched
@cindex ossia
@cindex Frenched staves
@cindex staff, resizing of
@cindex resizing of staves

Tweaking the staff object allows to resize the staff:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new Staff \with {
  fontSize = #-3
  \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
  \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
}
\relative c {
  \clef bass
  c8 c c c  c c c c
}
@end lilypond

@noindent
This involves shrinking the staff spaces, the staff lines and the
font size by the factor 3.  You find a more precise explanation in
@ref{Setting the staff size}.

The @emph{ossia} section in the next example are just put parallel
to the main staff with @code{<<} and @code{>>} brackets.  The
@emph{ossia} staff is stopped and started explicitely and white
space is inserted with the @code{\skip} command.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
<<
  \new Staff \with
  {
    %No time signature in the ossia staff
    \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
    fontSize = #-3
    \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
    \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
    firstClef = ##f
  }
  \relative c'' {
    \stopStaff
    \skip 2

    \startStaff
    \clef treble
    bes8[^"ossia" g bes g]
    \stopStaff

    s2

    \startStaff
    f8 d g4 
  }
  \new Staff \relative c'' {
    \time 2/4
    c4 c g' g a a g2
  }
>>
@end lilypond


@snippets

@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
@c {making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
@c snippet 277


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{ossia},
@rglos{staff},
@rglos{Frenched staff}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Setting the staff size}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.


@node Hiding staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Hiding staves

@cindex Frenched scores
@cindex staff, hiding
@cindex staff, empty 
@cindex hiding of staves
@cindex empty staves
@cindex Frenched staves

In orchestral scores, staff lines that only have rests are usually
removed; this saves some space.  This style is called @q{French
Score}.  For the @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames}, and
@code{FiguredBass} contexts, this is switched on by default.  When
the lines of these contexts turn out empty after the line-breaking
process, they are removed.

For normal staves this behaviour is called with the
@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command.  It is set in the
@code{\layout} block.  As a result staves containing nothing or
whole mesure rests are removed after a line break.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\layout {
  \context {
    \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
  }
}
\relative c'' {
  <<
    \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
    \new Staff { c4 d e f \break R1 }
  >>  
}
@end lilypond

To remove other types of contexts, use
@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} or
@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.

@cindex ossia

Another application of the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} is to
make ossia sections, i.e., alternative melodies on a separate
piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff.  See
@ref{Ossia staves}. 

You can make the staff lines invisible by removing the
@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\score {
  \new Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
  \layout{
    \context {
      \Staff
      \remove Staff_symbol_engraver
    }
  }
}
@end lilypond


@snippets

The first empty staff can also be removed from the score with a
setting in the @code{VerticalAxisGroup} property.  This can be
done globally inside the @code{\layout} block, or locally inside
the specific staff that should be removed. In the latter case, you
have to specify the context (@code{Staff} applies only to the
current staff) in front of the property.

The lower staff of the second staff group is not removed, because
the setting applies only to the specific staff inside of which it
is written.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\layout {
  \context { 
    \RemoveEmptyStaffContext 
    %To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line:
    %\override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
  }
}
\new StaffGroup
  \relative c'' <<
    \new Staff {    
      e4 f g a \break c1 }
    \new Staff {
      %To use the setting globally, comment this line, uncomment the line above
      \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
      R1 \break R1 }
  >>
\new StaffGroup
  <<
    \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
    \new Staff { R \break R1 }
  >>
@end lilypond

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{removing-the-first-empty-line.ly}


@predefined

@funindex \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext},
@funindex \AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext
@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext},
@funindex \RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext
@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.


@seealso

Notation Reference:
@ref{Staff symbol},
@ref{Ossia staves}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{ChordNames},
@rinternals{FiguredBass},
@rinternals{Lyrics},
@rinternals{Staff},
@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup}.


@node Writing parts
@subsection Writing parts

@menu
* Metronome marks::             
* Instrument names::            
* Quoting other voices::        
* Formatting cue notes::        
@end menu


@node Metronome marks
@unnumberedsubsubsec Metronome marks

@cindex Tempo
@cindex beats per minute
@cindex metronome marking

Metronome settings can be entered as follows

@example
\tempo @var{duration} = @var{per-minute}
@end example

In the MIDI output, they are interpreted as a tempo change.  In
the layout output, a metronome marking is printed

@funindex \tempo

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\tempo 8. = 120
c1
@end lilypond


@snippets

To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything,
make the metronome marking invisible @example \once \override
Score.MetronomeMark #'transparent = ##t @end example

To print other metronome markings, use these markup commands
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
c4^\markup {
  (
  \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"16." #1
  =
  \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"8" #1
  ) }
@end lilypond

@noindent
For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{metronome},
@rglos{metronomic indication},
@rglos{tempo indication},
@rglos{metronome mark}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Formatting text}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{MetronomeMark},
@ref{MIDI output}.


@knownissues

Collisions are not checked.  If you have notes above the top line
of the staff (or notes with articulations, slurs, text, etc), then
the metronome marking may be printed on top of musical symbols.
If this occurs, increase the padding of the metronome mark to
place it further away from the staff.

@example
\override Score.MetronomeMark #'padding = #2.5
@end example

@c perhaps also an example of how to move it horizontally?


@node Instrument names
@unnumberedsubsubsec Instrument names

@cindex instrument names
@cindex instrument names, short

In an orchestral score, instrument names are printed at the left
side of the staves.

This can be achieved by setting @code{Staff}.@code{instrumentName}
and @code{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
@code{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
@code{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}.  This will print
text before the start of the staff.  For the first staff,
@code{instrumentName} is used.  If set, @code{shortInstrumentName}
is used for the following staves.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "Ploink "
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Plk "
c1
\break
c''1
@end lilypond

You can also use markup texts to construct more complicated
instrument names, for example

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
  \column { "Clarinetti"
            \line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } }
c1
@end lilypond

@cindex instrument names, centering

As instrument names are centered by default, multi line names are
better entered using @code{\center-align}:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
<<
  \new Staff {
    \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-align {
      Clarinetti
      \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
    }
    c1
  }
  \new Staff {
    \set Staff.instrumentName = "Vibraphone"
    c1
  }
>>
@end lilypond

For longer instrument names, it may be useful to increase the
@code{indent} setting in the @code{\layout} block.

Short instrument names, printed before the systems following the
first one, are also centered by default, in a space which width is
given by the @code{short-indent} variable of the @code{\layout}
block.

To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}), the
engraver must be added to that context.

@example
\layout@{
  \context @{\GrandStaff \consists "Instrument_name_engraver"@}
@}
@end example

@noindent
More information about adding and removing engravers can be found
in @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.

@cindex instrument names, changing

Instrument names may be changed in the middle of a piece,

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "First"
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "one"
c1 c c c \break
c1 c c c \break
\set Staff.instrumentName = "Second"
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "two"
c1 c c c \break
c1 c c c \break
@end lilypond


@seealso

Notation Reference:
@ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{InstrumentName},
@rinternals{PianoStaff},
@rinternals{Staff}.


@node Quoting other voices
@unnumberedsubsubsec Quoting other voices

@cindex cues
@cindex quoting other voices
@cindex fragments
@cindex cue notes

With quotations, fragments of other parts can be inserted into a
part directly.  Before a part can be quoted, it must be marked
especially as quotable.  This is done with the @code{\addQuote}
command.

@example
\addQuote @var{name} @var{music}
@end example

@noindent
Here, @var{name} is an identifying string.  The @var{music} is any
kind of music.  Here is an example of @code{\addQuote}

@example
\addQuote clarinet \relative c' @{
  f4 fis g gis
@}
@end example

This command must be entered at toplevel, i.e., outside any music
blocks.  Typically, one would use an already defined music event
as the @var{music}:

@example
clarinet = \relative c' @{
  f4 fis g gis
@}
\addQuote clarinet @{ \clarinet @}
@end example

After calling @code{\addQuote}, the quotation may then be done
with @code{\quoteDuring} or @code{\cueDuring},

@example
\quoteDuring #@var{name} @var{music}
@end example

During a part, a piece of music can be quoted with the
@code{\quoteDuring} command.

@example
\quoteDuring #"clarinet" @{ s2. @}
@end example

This would cite three quarter notes (the duration of @code{s2.})
of the previously added @code{clarinet} voice.

More precisely, it takes the current time-step of the part being
printed, and extracts the notes at the corresponding point of the
@code{\addQuote}d voice.  Therefore, the argument to
@code{\addQuote} should be the entire part of the voice to be
quoted, including any rests at the beginning.

It is possible to use another music expression instead of
@code{s}, thus creating a polyphonic section, but this may not
always give the desired result.

Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and
target instruments, if they are specified using the
@code{\transposition} command.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\addQuote clarinet
{
  \transposition bes
  f4 fis g gis
}

{
  e8 f8 \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s2 }
}
@end lilypond

The type of events that are present in the quoted music can be
trimmed with the @code{quotedEventTypes} property.  The default
value is @code{(note-event rest-event)}, which means that only
notes and rests of the quoted voice end up in the
@code{\quoteDuring}.  Setting

@example
\set Staff.quotedEventTypes =
       #'(note-event articulation-event dynamic-event)
@end example

@noindent
will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and
dynamics.


@seealso

Notation Reference:
@ref{Instrument transpositions}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{QuoteMusic},
@rinternals{Voice}.


@knownissues

Only the contents of the first @code{Voice} occurring in an
@code{\addQuote} command will be considered for quotation, so
@var{music} can not contain @code{\new} and @code{\context Voice}
statements that would switch to a different Voice.

Quoting grace notes is broken and can even cause LilyPond to
crash.

Quoting nested triplets may result in poor notation.

In earlier versions of LilyPond (pre 2.11), @code{addQuote} was
written entirely in lower-case letters: @code{\addquote}.


@node Formatting cue notes
@unnumberedsubsubsec Formatting cue notes

@cindex cues
@cindex cue notes
@cindex cue notes, formatting
@cindex fragments
@cindex quoting other voices 
@cindex cues, formatting

The previous section deals with inserting notes from another
voice.  There is a more advanced music function called
@code{\cueDuring}, which makes formatting cue notes easier.

The syntax is

@example
  \cueDuring #@var{name} #@var{updown} @var{music}
@end example

This will insert notes from the part @var{name} into a
@code{Voice} called @code{cue}.  This happens simultaneously with
@var{music}, which usually is a rest.  When the cue notes start,
the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a moment.  The argument
@var{updown} determines whether the cue notes should be notated as
a first or second voice.

@lilypond[verbatim]
smaller = {
  \set fontSize = #-2
  \override Stem #'length-fraction = #0.8
  \override Beam #'thickness = #0.384
  \override Beam #'length-fraction = #0.8
}

\addQuote clarinet
\relative c' {
  R1*20
  r2 r8 c' f f
}

\new Staff \relative c' <<

  % setup a context for cue notes.
  \new Voice = "cue" { \smaller \skip 1*21 }

  \set Score.skipBars = ##t

  \new Voice {
    R1*20
    \cueDuring #"clarinet" #UP {
      R1
    }
    g4 g2.
  }
>>
@end lilypond

Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes:

@itemize
@item
Cue notes have smaller font sizes.

@item
The cued part is marked with the instrument playing the cue.

@item
When the original part takes over again, this should be marked
with the name of the original instrument.

@item
Any other changes introduced by the cued part should also be
undone.  For example, if the cued instrument plays in a different
clef, the original clef should be stated once again.

@end itemize

The macro @code{\transposedCueDuring} is useful to add cues to
instruments which use a completely different octave range (for
example, having a cue of a piccolo flute within a contra bassoon
part).

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
picc = \relative c''' {
  \clef "treble^8"
  R1 |
  c8 c c e g2 |
  a4 g g2 |
}
\addQuote "picc" { \picc }

cbsn = \relative c, {
  \clef "bass_8"
  c4 r g r
  \transposedCueDuring #"picc" #UP c,, { R1 } |
  c4 r g r |
}

<<
  \new Staff = "picc" \picc
  \new Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
>>
@end lilypond


@seealso

Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Voice}.