1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
14 @lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
17 Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
18 exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of repeats:
23 The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
24 lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
25 line is only printed at the end. Alternative endings (volte) are
26 printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard notation
27 for repeats with alternatives.
30 The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
31 specified by @var{repeatcount}. This is useful when
32 entering repetitious music.
35 These are beat or measure repeats. They look like single slashes or
39 This is used to write tremolo beams.
50 @subsection Long repeats
52 This section discusses how to input long (usually multi-measure)
53 repeats. The repeats can take two forms: repeats enclosed between
54 repeat signs; or written out repeats, used to input repetitious music.
55 Repeat signs can also be controlled manually.
59 * Manual repeat marks::
60 * Written-out repeats::
67 @cindex volta, seconda
71 @subsubsection Normal repeats
73 The syntax for a normal repeat is
76 \repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
79 where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can be
80 produced using @code{\alternative}. If there are more repeats than
81 there are alternate endings, the earliest repeats are given the first
84 Normal repeats without alternate endings:
86 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
87 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
89 \repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
92 Normal repeats with alternate endings:
94 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
95 \repeat volta 2 { g4 f e d }
100 \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f }
109 Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
111 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
115 \repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
126 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
129 \repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
131 { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
140 Ties may be added to a second ending:
142 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
144 \repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f ~ }
153 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
154 {shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
156 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
157 {adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
160 @c Is there a way to have a final bar ("|.") at the end of the
161 @c previous line? Doesn't seem to be.
162 @c It could be done by overriding
163 @c the BreakAlignment property. Want a separate example?
164 If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have a
165 double bar at the end of the previous line, use @code{\bar}. For more
166 information, see @ref{Bar lines}.
168 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
171 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
177 Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
179 Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
181 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
183 Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
184 @rinternals{RepeatedMusic}, @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
185 @rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
189 @cindex repeat, ambiguous
200 is ambiguous, since it is is not clear to which @code{\repeat} the
201 @code{\alternative} belongs. This ambiguity is resolved by always
202 having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
203 For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
205 Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
206 so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
207 example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
208 @code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs are also not repeated.
212 @node Manual repeat marks
213 @subsubsection Manual repeat marks
215 @funindex repeatCommands
217 @warning{These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
218 constructs. In most cases, repeats should be created using the
219 standard @code{\\repeat} command or by printing the relevant bar
220 lines. For more information, see @ref{Bar lines}.}
222 The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the
223 layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
227 Print a @code{|:} bar line.
229 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
231 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( start-repeat )
236 As per standard engraving practice, repeat signs are not printed
237 at the beginning of a piece.
240 Print a @code{:|} bar line:
242 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
245 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( end-repeat )
249 @item (volta @var{number})
250 Create a new volta with the specified number:
252 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
254 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "2" ) )
260 Stops a running volta bracket:
262 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
264 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "2" ) )
266 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) )
273 Multiple repeat commands may occur at the same point:
275 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
277 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "2, 5" ) end-repeat )
280 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) ( volta "95" ) end-repeat )
284 Text can be included with the volta bracket. The text can be a
285 number or numbers or markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. The
286 simplest way to use markup text is to define the markup first,
287 then include the the markup in a Scheme list.
289 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
290 voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } }
293 \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list (list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
295 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat)
297 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
304 @c FIXME: send these to Neil or Valentin to be added as snippets,
306 Manual control of the volte, including a @code{|:} bar line at the
307 beginning and explicit volta numbers:
309 @c FIXME: I can't believe this is right.
310 @c TODO: I think it is. I plan
311 @c to delete this example, since it's
312 @c already been given at L238. rp
313 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
315 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( start-repeat )
318 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "1, 2, 5" ) )
320 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) ( volta "95" ) end-repeat )
322 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) )
326 In order to print a @code{|:} bar line at the beginning of a piece,
327 the @code{BreakAlignment} property must be overridden:
329 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
330 \once \override Score.BreakAlignment #'break-align-orders =
355 @ref{Formatting text}.
361 @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
362 @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
363 @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
366 @node Written-out repeats
367 @subsubsection Written-out repeats
369 @cindex written-out repeats
370 @cindex repetitious music
371 @cindex repeats, written-out
373 By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
374 the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
377 \repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
380 where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Unfold repeats can be
381 made with or without alternate endings. If there are more repeats
382 than there are alternate endings, the first alternative ending is
383 applied to the earliest endings. Unfold repeats without alternate
386 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
388 \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
392 Unfold repeats with alternate endings:
394 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
396 \repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
402 \repeat unfold 3 { d4 c b2 }
412 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
414 Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
415 @rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
418 @subsection Short repeats
420 This section discusses how to input short repeats. Short repeats can
421 take two basic forms: repeats of a single note to two measures,
422 represented by slashes or percent signs; and tremolos.
429 @node Percent repeats
430 @subsubsection Percent repeats
432 @cindex percent repeats
433 @cindex measure repeats
435 Repeated short patterns of notes are supported. The music is printed
436 once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign. Patterns that
437 are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes, and patterns of
438 one or two measures are replaced by percent-like signs. The syntax is
441 @code{\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}}
444 where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
446 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
448 \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
449 \repeat percent 2 { b'4 a g f }
450 \repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
454 Measure repeats of more than two repeats get a counter if you switch
455 on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
457 @lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
459 \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
460 \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
465 Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
466 multi-measure rest with a different print function:
468 @lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
469 \override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
470 = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
477 Only three kinds of percent repeats are supported: a single slash
478 representing a single beat (regardless of the duration of the repeated
479 notes); a single slash with dots representing one full measure; and
480 two slashes with dots crossing a bar line representing two full
481 measures. Neither multiple slashes representing single beat repeats
482 consisting of sixteenth or shorter notes, nor two slashes with dots
483 representing single beat repeats consisting of notes of varying
484 durations, are supported.
489 Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
491 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
493 Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
494 @rinternals{PercentRepeat}, @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
495 @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
496 @rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
498 @node Tremolo repeats
499 @subsubsection Tremolo repeats
501 Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
502 notes, and rapid repetition of a single
503 note or chord. Tremolos consisting of an alternation are indicated by
504 adding beams between the notes or chords being alternated, while
505 tremolos consisting of the rapid repetition of a single note are
506 indicated by adding beams or slashes to a single note.
508 @cindex tremolo beams
510 To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
513 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
515 \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
516 \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d }
517 \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
521 The @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax expects exactly two notes within
522 the braces, and the number of repetitions must correspond to a
523 note value that can be expressed with plain or dotted notes. Thus,
524 @code{\repeat tremolo 7} is valid and produces a double dotted
525 note, but @code{\repeat tremolo 9} is not.
527 The duration of the tremolo equals the duration of the
528 braced expression multiplied by the number of repeats:
529 @code{\repeat tremolo 8 @{ c16 d16 @}} gives a whole note tremolo,
530 notated as two whole notes joined by tremolo beams.
532 There are two ways to put tremolo marks on a single note. The
533 @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax is also used here, in which case
534 the note should not be surrounded by braces:
536 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
537 \repeat tremolo 4 c'16
540 @cindex tremolo marks
541 @funindex tremoloFlags
543 The same output can be obtained by adding
544 @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates
545 the duration of the subdivision, and it must be at least 8. A
546 @var{number} value of 8 gives one line across the note stem. If
547 the length is omitted, the last value (stored in
548 @code{tremoloFlags}) is used
550 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
551 c'2:8 c':32 | c': c': |
558 Tremolos entered with @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} do not carry over
559 into the MIDI output.
564 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.