1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{repeats-headword.ly}
16 Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
17 exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of
23 The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
24 lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
25 line is only printed at the end of the repeat. Alternative endings
26 (volte) are printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard
27 notation for repeats with alternatives.
30 The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
31 specified by @var{repeatcount}. This is useful when
32 entering repetitious music.
35 These are beat or measure repeats. They look like single slashes or
39 This is used to write tremolo beams.
50 @subsection Long repeats
52 This section discusses how to input long (usually multi-measure)
53 repeats. The repeats can take two forms: repeats enclosed between
54 repeat signs; or written out repeats, used to input repetitious music.
55 Repeat signs can also be controlled manually.
59 * Manual repeat marks::
60 * Written-out repeats::
67 @cindex volta, seconda
68 @cindex repeat, normal
70 @cindex repeat with alternate endings
71 @cindex alternate endings
73 @funindex \alternative
77 @unnumberedsubsubsec Normal repeats
79 The syntax for a normal repeat is
82 \repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
85 where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can be
86 produced using @code{\alternative}. In order to delimit the alternate
87 endings, the group of alternatives must be enclosed in a set of
88 braces. If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings,
89 the earliest repeats are given the first alternative.
91 Normal repeats without alternate endings:
93 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
94 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
96 \repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
99 Normal repeats with alternate endings:
101 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
102 \repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f }
111 @cindex repeat with upbeat
112 @cindex upbeat in a repeat
113 @cindex anacrucis in a repeat
114 @cindex repeat with anacrucis
115 @cindex repeat with pickup
116 @cindex pickup in a repeat
119 Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
121 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
124 \repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
134 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
136 \repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
138 { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
144 @cindex repeats with ties
145 @cindex alternative endings with ties
146 @cindex ties in repeats
147 @cindex ties in alternative endings
150 Ties may be added to a second ending:
152 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
154 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f ~ }
163 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
164 {shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
166 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
167 {adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
172 Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
174 Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
176 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
178 Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
179 @rinternals{RepeatedMusic}, @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
180 @rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
184 @cindex repeat, ambiguous
185 @cindex nested repeat
186 @cindex repeat, nested
187 @cindex repeat timing information
188 @cindex repeat and measure number
189 @cindex timing information and repeats
190 @cindex measure number and repeats
191 @cindex repeat and slur
192 @cindex slur and repeat
203 is ambiguous, since it is is not clear to which @code{\repeat} the
204 @code{\alternative} belongs. This ambiguity is resolved by always
205 having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
206 For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
208 Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
209 so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
210 example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
211 @code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs are also not repeated.
215 @node Manual repeat marks
216 @unnumberedsubsubsec Manual repeat marks
218 @cindex manual repeat mark
219 @cindex repeat, manual
221 @cindex repeat, start
224 @cindex repeat number, changing
225 @cindex repeat volta, changing
226 @cindex volta bracket
227 @cindex bracket, volta
228 @funindex repeatCommands
229 @funindex start-repeat
231 @warning{These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
232 constructs, and may produce unexpected behavior. In most cases,
233 repeats should be created using the standard @code{\\repeat} command
234 or by printing the relevant bar lines. For more information, see
237 The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the
238 layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
242 Print a @code{|:} bar line.
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
246 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(start-repeat)
251 As per standard engraving practice, repeat signs are not printed
252 at the beginning of a piece.
255 Print a @code{:|} bar line:
257 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
260 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(end-repeat)
264 @item (volta @var{number}) ... (volta #f)
265 Create a new volta with the specified number. The volta bracket must
266 be explicitly terminated, or it will not be printed.
268 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
270 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2"))
272 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
278 Multiple repeat commands may occur at the same point:
280 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
282 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2, 5") end-repeat)
285 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "95") end-repeat)
289 @cindex volta bracket with text
290 @cindex text in volta bracket
292 Text can be included with the volta bracket. The text can be a
293 number or numbers or markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. The
294 simplest way to use markup text is to define the markup first,
295 then include the the markup in a Scheme list.
297 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
298 voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } }
301 \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
303 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat)
305 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
312 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
313 {printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece.ly}
319 @ref{Formatting text}.
325 @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
326 @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
327 @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
330 @node Written-out repeats
331 @unnumberedsubsubsec Written-out repeats
333 @cindex written-out repeats
334 @cindex repetitious music
335 @cindex repeats, written-out
336 @cindex repeat, unfold
338 @cindex unfold repeat
339 @cindex unfold repeat with alternate endings
340 @cindex unfold music with alternate endings
341 @cindex alternate ending in written-out repeats
344 By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
345 the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
348 \repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
351 where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression and @var{repeatcount} is
352 the number of times @var{musicexpr} is repeated.
354 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
356 \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
360 Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings. If there are
361 more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first
362 alternative ending is applied to the earliest endings.
364 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
366 \repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
376 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
378 Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
379 @rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
382 @subsection Short repeats
384 This section discusses how to input short repeats. Short repeats can
385 take two basic forms: repeats of a single note to two measures,
386 represented by slashes or percent signs; and tremolos.
393 @node Percent repeats
394 @unnumberedsubsubsec Percent repeats
396 @cindex percent repeats
397 @cindex measure repeats
398 @cindex repeat, percent
399 @cindex repeat, measure
400 @cindex repeat, short
401 @funindex \repeat percent
404 Repeated short patterns of notes are supported. The music is printed
405 once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign. Patterns that
406 are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes, and patterns of
407 one or two measures are replaced by percent-like signs. The syntax is
410 @code{\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}}
413 where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
415 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
416 \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
417 \repeat percent 2 { b4 a g f }
418 \repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
423 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
424 {percent-repeat-counter.ly}
426 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
427 {isolated-percent-repeats.ly}
431 Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
433 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
435 Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
436 @rinternals{PercentRepeat}, @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
437 @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
438 @rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
442 Only three kinds of percent repeats are supported: a single slash
443 representing a single beat (regardless of the duration of the repeated
444 notes); a single slash with dots representing one full measure; and
445 two slashes with dots crossing a bar line representing two full
446 measures. Neither multiple slashes representing single beat repeats
447 consisting of sixteenth or shorter notes, nor two slashes with dots
448 representing single beat repeats consisting of notes of varying
449 durations, are supported.
452 @node Tremolo repeats
453 @unnumberedsubsubsec Tremolo repeats
455 @cindex tremolo beams
457 @cindex repeat, tremolo
458 @funindex \repeat tremolo
461 Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
462 notes, and rapid repetition of a single note or chord. Tremolos
463 consisting of an alternation are indicated by adding beams between the
464 notes or chords being alternated, while tremolos consisting of the
465 rapid repetition of a single note are indicated by adding beams or
466 slashes to a single note.
468 To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
471 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
472 \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
473 \repeat tremolo 6 { c16 d }
474 \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
477 The @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax expects exactly two notes within
478 the braces, and the number of repetitions must correspond to a
479 note value that can be expressed with plain or dotted notes. Thus,
480 @code{\repeat tremolo 7} is valid and produces a double dotted
481 note, but @code{\repeat tremolo 9} is not.
483 The duration of the tremolo equals the duration of the
484 braced expression multiplied by the number of repeats:
485 @code{\repeat tremolo 8 @{ c16 d16 @}} gives a whole note tremolo,
486 notated as two whole notes joined by tremolo beams.
488 There are two ways to put tremolo marks on a single note. The
489 @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax is also used here, in which case
490 the note should not be surrounded by braces:
492 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
493 \repeat tremolo 4 c'16
496 @cindex tremolo marks
497 @funindex tremoloFlags
500 The same output can be obtained by adding
501 @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates
502 the duration of the subdivision, and it must be at least 8. A
503 @var{number} value of 8 gives one line across the note stem. If
504 the length is omitted, the last value (stored in
505 @code{tremoloFlags}) is used
507 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
514 Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
516 @cindex tremolo, cross-staff
517 @cindex cross-staff tremolo
521 Cross-staff tremolos do not work well.