1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
2 @settitle Music Glossary
3 @setfilename music-glosssary.info
7 This document is also available in @uref{music-glossary.ps.gz,gzipped
8 PostScript} and @uref{music-glossary.pdf,PDF}.
13 @author Christian Mondrup @c Original author of LilyPond glossary
15 @author Fran@,{c}ois Pinard @c Original glossary of GNU music project,
17 @author Han-Wen Nienhuys @c Dutch glossary
18 @author Jan Nieuwenhuizen @c Dutch glossary
19 @author Dadiv Gonzalez @c Spanish glossary
20 @author Bjoern Jacke @c German glossary
21 @author Neil Jerram @c English glossary translations
22 @author Mats Bengtsson @c Swedish glossary
23 @author Adrian Mariano @c Italian glossary
24 @author Heikki Junes @c Finnish glossary
26 @c Fixes by Jean-Pierre Coulon and `Dirk'
29 Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2004 by the authors
32 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
33 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
34 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
35 without Invariant Sections.
40 @c FIXME: multiple omfcreators?
42 @omfcreator Christian Mondrup
43 @omfdescription Glossary of musical terms with translations
45 @omfcategory Applications|Publishing
52 @chapter Music Glossary
63 @item Christian Mondrup
64 Original author of LilyPond glossary, Danish glossary,
67 @item Fran@,{c}ois Pinard
68 Original glossary of GNU music project, French glossary,
69 @item Han-Wen Nienhuys
71 @item Jan Nieuwenhuizen
76 English glossary translations,
78 Finnish glossary translations.
81 Copyright 1999--2004 by the authors
84 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
85 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
86 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
87 without Invariant Sections.
97 @c @everyheading @| @thispage @|
98 @c @evenheading @thispage @| @|
99 @c @oddheading @| @| @thispage @|
103 @tex $\\Rightarrow$ @end tex@c
116 We do not use refs for Info:
118 @w{@ar{}\word\}@c vs:
119 @w{@ar{}@pxref{\word\}}@c
121 they look too intrusive (says Han-Wen).
128 @w{@ar{}@strong{\word\}}@c
131 @ar{}@ref{\word\, @strong{\word\}}@c
139 @c If we want hypelinks, we must add anchors.
140 @c Hmm, we need the @achor command in the item description itself
141 @c (not before or after) to get mozilla jump to the right place.
144 @item \word\@anchor{\word\}
146 @macro aitemii{one,two}
147 @item \one\; \two\@anchor{\one\; \two\}@anchor{\one\}
149 @macro aitemiii{one,two,three}
150 @item \one\; \two\; \three\@anchor{\one\; \two\; \three\}@anchor{\one\}
160 @item UK - British English
166 This is an example reference, that points you to the @aref{accent}
190 FI: aksentti, korostus.
192 The stress of one tone over others.
194 @c F: how to distinguish between accidental and key-sig alteration?
198 I: alterazione, accidente,
200 D: Vorzeichen, Versetzungszeichen,
203 S: tillf@"alligt f@"ortecken,
204 FI: tilap@"ainen etumerkki.
206 @c F: alt@'eration accidentelle, D: Vorzeichen, Versetzungszeichen,
207 @c Akzidenz, NL: toevallig teken, I: accidento.
209 A sharp raises a tone by a @aref{semitone}, a double sharp raises it
210 by a @aref{whole tone}, a flat lowers it by a semitone and a double
211 flat lowers it by a whole tone. A natural cancels the effect of a previous
215 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
216 %\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
218 \context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
219 gis1 s s gisis s s ges s s geses s s g!
221 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
222 \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
223 "sharp " "db. sharp " "flat " "db. flat " natural
230 F: accelerando, en acc@'el@'erant,
231 D: accelerando, schneller werden,
235 FI: accelerando, kiihdytt@"aen.
247 FI: adagio, hitaasti.
249 It. comfortable, easy.
250 1. Slow tempo, slower -- especially in even meter -- than
251 @aref{andante} and faster than @aref{largo}.
252 2. A movement in slow tempo, especially the second (slow) movement of
253 @aref{sonata}s, symphonies, etc.
259 D: Allegro, Schnell, Fr@"ohlich, Lustig,
263 FI: allegro, nopeasti.
265 It. cheerful. Quick tempo. Also used as a title for pieces in a quick tempo,
266 especially the first and last movements of a @aref{sonata}.
276 FI: altto, matala nais@"a@"ani.
278 A female voice of low range (@emph{contralto}). Originally the alto was a high
279 male voice (hence the name) which by the use of falsetto reached the height of
280 the female voice. This type of voice is also known as @aref{counter
284 ES: clave de do en tercera,
285 I: chiave di contralto,
286 F: clef d'ut troisi@`eme ligne,
287 D: Altschl@"ussel, Bratschenschl@"ussel,
293 C clef setting middle C on the middle line of the staff
304 FI: ambitus, @"a@"aniala, soitinala.
306 The term ambitus (plural: ambituses) denotes a range of pitches for a
307 given voice in a part of music. It also may denote the pitch range
308 that a musical instrument is capable of playing.
310 @aitem{ancient minor scale}
311 I: scala minore naturale,
312 F: forme du mode mineur ancien, trois@`eme mode, mode hell@'enique
314 NL: authentieke mineurtoonladder,
317 FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko.
320 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
321 \notes\relative c'' {
333 FI: andante, k@"ayden.
335 Walking tempo/character.
340 F: appogiature, (port de voix),
345 FI: appoggiatura, etuhele.
347 Ornamental note, usually a second, that is melodically connected with the main
348 note that follows it. In music before the 19th century a. were usually
349 performed on the beat, after that mostly before the beat. While the short
350 a. is performed as a short note regardless of the duration of the main note
351 the duration of the long a. is proportional to that of the main note.
354 \context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
358 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
359 <d a fis>4_"notation" r
360 { \override Stem #'flag-style = #'()
362 \revert Stem #'flag-style
365 { \override Stem #'flag-style = #'()
367 \revert Stem #'flag-style
370 \cadenzaOn a4 \bar "||" \cadenzaOff }
371 \notes\relative c'' {
372 <d a fis>4_"performance" r g16 ( fis) e fis a ( g) fis g |
373 \cadenzaOn a4 \bar "||" \cadenzaOff }
376 An appoggiatura may have more notes preceding the main note.
379 \notes\relative c'' {
382 % \override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
383 \grace { bes16 } as8_"notation" as16 bes as8 g |
384 \grace { as16[( bes] } < c as >4-)
385 \grace { as16[( bes] } < c as >4-) \bar "||"
386 \grace { bes16 } as8_"performance" as16 bes as8 g |
387 << \context Voice = va { \stemUp\tieUp as32 bes c8. as32 bes c8. }
388 \context Voice = vb { \stemDown\tieDown as16 ~ as8. as16 ~ as8. } >>
397 D: Arpeggio, Akkordbrechungen, gebrochener Akkord,
399 DK: arpeggio, akkordbrydning,
401 FI: arpeggio, murtosointu.
404 \notes \context PianoStaff <<
405 \context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
408 r8 g16 c e g, c e r8 g,16 c e g, c e |
409 r8 a,16 d f a, d f r8 a,16 d f a, d f \bar "||" }
410 \context Staff = SB \relative c' {
412 << \context Voice = va {
414 r16 e8. ( e4) r16 e8. ( e4) |
415 r16 d8. ( d4) r16 d8. ( d4) }
416 \context Voice = vb {
423 @aitem{ascending interval}
424 ES: Intervalo ascendente,
425 I: intervallo ascendente,
426 F: intervalle ascendant,
427 D: steigendes Intervall,
428 NL: stijgend interval,
429 DK:@w{ }stigende interval,
430 S: stigande intervall,
431 FI: nouseva intervalli.
433 A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note.
435 @aitem{augmented interval}
436 ES: intervalo aumentado,
437 I: intervallo aumentato,
438 F: intervalle augment@'e,
439 D: @"uberm@"a@ss{}iges Intervall,
440 NL: overmatig interval,
441 DK: forst@o{}rret interval,
442 S: @"overstigande intervall,
443 FI: ylinouseva intervalli.
450 D: Autograph, Handschrift,
452 DK: h@aa{}ndskrift, autograf,
454 FI: k@"asinkirjoitettu nuotti.
456 1. A manuscript in the composer's own hand.
457 2. Music prepared for photoreproduction by freehand drawing,
458 with only the aid of a straightedge ruler and T-square,
459 which attempts to emulate engraving.
460 This required more skill than did engraving.
472 @aitemii{backfall,forefall}
477 I: stanghetta, barra (di divisione),
478 F: barre (de mesure),
486 ES: comp@'as, @aref{measure}.
489 ES: bar@'{@dotless{i}}tono,
496 FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen mies@"a@"ani.
498 The male voice intermediate between the @aref{bass} and the
501 @c F: clef de troisi@`eme ligne dropped
503 @aitem{baritone clef}
504 ES: clave de fa en tercera,
505 I: chiave di baritono,
506 F: clef d' Ut cinqui@`eme ligne, clef de Fa troisi@`eme,
507 D: Baritonschl@"ussel,
513 C or F clef setting middle C on the upper staff line.
514 @aref{C clef}, @aref{F clef}.
517 ES: clave de fa en cuarta,
519 F: cl@'e de fa quatri@`eme ligne,
526 A clef setting with middle C on the first top ledger line.
536 FI: basso, matala mies@"a@"ani.
538 1. The lowest of men's voices.
539 2. Sometimes, especially in jazz music, used as
540 an abbreviation for double bass.
552 Line connecting a series of notes (shorter than a quarter note).
553 The number of beams determine the note value of the connected notes.
556 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
557 %\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
558 \notes\relative c'' {
560 g16_"1/16"[ g g g] s16
561 g32_"1/32"[ s32 g32 s32 g32 s32 g32] s16
562 g64_"1/64"[ s32 g64 s32 g64 s32 g64] s32 }
569 D: Takt, Taktschlag, Zeit (im Takt),
575 Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and eighth notes.
576 The base counting value and the number of them per measure is indicated at
577 the start of the music.
582 \notes\relative c'' { g4 c b a | g1 \bar "||"}
584 \notes\relative c'' { g8 d' c | b c a | g4. \bar "||"}
594 D: Klammer, Akkolade,
595 NL: accolade, teksthaak,
598 FI: yhdist@"av@"a sulkumerkki.
600 Symbol at the start of a system connecting staves. Curly braces are used
601 for connecting piano staves, angular brackets for connecting parts in an
602 orchestral or choral score.
605 \notes\context GrandStaff <<
606 \relative c''\context Staff = SA { \clef treble g4 e c2 }
607 \relative c \context Staff = SB { \clef bass c1 \bar "|." } >>
611 \context StaffGroup <<
612 % \set StaffGroup.minVerticalAlign = #12
613 \notes\relative c'' \context Staff = SA { \clef treble g4 e c2 }
614 \notes\relative c \context Staff = SB { \clef bass c1 \bar "|." } >>
623 DK: messingbl@ae{}sere,
624 S: brassinstrument, m@"assingsinstrument,
627 A family of blown musical instruments made of brass all using a cup formed
628 mouth piece. The brass instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are
629 trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tube.
634 D: Atemzeichen, Trennungszeichen,
635 NL: repercussieteken,
636 DK: vejrtr@ae{}kningstegn,
640 Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts.
652 @aref{note value} twice as long as a whole note. Mainly used
656 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
657 \notes\relative c'' { g\breve }
680 Clef symbol indicating the position of the middle C. Used on all note
684 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
685 \override Score.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t
686 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
688 \context Staff \notes\relative c' {
690 \clef mezzosoprano c s s
695 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
696 \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
697 "Soprano " "Mezzosoprano " "Alto " "Tenor " Baritone
709 FI: kadenssi, lopuke.
711 @aref{harmonic cadence}, @aref{functional harmony}.
721 FI: kadenssi, lopuke.
723 An extended, improvisatory style section inserted near the end of
724 movement. The purpose of a cadenza is to give the singer or player a chance to
725 exhibit her technichal skill and not the least her ability to improvise. Since
726 the middle of the 19th century, however, most cadences have been written down
737 FI: kaanon, tarkka j@"aljittely.
749 FI: sentti, puolis@"avelaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisess@"a viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a.
751 Logarithmic unit of measurement. 1 cent is 1/1200 of an octave (1/100 of an
752 equally tempered @aref{semitone}).
753 @aref{equal temperament}.
768 Three or more tones sounding simultaneously. In traditional European music the
769 base chord is a @emph{triad} consisting of 2@w{ }thirds. @emph{Major} (major +
770 minor @aref{third}) as well as @emph{minor} (minor + major third)
771 chords may be extended with more thirds. Four-tone @emph{seventh chords}
772 and five-tone @emph{ninth} major chords are most often used as dominants
773 (@aref{functional harmony}). A special case is chords having no
774 third above the lower notes to define their quality as major or minor. Such
775 chords are denoted open chords
778 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
779 %\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
781 \context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
789 \context Lyrics \lyrics{
790 \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
791 "major " "minor " "diminished " "augmented "
792 "seventh-chord " "ninth-chord "
796 @aitem{chromatic scale}
797 ES: escala crom@'atica,
799 F: gamme chromatique,
800 D: chromatische Tonleiter,
801 NL: chromatische toonladder,
804 FI: kromaattinen asteikko.
806 A scale consisting of all 12 @aref{semitone}s.
809 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
810 \notes\relative c' { c1 cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b c }
823 Use of tones extraneous to a @aref{diatonic scale} (minor, major).
825 @aitemii{church mode,ecclesiastical mode}
826 ES: modo eclesi@'astico,
827 I: modo ecclesiastico,
828 F: mode eccl@'esiastique,
833 FI: moodi, kirkkos@"avellaji.
835 @aref{diatonic scale}.
841 D: Schl@"ussel, Notenschl@"ussel,
845 FI: avain, nuottiavain.
847 @aref{C clef}, @aref{F clef}, @aref{G clef}.
851 A @emph{cluster} is a range of simultaneously sounding pitches that
852 may change over time. The set of available pitches to apply usually
853 depends on the acoustic source. Thus, in piano music, a cluster
854 typically consists of a continuous range of the semitones as provided
855 by the piano's fixed set of a chromatic scale. In choral music, each
856 singer of the choir typically may sing an arbitrary pitch within the
857 cluster's range that is not bound to any diatonic, chromatic or other
858 scale. In electronic music, a cluster (theoretically) may even cover
859 a continuous range of pitches, thus resulting in colored noise, such
862 Clusters can be denoted in the context of ordinary staff notation by
863 engraving simple geometrical shapes that replace ordinary notation of
864 notes. Ordinary notes as musical events specify starting time and
865 duration of pitches; however, the duration of a note is expressed by
866 the shape of the note head rather than by the horizontal graphical
867 extent of the note symbol. In contrast, the shape of a cluster
868 geometrically describes the development of a range of pitches
869 (vertical extent) over time (horizontal extent). Still, the
870 geometrical shape of a cluster covers the area in which any single
871 pitch contained in the cluster would be notated as an ordinary note.
873 @lilypond[relative=1,verbatim]
874 \apply #notes-to-clusters { <c e > <b f'> <b g'> <c g> <f e> }
885 FI: komma, korvinkuultava ero @"a@"anenkorkeudessa.
887 Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and the same note
888 derived from some other tuning method. @aref{temperament}.
893 @aitem{compound interval}
894 ES: intervalo compuesto,
895 I: intervallo composto,
896 F: intervalle compos@'e,
898 NL: samengesteld interval,
899 DK: sammensat interval,
900 S: sammansatt intervall,
901 FI: oktaavia laajempi intervalli.
903 Intervals larger than an octave.
909 F: intervalle compl@'ementaire,
910 D: Komplement@"arintervall,
911 NL: complementair interval,
912 DK: komplement@ae{}rinterval,
913 S: komplement@"arintervall (?),
914 FI: t@"aydent@"av@"a intervalli.
916 @aref{inverted interval}.
918 @aitem{conjunct movement}
919 ES: movimiento conjunto,
921 F: mouvement conjoint,
922 D: schrittweise, stufenweise Bewegung,
923 NL: stapsgewijze, trapsgewijze beweging,
924 DK: trinvis bev@ae{}gelse,
925 S: stegvis r@"orelse,
926 FI: asteittainen liike.
928 Melody moving in the narrow steps of the scale.
931 \key g \major \time 4/4
932 \notes\relative c'' { g4 g g a | b2 a | g4 b a a | g1 \bar "||" }
943 FI: konsonanssi, sopusointi.
967 FI: kontrapunkti, @"a@"ani @"a@"ant@"a vastaan.
969 From latin @emph{punctus contra punctum}, note against note. The combination
970 into a single musical fabric of lines or parts which have distinct melodic
971 significance. A frequently used polyphonic technique is imitation, in its
972 strictest form found in the canon needing only one part to be written down
973 while the other parts are performed with a given displacement. Imitation is
974 also the contrapunctal technique used in the @emph{fugue} which, since the
975 music of the baroque era, has been one of the most popular polyphonic
978 @lilypond[staffsize=11]
979 \override Score.TimeSignature #'style =\turnOff
980 \notes\context PianoStaff <<
981 \context Staff = SA \relative c' {
985 << \context Voice = rha {
987 r1 | r2 r8 g'8 bes d, |
988 cis4 d r8 e!16 f g8 f16 e |
989 f8 g16 a bes8 a16 g a8
991 \context Voice = rhb {
997 \context Staff = SB \relative c' {
1000 << \context Voice = lha {
1002 r8 d es g, fis4 g | r8 a16 bes c8 bes16 a bes4 g |
1003 r8 a16 g f8 g16 a bes8 g e! cis' |
1006 \context Voice = lhb {
1014 @aitem{counter tenor}
1021 S: kontratenor, counter tenor,
1026 @aitem{Copying, Music}
1027 A music copyist did fast freehand scores and parts on preprinted staff lines
1028 for performance. Some of their conventions (e.g., the placement of note heads
1029 on stems) varied slightly from those of engravers. Some of their working
1030 methods were superior and could well be adopted by music typesetters. This
1031 required more skill than engraving.
1037 D: Crescendo, lauter werden,
1041 FI: cresendo, voimistuen.
1043 Increasing volume. Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal wedge or the
1044 abbreviation ``cresc.''.
1047 \key g \major \time 4/4
1048 \notes\relative c'' { g4 \< a b c | d1\! \bar "|." }
1054 F: petites notes pr@'ec@'edent l'entr@'ee d'in instrument, r@'eplique,
1061 In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the purpose of hinting
1062 when to start playing. Usually printed in a smaller type.
1066 A custos is a staff symbol that appears at the end of a staff line
1067 with monophonic musical contents (i.e. with a single voice). It
1068 anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following line and thus
1069 helps the player or singer to manage line breaks during performance,
1070 thus enhancing readability of a score.
1072 Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the 16th
1073 century. There were different appearences for different notation
1074 styles. Nowadays, they have survived only in special forms of musical
1075 notation such as via the editio vaticana dating back to the beginning
1081 \override Staff.Custos #'neutral-position = #4
1082 \override Staff.Custos #'neutral-direction = #-1
1083 \override Staff.Custos #'adjust-if-on-staffline = ##t
1085 \override Staff.Custos #'style = #'hufnagel
1087 \break < d' a' f''>1
1092 \consists Custos_engraver
1112 F: da capo, depuis le commencement,
1113 D: da capo, von Anfang,
1117 FI: da capo, alusta.
1119 The term indicates repetition of the piece from the beginning to the end or to
1120 a certain place marked @emph{fine}. Mostly abbreviated as ``D.C.''.
1125 F: dal segno, depuis le signe,
1130 FI: dal segno, merkkiin asti.
1132 Abbreviated ``d.s.''. Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
1133 another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign:
1136 %\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1137 \override TextScript #'font-shape = #'italic
1138 \key g \major \time 4/4
1139 \notes\relative c'' { d1 | g,4^\segno a b c | b a g2_"d.s." \bar "|." }
1145 D: Decrescendo, leiser werden,
1149 FI: decresendo, hiljentyen.
1151 Decreasing tone volume. Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal wedge
1152 or the abbreviation ``decresc.''.
1155 \notes\relative c'' {
1156 \key g \major \time 4/4
1157 d4 \> c b a | g1 \! \bar "|."
1161 @aitem{descending interval}
1162 ES: intervalo descendente,
1163 I: intervallo discendente,
1164 F: intervalle descendant,
1165 D: fallendes Intervall, absteigendes Intervall,
1166 NL: dalend interval,
1167 DK: faldende interval,
1168 S: fallande intervall,
1169 FI: laskeva intervalli.
1171 A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note.
1173 @aitem{diatonic scale}
1174 ES: escala diat@'onica,
1176 F: gamme diatonique,
1177 D: diatonische Tonleiter,
1178 NL: diatonische toonladder,
1179 DK: diatonisk skala,
1181 FI: diatoninen asteikko.
1183 A scale consisting of 5@w{ }@aref{whole tone}s and
1184 2@w{ }@aref{semitone}s (S). Scales played on the white keys
1185 of a piano keybord are diatonic.
1187 The church modes are used in gregorial chant and pre baroque early music but
1188 also to some extent in newer jazz music.
1190 @lilypond[notime,linewidth=110\mm]
1191 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1192 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1193 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1195 \context Staff \notes\relative c' {
1197 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1198 e^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c
1200 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1206 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1207 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1208 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1210 \context Staff \notes\relative c' {
1212 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1213 e^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c d
1215 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1221 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1222 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1223 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1225 \notes\relative c' {
1226 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1227 e1^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c d e
1229 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1235 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1236 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1237 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1239 \notes\relative c' {
1241 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1242 b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f
1244 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1250 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1251 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1252 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1254 \notes\relative c'' {
1256 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1257 b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f g }
1258 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1264 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1265 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1266 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1268 \notes\relative c'' {
1270 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1271 b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f g a
1273 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1278 From the beginning of the 17th century the scales used in European
1279 compositional music are primarily the major and the minor scales. In the
1280 harmonic minor scale type an augmented second (A) occurs between the 6th and
1284 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1285 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1286 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1288 \notes\relative c' {
1290 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1291 e^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c
1293 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1299 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1300 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1301 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1303 \notes\relative c'' {
1305 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1306 b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f g a
1308 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1314 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1315 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1316 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1318 \notes\relative c'' {
1320 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1321 b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f!^"~~ A" gis^"~~ S" a
1323 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1329 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1330 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1331 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1333 \notes\relative c'' {
1335 \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
1336 b^"~~ S" c d e fis gis^"~~ S"
1337 a g! f!^"~~ S" e d c^"~~ S" b a
1339 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1344 @aitem{diminished interval}
1345 ES: intervalo disminu@'{@dotless{i}}do,
1346 I: intervallo diminuito,
1347 F: intervalle diminu@'e,
1348 D: vermindertes Intervall,
1349 NL: verminderd interval,
1350 DK: formindsket interval,
1351 S: f@"orminskat intervall,
1352 FI: v@"ahennetty intervalli.
1364 FI: diminuendo, hiljentyen.
1368 @aitem{disjunct movement}
1369 ES: movimiendo disjunto,
1371 F: mouvement disjoint,
1372 D: sprunghafte Bewegung,
1373 NL: sprongsgewijze beweging,
1374 DK: springende bev@ae{}gelse,
1375 S: hoppande r@"orelse,
1376 FI: melodian hyppiv@"a liike.
1378 Melody moving in steps greater than those of the
1379 scale. Opposite of @aref{conjunct movement}.
1384 \notes\relative c' {
1386 a4. gis8 b a e cis |
1387 fis2 d4. \bar "||" }
1390 @aitemii{dissonant interval,dissonance}
1391 ES: intervalo disonante, disonancias,
1392 I: intervallo dissonante, dissonanza,
1395 NL: dissonant interval; dissonant,
1396 DK: dissonerende interval, dissonans,
1398 FI: dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi.
1402 @aitem{dominant ninth chord}
1403 I: accordo di nona di dominante,
1404 F: accord de neuvi@`eme dominante,
1405 D: Dominantnoneakkord,
1406 NL: dominant noon akkoord,
1407 DK: dominantnoneakkord,
1408 S: dominantnonackord,
1409 FI: dominanttinoonisointu.
1411 @aref{chord}, @aref{functional harmony}.
1413 @aitem{dominant seventh chord}
1414 ES: acorde de s@'eptima de dominante,
1415 I: accordo di settima di dominante,
1416 F: accord de septi@`eme dominante,
1417 D: Dominantseptakkord,
1418 NL: dominant septiem akkoord,
1419 DK: dominantseptimakkord,
1420 S: dominantseptimackord,
1421 FI: dominanttiseptimisointu.
1423 @aref{chord}, @aref{functional harmony}.
1433 FI: dominantti, huippusointu.
1435 The fifth @aref{scale degree},
1436 @aref{functional harmony}.
1442 D: dorisch, dorischer Kirchenton,
1443 NL: dorische toonladder,
1448 @aref{diatonic scale}.
1450 @aitem{dot (augmentation dot)}
1452 I: punto (di valore),
1454 D: Punkt (Verl@"angerungspunkt),
1463 ES: nota con puntillo,
1467 NL: gepuncteerde noot,
1470 FI: pisteellinen nuotti.
1474 @aitem{double appoggiatura}
1475 ES: apoyatura doble,
1476 I: appoggiatura doppia,
1477 F: appoggiature double,
1478 D: doppelter Vorschlag,
1479 NL: dubbele voorslag,
1480 DK: dobbelt forslag,
1482 FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele.
1484 @aref{appoggiatura}.
1486 @aitem{double bar line}
1490 NL: dubbele maatstreep,
1493 FI: kaksoistahtiviiva.
1495 Indicates the end of a section within a movement.
1497 @aitem{double dotted note}
1498 ES: nota con dos puntillos,
1499 I: nota doppiamente puntata,
1500 F: note doublement point@'ee,
1501 D: doppelt punktierte Note,
1502 NL: dubbelgepuncteerde noot,
1503 DK: dob@-belt@-punk@-te@-ret node,
1504 S: dub@-bel@-punk@-te@-rad not,
1505 FI: kaksoispisteellinen nuotti.
1517 FI: kaksoisalennusmerkki.
1521 @aitem{double sharp}
1522 ES: doble sostenido,
1527 DK: dob@-belt@-kryds,
1529 FI: kaksoisylennysmerkki.
1533 @aitem{double trill}
1538 NL: dubbele triller,
1543 A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a third.
1550 NL: tweedelige maatsoort,
1577 FI: kesto, aika-arvo.
1581 @aitem{dydimic comma}
1582 @aref{syntonic comma}.
1599 D: Achtel, Achtelnote,
1601 DK: ottendedelsnode,
1602 S: @aa{}ttondelsnot,
1603 FI: kahdeksasosanuotti.
1608 ES: silencio de corchea,
1614 DK: ottendedelspause,
1615 S: @aa{}ttonddelspaus,
1616 FI: kahdeksasosatauko.
1624 D: Notenstechen, Notendruck
1630 Engraving means incising or etching a metal plate for
1631 printing. Photoengraving means drawing music with ink in a manner
1632 similar to drafting or engineering drawing, using similar tools.
1634 The traditional process of music printing is done through cutting in a
1635 plate of metal. Now also the term for the art of music typesetting.
1647 Two notes, intervals, or scales are enharmonic if they have different names
1651 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1652 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1654 \context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
1655 gis1 s s as s s <des g,!> s s <cis g!> s s
1657 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1658 \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
1659 "g sharp " "a flat " "dim fifth " "augm fourth"
1663 @aitem{equal temperament}
1665 I: temperamento equabile,
1666 F: temp@'erament @'egal,
1667 D: gleichschwebende Stimmung,
1668 NL: ge@-lijk@-zwe@-ven@-de temperatuur,
1669 DK: ligesv@ae{}vende temperatur,
1670 S: liksv@"avande temperatur,
1673 Tuning system dividing the octave into 12 equal @aref{semitone}s
1674 (precisely 100 @aref{cent}s). @aref{temperament}.
1676 @aitem{expression mark}
1678 I: segno d'espressione,
1679 F: signe d'expression, indication de nuance,
1681 NL: voordrachtsteken,
1682 DK: foredragsbetegnelse,
1683 S: f@"oredragsbeteckning,
1684 FI: nyanssiosoitus, esitysmerkki.
1686 Performance indications concerning 1. volume, dynamics (for example
1687 @aref{forte}, @aref{crescendo}), 2. tempo (for example
1688 @aref{andante}, @aref{allegro}).
1710 The position between the dots of the key symbol is the line of the F below
1711 central@w{ }C. Used on the third, fourth and fifth note line. A
1712 digit@w{ }8 above the clef symbol indicates that the notes must be played
1713 an octave higher (for example bass recorder) while 8@w{ }below the clef
1714 symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example on double bass
1718 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1719 \override Staff.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t
1720 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1734 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1735 \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
1744 @c F: 'point d'orgue' on a note, 'point d'arret' on a rest.
1749 F: point d'orgue, point d'arr@^et,
1754 FI: fermaatti, pid@"ake.
1756 Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration.
1760 \notes\relative c'' {
1761 a4 b c2^\fermata \bar "|."
1777 @aitem{figured bass}
1778 ES: bajo cifrado, @aref{thorough bass}.
1786 DK: fingers@ae{}tning,
1787 S: fingers@"attning,
1790 The methodical use of fingers in the playing of instruments.
1792 @aitem{flag,pennant}
1794 I: coda (uncinata), bandiera,
1796 D: Fahne, F@"ahnchen,
1802 Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with values
1803 less than a quarter note. The number of flags determines the
1807 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1808 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1809 \notes\relative c'' {
1829 @aitemii{forefall,backfall}
1830 @aref{appoggiatura}.
1840 FI: forte, voimakkaasti.
1842 Loud, abbreviated @b{f}, @emph{fortissimo} (@b{ff}) very loud,
1843 @emph{mezzoforte} (@b{mf}) medium loud.
1867 @aref{counterpoint}.
1869 @aitem{functional harmony}
1870 ES: armon@'{@dotless{i}}a funcional,
1871 I: armonia funzionale,
1872 F: @'etude des functions,
1874 NL: functionele harmonie,
1875 DK: funktionsanalyse, funktionsharmonik,
1877 FI: harmoniaj@"arjestelm@"a.
1879 A system of harmonic analysis. It is based on the idea that, in a given key,
1880 there are only three functionally different chords: tonic (T, the chord on the
1881 first note of the scale), subdominant (S, the chord on the fourth note), and
1882 dominant (D, the chord on the fifth note). Other are considered to be
1883 variants of the base chords.
1886 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1887 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1888 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
1890 \context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
1891 <g e c >1 < a f d > < b g e >
1892 <c a f > < d b g > < e c a > < f d b > }
1893 \context Lyrics \lyrics { T Sp Dp S D Tp "D{\\kern-5pt}$\\mid$" }
1910 D: G-Schl@"ussel, Violinschl@"ussel,
1916 A clef symbol indicating the G above central@w{ }C. Used on the first
1917 and second note lines. A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that
1918 the notes must be played an octave higher while 8 below the clef symbol
1919 indicates playing or singing an octave lower (most tenor parts in choral
1920 scores are notated like that).
1923 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
1924 \override Staff.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t
1925 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
1927 \notes\relative c'' {
1937 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
1938 \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
1939 "french violin clef "
1954 FI: glissando, liukuen.
1956 Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other.
1962 D: Verzierungen, Vorschl@"age, Vorschlagsnoten,
1968 Notes printed in small types to indicate that their time values are not
1969 counted in the rhythm of the bar. @aref{appoggiatura}.
1977 S: ackolad, b@"ojd klammer,
1978 FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto.
1982 A combination of two staves with a brace. Usually used for piano music.
1992 FI: grave, raskaasti.
2001 D: Halbe, halbe Note,
2022 @aitem{harmonic cadence}
2023 ES: cadencia (arm@'onica),
2024 I: cadenza (armonica),
2025 F: cadence harmonique,
2027 NL: harmonische cadens,
2028 DK: harmonisk kadence,
2029 S: (harmonisk) kadens,
2030 FI: harmoninen kadenssi.
2032 Sequence of chords that terminate a musical phrase or
2033 section. @aref{functional harmony}.
2036 \notes\context PianoStaff <<
2037 \context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
2041 \partial 4 < c g e >4 |
2042 < c a f > < b g d > < c g e >2
2044 % %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
2046 \context Staff = SB \relative c {
2048 \partial 4 c4 | f, g c2
2051 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
2058 ES: armon@'{@dotless{i}}a,
2061 D: Harmonie, Zusammenklang,
2065 FI: harmonia, yhteissointi.
2067 Tones sounding simultaneously. Two note harmonies fall into the categories
2068 @emph{consonances} and @emph{dissonances}.
2073 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2074 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2075 \context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
2089 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2090 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2091 \context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
2092 <g a>1_"second " s s
2093 <g f'>_"seventh " s s
2098 Three note harmony @aref{chord}.
2101 ES: homofon@'{@dotless{i}}a,
2108 FI: homofonia, yksi@"a@"anisyys.
2110 Music in which one voice leads melodically followed by the other voices more
2111 or less in the same rhythm. In contrast to @aref{polyphony}.
2121 FI: intervalli, kahden s@"avelen korkeusero.
2123 Difference in pitch between two notes. Intervals may be perfect, minor, major,
2124 diminished, or augmented. The augmented fourth and the diminished fifth are
2125 identical (@aref{enharmonic}) and are called @emph{tritonus}
2126 because they consist of three @aref{whole tone}s. The addition
2127 of such two forms an octave.
2130 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2131 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
2132 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2134 \context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
2139 < gis bes >^"dimin" s
2140 < g! bes >^"minor" s
2144 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
2145 "unisone " "second " "second " "second "
2146 "third " "third " "third " "third "
2151 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2152 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
2153 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2155 \context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
2158 < g d' >^"perfect" s
2160 < gis es' >^"dimin" s
2161 < g! es' >^"minor" s
2165 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
2166 "fourth " "fourth " "fifth " "fifth "
2167 "sixth " "sixth " "sixth " "sixth "
2172 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2173 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
2174 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2176 \context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
2177 < gis f'! >1^"dimin" s
2178 < g! f'! >^"minor" s
2179 < g fis' >^"major" s
2183 < g bes' >^"minor" s
2186 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
2187 "seventh " "seventh " "seventh " "octave "
2188 "none " "none " "decime " "decime "
2192 @aitem{inverted interval}
2193 ES: intervalo invertido,
2194 I: intervallo rivolto,
2195 F: intervalle revers@'e,
2196 D: umgekehrtes Intervall,
2197 NL: interval inversie,
2198 DK: omvendingsinterval,
2199 S: intervallets omv@"andning,
2200 FI: k@"a@"anteisintervalli.
2202 The difference between an interval and an octave.
2205 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2206 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2207 \context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
2208 < g a >1_"second " s s < g' a, >_"seventh " s s \bar "||"
2209 < g, b >_"third " s s < g' b, >_"sixth " s s \bar "||"
2210 < g, c >_"fourth " s s < g' c, >_"fifth " s s \bar "||"
2214 @aitem{just intonation}
2215 I: intonazione giusta,
2216 F: intonation juste,
2223 Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and subtracting
2224 natural fifths and thirds. @aref{temperament}.
2236 According to the 12@w{ }tones of the @aref{chromatic scale}
2237 there are 12@w{ }keys, one on@w{ }c, one on c-sharp, etc.
2238 @aref{key signature}.
2240 @aitem{key signature}
2241 ES: armadura de clave,
2242 I: armatura di chiave,
2243 F: armure, armature [de la cl@'e],
2244 D: Vorzeichen, Tonart,
2245 NL: toon@-soort (voortekens),
2248 FI: s@"avellajiosoitus.
2250 The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff indicating the
2251 key of the music. @aref{accidental}.
2257 D: Largo, Langsam, Breit,
2261 FI: largo, hitaasti, leve@"asti.
2263 Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great
2264 expressiveness. @emph{Larghetto} is less slow than largo.
2266 @aitem{leading note}
2276 The seventh @aref{scale degree}, a @aref{semitone} below
2277 the tonic; so called because of its strong tendency to ``lead up'' (resolve
2278 upwards) to the tonic scale degree.
2280 @aitemii{ledger line,leger line}
2281 ES: l@'{@dotless{i}}neas adicionales,
2282 I: tagli addizionali,
2283 F: ligne suppl@'ementaire,
2286 DK: hj@ae{}lpelinie,
2290 A ledger line is an extension of the staff.
2293 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2294 \notes\relative c'' { a,1 s c'' }
2307 To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between the notes
2308 unlike (b) @emph{leggiero} or @emph{non-legato}, (c) @emph{portato} and
2309 (d) @aref{staccato}.
2312 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2314 \context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
2315 c4-( d e-) \bar "||"
2316 c4-- d-- e-- \bar "||"
2317 c4-.-( d-. e-.-) \bar "||"
2318 c4-. d-. e-. \bar "||"
2320 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
2321 % \override Lyrics .LyricText #'font-style = #'large
2329 @aitem{legato curve}
2330 @aref{slur}, @aref{legato}.
2333 ES: estanque de lilas,
2334 I: stagno del giglio,
2338 NL: le@-lie@-vij@-ver,
2343 A pond with lilies floating in it, also the name of a music typesetter.
2347 A ligature is a coherent graphical symbol that represents at least two
2348 distinct notes. Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts of
2349 Gregorian chant notation roughly since the 9th century to denote
2350 ascending or descending sequences of notes. In early notation,
2351 ligatures were used for monophonic tunes (Gregorian chant) and very
2352 soon denoted also the way of performance in the sense of articulation.
2353 With the invention of the metric system of the white mensural
2354 notation, the need for ligatures to denote such patterns disappeared.
2359 ES: l@'{@dotless{i}}nea,
2362 D: Linie, Notenlinie,
2366 FI: viiva, nuottiviiva.
2370 @aitem{long appoggiatura}
2371 ES: apoyatura larga,
2372 I: appoggiatura lunga,
2373 F: appoggiature longue,
2374 D: langer Vorschlag,
2377 S: l@aa{}ngt f@"orslag,
2378 FI: pitk@"a appoggiatura, pitk@"a etuhele.
2380 @aref{appoggiatura}.
2392 Note value: double length of @aref{breve}.
2396 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2397 \notes\relative c'' {
2398 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
2403 @aitemii{lyrics,song texts}
2413 @aitem{major interval}
2414 ES: intervalo mayor,
2415 I: intervallo maggiore,
2416 F: intervalle majeur,
2417 D: gro@ss{}es Intervall,
2421 FI: suuri intervalli.
2435 @aref{diatonic scale}.
2437 @aitem{meantone temperament}
2438 I: accordatura mesotonica,
2439 F: temp@'erament m@'esotonique,
2440 D: mittelt@"onige Stimmung,
2441 NL: middenstemming, middentoonstemming,
2442 DK: middeltonetemperatur,
2443 S: medeltonstemperatur,
2444 FI: keskis@"avelviritys.
2446 Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the natural fifth
2447 by 16@w{ }@aref{cent}s. Due to the non-circular character of this
2448 @aref{temperament} only a limited set of keys are playable.
2449 Used for tuning keyboard instruments for performance of pre-1650 music.
2451 @aitem{measure, bar}
2461 A group of @aref{beat}s (units of musical time) the first of which
2462 bears an accent. Such groups in numbers of two or more recur consistently
2463 throughout the composition and are marked from each other by
2464 bar-lines. @aref{meter}.
2468 I: mediante, modale,
2476 1. The third @b{scale degree}.
2477 2. A @aref{chord} having its base tone
2478 a third from that of another chord. For example, the tonic chord may be
2479 replaced by its lower mediant (variant tonic). @aref{functional
2480 harmony}, @aref{relative key}.
2485 FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun s@"avelkuvio.
2487 A melisma (plural: melismata) is a group of notes or tones sung on one
2488 syllable in plainsong
2490 @aitem{melodic cadence}
2496 F: indication de m@'esure,
2503 The basic scheme of @aref{note value}s and
2504 @aref{accent}s which remains unaltered throughout a composition
2505 or a section of it. For instance, 3/4 meter means that the basic
2506 @aref{note value}s are quarter notes and that a
2507 @aref{measure} consists of three of those. According to
2508 whether there are two, three or four units to the measure,
2509 one speaks of @emph{duple} (2/2, 2/4, 2/8), @emph{triple} (3/2, 3/4, 3/8), or
2510 @emph{quadruple} (4/2, 4/4, 4/8) meter. 4/4 is also called common meter.
2513 \notes\relative c'' {
2516 c es d | c bes8 a bes4 | c es d | c2 \bar "||"}
2520 \notes\relative c' {
2523 f8 f f f a16 g a f |
2524 c'8 c c c e16 d e c \bar "||"}
2528 \notes\relative c'' {
2531 d4 b8 g b d d c a4 |
2532 g8 g16 g g8 g16 g g8 fis16 g a8 fis16 e d4 \bar "||"}
2545 Device indicating the exact tempo of a piece. @aref{metronomic
2548 @aitem{metronomic indication}
2549 ES: indicaci@'on metron@'omica,
2550 I: indicazione metronomica,
2551 F: indication m@'etronomique,
2553 NL: metronoom aanduiding,
2555 S: metronomangivelse,
2556 FI: metronomiosoitus.
2558 Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Also denoted by
2559 M.M. (M@"alzels Metronom).
2561 @aitem{mezzo-soprano}
2571 The female voice between @aref{soprano} and
2578 D: eingestrichenes@w{ }c,
2580 DK: enstreget@w{ }c,
2581 S: ettstruket@w{ }c,
2584 First C below the 440 Hz A.
2587 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2588 \override Staff.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t
2589 \notes\relative c' {
2606 @aref{diatonic scale}.
2608 @aitem{minor interval}
2609 ES: intervalo mayor,
2610 I: intervallo minore,
2611 F: intervalle mineur,
2612 D: kleines Intervall,
2616 FI: pieni intervalli.
2628 FI: moodi, kirkkos@"avelasteikko.
2630 @aref{church mode}, @aref{diatonic scale}.
2640 FI: modulaatio, s@"avellajin vaihdos.
2642 Moving from one @aref{key} to another. For example, the second
2643 subject of a @aref{sonata form} movement modulates to the dominant
2644 key if the key is major and to the @aref{relative key} if the key
2654 FI: mordent, korukuvio.
2658 @aitemii{motive,motif}
2666 FI: teema, s@"avelaihe.
2668 The briefest intelligible and self-contained fragment of a musical theme or
2672 \override Score.TimeSignature #'style = \turnOff
2673 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2674 \notes\relative c'' {
2677 \partial 8 g16_"------" fis |
2678 g8 d16_"------" c d8 g16 fis g8 b,16 a b8 g'16 fis |
2679 g8 g,16 a b8 cis d16 s
2693 Greater musical works like @aref{symphony} and
2694 @aref{sonata} most often consist of several -- more or less --
2695 independant pieces called movements.
2697 @aitem{multibar rest}
2698 ES: compases de espera,
2702 D: mehrtaktige Pause,
2705 FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko.
2708 \notes\relative c'' {
2710 \set Score.skipBars = ##t R1*3
2715 @aitem{mixolydian mode}
2716 @aref{diatonic scale}.
2718 @aitem{natural sign}
2722 D: Aufl@"osungszeichen,
2723 NL: herstellingsteken,
2724 DK: op@-l@o{}sningstegn,
2725 S: @aa{}terst@"allningstecken,
2730 @aitem{neighbour tones}
2731 @aref{appoggiatura}.
2758 Notes are signs by means of which music is fixed in writing. The term is also
2759 used for the sound indicated by a note, and even for the key of the piano
2760 which produces the sound. However, a clear distinction between the terms tone
2761 and @aref{note} is strongly recommended. Briefly, one sees a note,
2766 I: testa, testina, capocchia,
2767 F: t@^ete de la note,
2774 A head like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a
2775 @aref{staff} provided with a @aref{clef}, and duration
2776 by a variety of shapes such as hollow or black heads with or without
2777 @aref{stem}s, @aref{flag}s, etc. For percussion
2778 instruments (often having no defined pitch) the note head may indicate the
2784 F: dur@'ee, valeur (d'une note),
2789 FI: nuotin aika-arvo.
2791 Note values (durations) are measured as fractions, normally 1/2, of the next
2792 higher note value. The longest duration normally used is called @emph{brevis},
2793 but sometimes (mostly in pre baroque music) the double length note value
2794 @emph{longa} is used.
2797 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2798 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2799 \notes\relative c'' {
2800 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
2801 g\longa_"longa" g\breve_"breve"
2802 \revert NoteHead #'style
2803 g1_"1/1" g2_"1/2" g4_"1/4" s16 g8_"1/8" s16
2804 g16_"1/16" s16 g32_"1/32" s16 g64_"1/64" s32 }
2808 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2809 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
2810 \notes\relative c'' {
2811 r\longa_"longa" r\breve_"breve"
2812 r1_"1/1" r2_"1/2" r4_"1/4" s16 r8_"1/8" s16
2813 r16_"1/16" s16 r32_"1/32" s16 r64_"1/64" s32 }
2816 An augmentation dot after a note multiplies the duration by one and a
2817 half. Another dot adds yet a fourth of the duration.
2820 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2821 \notes\relative c'' {
2823 g4._"pointed" g8 g2 | g4 ~ g8 g g2 \bar "||"
2824 g4.._"double pointed" g16 g2 | g4 ~ g8 ~ g16 g g2 \bar "||" }
2827 Alternatively note values may be subdivided by other ratios. Most common is
2828 subdivision by@w{ }3 (@emph{triplets}) and@w{ }5 (@emph{quintuplets}).
2829 Subdivisions by@w{ }2 (@emph{tuplets}) or@w{ }4 (@emph{quadruplets}) of
2830 dotted notes are also frequently used.
2833 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2834 \notes\relative c'' {
2836 \times 2/3 {g8_"triplets" g g} g4 g8 g g4 \bar "||"
2837 \times 2/5 {g8_"quintuplets" g g g g} g4 g8 g g4 \bar "||"
2842 \notes\relative c'' {
2844 \times 3/2 {g4_"duplets" g} |
2846 \times 6/4 {g8_"quadruplets" g g g} |
2847 g8 g g g g4 \bar "||"
2852 @aref{G clef}, @aref{F clef}.
2866 @aitemiii{ornament,embellishment,accessory}
2868 I: abbellimento, fioriture,
2869 F: agr@'ement, ornement,
2870 D: Verzierung, Ornament,
2876 Most commonly used is the @emph{trill}, the rapid alternation of a given note
2877 with the diatonic @aref{second} above it. In the music from the
2878 middle of the 19th century and onwards the trill is performed with the main
2879 note first while in the music from the preceding baroque and classic periods
2880 the upper note is played first.
2884 \context Staff = sa {
2885 % \override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2886 \notes\relative c'' {
2887 c2._"pre-1850" b4\trill | c1 \bar "||"
2888 c2._"post-1850" b4\trill | c1 \bar "||"
2891 \notes\relative c'' {
2892 c2. c32 b c b c b c b | c1
2893 c2. b32 c b c \times 4/5 { b c b c b } | c1
2898 Other frequently used ornaments are the @emph{turn}, the @emph{mordent} and the
2899 @emph{prall} (inverted mordent).
2903 \context Staff = sa {
2904 % \override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
2905 \notes\relative c'' {
2906 a4_"turn" b\turn c2 \bar "||"
2907 g4_"mordent" a b\mordent a \bar "||"
2908 e'4_"prall" d\prall c2 \bar "||"
2911 \notes\relative c'' {
2914 e'4 e32[ d e d ~ d8] c2
2919 @aref{appoggiatura}.
2929 FI: ossia, vaihtoehtoinen esitystapa.
2931 Ossia (otherwise) marks an alternative. It is an added staff or piano
2932 score, usually only a few measures long, which presents another version
2933 of the music, for example for small hands.
2943 FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus.
2945 1. In instrumental or choral music the music for the single instrument
2946 or voice. 2. in contrapuntal music @aref{counterpoint} the single
2947 melodic line of the contrapunctal web.
2953 D: Schlagzeug, Schlagwerk,
2957 FI: ly@"om@"asoittimet.
2959 A family of musical instruments which are played on by striking or
2960 shaking. Percussion instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are
2961 kettledrums (I: @emph{timpani}, D: @emph{Pauken}), snare drum, bass drum,
2962 tambourine, cymbals, chinese gong (tam-tam), triangle, celesta, glockenspiel,
2965 @aitem{perfect interval}
2966 ES: intervalo justo,
2967 I: intervallo giusto,
2968 F: intervalle juste,
2969 D: reines Intervall,
2973 FI: puhdas intervalli.
2987 A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of speech.
2997 FI: fraseeraus, j@"asent@"aminen.
2999 The clear rendering in musical performance of the @aref{phrase}s of
3000 the melody. Phrasing may be indicated by a @aref{slur}.
3012 @emph{piano} (@b{p}) soft, @emph{pianissimo} (@b{pp}) very soft,
3013 @emph{mezzopiano} (@b{mp}) medium soft.
3030 NL: pizzicato, getokkeld,
3033 FI: pizzicato, n@"app@"aillen.
3035 Play by plucking the strings.
3038 ES: polifon@'{@dotless{i}}a,
3045 FI: polyfonia, moni@"a@"anisyys.
3047 Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices (parts) of a
3048 more or less pronounced individuality. @aref{counterpoint}.
3057 D: Presto, Sehr schnell,
3058 NL: presto, Sehr schnell,
3061 FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti.
3063 Very quick, i.e. quicker than @aref{allegro}. @emph{prestissimo}
3064 denotes the highest possible degree of speed.
3066 @aitem{Pythagorean comma}
3067 ES: coma pitag@'orico,
3068 I: comma pitagorico,
3069 F: comma pythagoricien,
3070 D: Pythagor@"aisches Komma,
3071 NL: komma van Pythagoras,
3072 DK: pythagor@ae{}isk komma,
3073 S: pytagoreiskt komma,
3074 FI: pytagorinen komma.
3076 A sequence of fifths starting on@w{ }C eventually circles back to@w{ }C,
3077 but this@w{ }C, obtained by adding 12@w{ }fifths, is
3078 24@c{ }@aref{cent}s higher than the@w{ }C obtained by adding
3079 7@w{ }octaves. The difference between those two pitches is called the
3094 @aitem{quarter note}
3096 I: semiminima, nera,
3099 D: Viertel, Viertelnote,
3103 FI: nelj@"annesosanuotti.
3107 @aitem{quarter rest}
3108 ES: silencio de negra,
3109 I: pausa di semiminima,
3114 DK:@w{ }fjerdedelspause,
3115 S: fj@"ardedelspaus,
3116 FI: nelj@"annesosatauko.
3136 D: rallentando, langsamer werden,
3140 FI. rallerdando, hidastuen,
3142 Abbreviation "rall.". @aref{ritardando}.
3144 @aitem{relative key}
3146 I: tonalit@`a relativa,
3147 F: tonalit@'e relative,
3149 NL: paralleltoonsoort,
3150 DK: paralleltoneart,
3152 FI: rinnakkaiss@"avellaji.
3154 @aref{major} and @aref{minor} @aref{key}
3155 with the same @aref{key signature}.
3158 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
3159 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
3160 \notes\relative c' {
3162 es1_"e flat major" f g as bes c d es
3168 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
3169 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
3170 \notes\relative c' {
3172 c1_"c minor" d es f g a! b! c \bar "||"
3177 ES: barra de repetici@'on,
3179 F: barre de reprise,
3182 DK: gen@-ta@-gel@-se,
3189 \notes\relative c'' {
3190 \repeat volta 2 {g4 g d' d | e e d2 | c4 c b b | a a g2 }
3194 @c F: 'pause' if you mean a whole rest, 'silence' if you do not want to
3195 @c specify the rest's value.
3219 (a) Metrical rhythm in which every time value is a multiple or fraction of a
3220 fixed unit of time, called @aref{beat}, and in which the normal
3221 @aref{accent} recurs in regular intervals, called
3222 @aref{measure}. The basic scheme scheme of time values is called
3223 @aref{meter}. (b) Measured rhythm which lacks regularly recurrent
3224 accent. In modern notation such music appears as a free alternation of
3225 different measures. (c) Free rhythm, i.e., the use of temporal values having
3226 no common metrical unit (beat).
3232 D: Ritardando, langsamer werden,
3236 FI. ritardando, hidastuen,
3238 Gradually slackening in speed. Mostly abbreviated to rit. or ritard.
3248 FI: ritenuto, hidastaen.
3250 Immediate reduction of speed.
3260 FI: asteikko, s@"avelasteikko.
3262 @aref{diatonic scale}.
3264 @aitem{scale degree}
3265 ES: grados de la escala,
3266 I: grado della scala,
3267 F: degr@'e [de la gamme],
3269 NL: trap [van de toonladder],
3272 FI: s@"avelaste, asteikon s@"avel.
3274 Names and symbols used in harmonic analysis to denote tones of the scale as
3275 roots of chords. The most important are degrees I = tonic (T), IV =
3276 sub@-do@-mi@-nant (S) and V = dominant (D).
3279 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
3280 %\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
3281 %\set minVerticalAlign = #8
3283 \context Staff \notes\relative c' {
3286 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
3287 << { I II III IV V VI VII I }
3292 @aref{functional harmony}.
3298 D: Partitur (full score), Klavierauszug (vocal score)
3304 A copy of orchestral, choral or chamber music showing what each instrument is
3305 to play, each voice to sing, having each part arranged one underneath the
3306 other on different staves @aref{staff}.
3318 The @aref{interval} between two neigbouring tones of a scale. A
3319 @aref{diatonic scale} consists of alternating
3320 @aref{semitone}s and @aref{whole tone}s, hence the size
3321 of a se@-cond depends on the scale degrees in question.
3333 The @aref{interval} of a minor second. The (usually) smallest
3334 interval in European composed music. The interval between two neighbouring
3335 tones on the piano keyboard -- including black and white keys -- is a
3336 semitone. An octave may be divided into 12@w{ }semitones.
3337 @aref{interval}, @aref{chromatic scale}.
3340 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
3341 \notes\relative c'' { g1 gis s a bes s b! c }
3356 @aitem{sextuplet, sextolet}
3379 @aitem{short appoggiatura}
3380 @aref{appoggiatura}.
3382 @aitem{sixteenth note}
3387 D: Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote,
3388 NL: zes@-ti@-ende noot,
3389 DK: sekstendedelsnode,
3391 FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti.
3395 @aitem{sixteenth rest}
3396 ES: silencia de semicorchea,
3397 I: pausa di semicroma,
3399 UK: semiquaver rest,
3400 D: Sechzehntelpause,
3402 DK: sekstendedelspause,
3420 @aitem{sixty-fourth note}
3423 F: quadruple croche,
3424 UK: hemidemisemiquaver,
3425 D: Vierundsechzigstel, Vierundsechzigstelnote,
3426 NL: vierenzestigste noot,
3427 DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-no@-de,
3428 S: sextiofj@"ardedelsnot,
3429 FI: kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosanuotti.
3433 @aitem{sixty-fourth rest}
3434 ES: silencia de semifusa,
3435 I: pausa di semibiscroma,
3436 F: seizi@`eme de soupir,
3437 UK: hemidemisemiquaver rest,
3438 D: Vierundsechzigstelpause,
3439 NL: vierenzestigste rust,
3440 DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-pau@-se,
3441 S: sextiofj@"ardedelspaus,
3442 FI: kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosatauko.
3448 I: legatura (di portamento or espressiva),
3449 F: liaison, coul@'e,
3450 D: Bogen, Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen,
3451 NL: fraseringsboog, legatoboog, streekboog,
3452 DK: legatobue, fraseringsbue,
3456 A slur above or below a group of notes indicates that they are to be played
3457 @aref{legato}, e.g., with one stroke of the violin bow or with one
3467 FI: suhteelliset laulunimet.
3469 General term for systems of designating the degrees of the
3470 @aref{scale}, not by letters, but by syllables (@emph{do}
3471 (@emph{ut}), @emph{re}, @emph{mi}, @emph{fa}, @emph{sol}, @emph{la}, @emph{si}
3472 (@emph{ti})). @aref{scale degree}.
3484 In its present-day meaning a sonata denotes an instrumental composition for
3485 piano or for some other instrument with piano accompaniment, which consists of
3486 three or four independant pieces, called movements.
3491 F: [en] forme de sonate,
3493 NL: hoofdvorm, sonatevorm,
3498 A form used frequently for single movements of the @aref{sonata},
3499 @aref{symphony}, quartet, etc. A movement written in sonata form
3500 falls into three sections called @emph{exposition}, @emph{development} and
3501 @emph{recapitulation}. In the exposition the composer introduces his musical
3502 ideas, consisting of a number of themes; in the development section he
3503 "develops" this material, and in the recapitulation he repeats the exposition,
3504 with certain modifications, however. The exposition contains a number of themes
3505 which fall into two groups, often called first and second subject. Other
3506 melodies occurring in each group are considered as continuations of these
3507 two. The second theme is in another key, normally in the key of the
3508 @aref{dominant} if the @aref{tonic} is
3509 @aref{major}, and in the @aref{relative key} if the
3510 tonic is @aref{minor}.
3520 FI: sopraano, korkea nais@"a@"ani.
3522 The highest female voice.
3527 F: staccato, piqu@'e, d@'etach@'e,
3532 FI: staccato, lyhyesti, ter@"av@"asti.
3534 Playing the note(s) short. Staccato is indicated by a dot above or below the
3540 \notes\relative c'' {
3542 d4-\staccato cis-\staccato b-\staccato cis-\staccato |
3549 I: pentagramma, rigo (musicale),
3552 NL: (noten)balk, partij,
3557 pl. staves. A series of (normally@w{ }5) horizontal lines upon and between
3558 which the musical notes are written, thus indicating (in connection
3559 with a @aref{clef}) their pitch. Staves for
3560 @aref{percussion} instruments may have fewer lines.
3566 D: Hals, Notenhals, Stiel,
3572 Vertical line above or below a @aref{note head} shorter than a
3573 whole note. @aref{beam}.
3576 \set Score.autoBeaming = ##f
3577 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
3578 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
3579 \notes\relative c'' {
3597 A family of stringed musical instruments played with a bow. Strings commonly
3598 used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass.
3604 D: betonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag,
3606 D: betonet taktslag,
3607 S: betonat taktslag,
3608 FI: tahdin vahva isku.
3610 @aref{beat}, @aref{accent}, @aref{measure},
3621 FI: subdominantti, alidominantti.
3623 The fourth @aref{scale degree}. @aref{functional
3634 FI: alikeskis@"avel.
3636 The sixth @aref{scale degree}.
3646 FI: subtoonika, alitoonika.
3648 The seventh @aref{scale degree}.
3650 @aitem{superdominant}
3660 The sixth @aref{scale degree}.
3672 The second @aref{scale degree}.
3675 ES: sinfon@'{@dotless{i}}a,
3678 D: Sinfonie, Symphonie,
3684 A symphony may be defined as a @aref{sonata} for orchestra.
3696 Any deliberate upsetting of the normal pulse of @aref{meter},
3697 @aref{accent} and @aref{rhythm}. Our system of musical
3698 rhythm rests upon the grouping of equal beats into groups of two or three,
3699 with a regularly recurrent accent on the first beat of each group. Any
3700 deviation from this scheme is felt as a disturbance or contradiction between
3701 the underlaying (normal) pulse and the actual (abnormal) rhythm.
3705 \notes\relative c' {
3708 e c'4 e,8 c'4 e,8 c' ( | c2)
3712 @aitemii{syntonic comma,dydimic comma}
3713 I: comma sintonico (o didimico),
3714 F: comma syntonique,
3715 D: syntonisches Komma,
3716 NL: syntonische komma,
3717 DK: syntonisk komma,
3718 S: syntoniskt komma,
3719 FI: syntoninen komma, terssin taajuusero luonnollisessa ja Pytagorisessa viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a.
3721 Difference between the natural third and the third obtained by Pythagorean
3722 tuning (@aref{Pythagorean comma}), equal to 22@w{ }cents.
3731 FI: nuottij@"arjestelm@"a.
3733 The collection of staves @aref{staff}, two or more, as used for
3734 writing down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music.
3740 D: Stimmung, Temperatur,
3741 NL: stemming, temperatuur,
3744 FI: viritysj@"arjestelm@"a.
3746 Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the acoustically pure
3747 intervals. @aref{meantone temperament}, @aref{equal
3750 @aitem{tempo indication}
3751 ES: indicaci@'on de tempo,
3752 I: indicazione di tempo,
3753 F: indication de temps,
3754 D: Zeitma@ss{}, Tempobezeichnung,
3755 NL: tempo aanduiding,
3758 FI: tempomerkint@"a.
3760 The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging from the
3761 slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as
3762 @aref{largo}, @aref{adagio}, @aref{andante},
3763 @aref{allegro}, and @aref{presto}.
3773 FI: tenori, korkea mies@"a@"ani.
3775 The highest voice of men (apart from @aref{counter tenor}).
3801 @aitem{thirty-second note}
3806 D: Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote,
3807 NL: twee-endertig@-ste noot,
3808 DK: toogtredivtedelsnode,
3809 S: trettiotv@aa{}ondelsnot,
3810 FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosanuotti.
3814 @aitem{thirty-second rest}
3815 ES: silencio de fusa,
3816 I: pausa di biscroma,
3817 F: huiti@`eme de soupir,
3818 UK: demisemiquaver rest,
3819 D: Zweiunddreissigstel@-pause,
3821 DK: toogtredivtedelspause,
3822 S: trettiotv@aa{}ondelspaus,
3823 FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosatauko.
3827 @aitemii{thorough bass,figured bass}
3829 I: basso continuo, basso numerato,
3830 F: basse chiffr@'ee,
3831 D: Generalbass, bezifferter Bass,
3832 NL: basso continuo, becijferde bas
3835 FI: kenraalibasso, numeroitu basso.
3837 A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only, together
3838 with figures designating the chief @aref{interval}s and
3839 @aref{chord}s to be played above the bass notes.
3842 \context GrandStaff <<
3843 \context Staff = lh \notes\relative c'' {
3847 << \context Voice = rha {
3850 \context Voice = rhb {
3852 < bes g >8 as < as f > g < g es > f < d f > es | < g es >4 }
3856 \context Staff = rh \notes\relative c' {
3859 es8 c d bes c as bes16 as g f | es4
3861 \context Lyrics \lyrics {
3862 \override Lyrics .VerticalAlign #'threshold = #'(6 . 12)
3863 << { "" "6" "" "4" "" "6" "" "" "6" "4" }
3864 { "" "" "" "2" "" "" "" "" "" "2" } >>
3870 ES: ligadura de prolongaci@'on,
3871 I: legatura (di valore),
3874 NL: overbinding, bindingsboog,
3876 S: bindeb@aa{}ge, @"overbindning,
3879 A curved line, identical in appearance with the @aref{slur}, which
3880 connects two succesive notes of the same pitch, and which has the function of
3881 uniting them into a single sound equal to the combined durations.
3884 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
3885 \notes\relative c'' { g2 ~ g4. }
3888 @aitem{time signature}
3889 ES: cifra indicadora de comp@'as,
3891 F: chiffrage (chiffres indicateurs), signe de valeur,
3892 D: Taktangabe, Angabe der Taktart,
3895 S: taktartssignatur,
3910 A sound of definite pitch and duration, as distinct from @emph{noise}.
3911 Tone is a primary building material of music.
3912 Music from the 20th century may be based on non tone related sounds.
3924 The first @aref{scale degree}.
3925 @aref{functional harmony}.
3927 @aitem{transposition}
3928 ES: transposici@'on,
3937 Shifting a melody up or down in pitch, while keeping the same
3943 \notes\relative c'' {
3945 d4 g,8 a b c | d4 g, g | e' c8 d e fis | g4 g, g \bar "|."
3953 \transpose c bes \relative c'' {
3955 d4 g,8 a b c | d4 g, g | e' c8 d e fis | g4 g, g \bar "|."
3962 I: chiave di violino,
3964 D: Violinschl@"ussel, Sopranschl@"ussel,
3966 DK:@w{ }diskantn@o{}gle,
3982 On stringed instruments (@aref{strings}) the quick reiteration of
3983 the same tone, produced by a rapid up-and-down movement movement of the bow
3984 (a). The term is also used for the rapid alternation (b) between two notes of
3985 a @aref{chord}, usually in the distance of a third
3989 \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
3990 %\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
3991 \notes\relative c' {
3993 f:32 [ e8:16 f:16 g:16 a:16 ] s4
3994 \repeat "tremolo" 8 { e32_"b" g }
3999 ES: tr@'{@dotless{i}}ada,
4001 F: triade, accord parfait, accord de trois sons,
4010 @aitemii{trill,shake}
4013 F: trille, tremblement, battement (cadence),
4022 @aitem{triple meter}
4023 ES: comp@'as compuesto,
4027 NL: driedelige maatsoort,
4047 ES: tr@'{@dotless{i}}tono,
4060 I: diapason, corista,
4068 A two-pronged piece of steel used to indicate absolute pitch. Tuning forks
4069 give the international pitch for the tone @emph{a} (440 vibrations per second.)
4071 @aitemii{turn,gruppetto}
4084 ES: un@'{@dotless{i}}sono,
4091 FI: unisono, yksi@"a@"anisesti.
4093 Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various instruments (voices)
4094 or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at exactly the same pitch or in a
4098 ES: entrada anacr@'usica,
4100 F: anacrouse, lev@'ee,
4107 Initial note(s) of a melody occurring before the first bar
4108 line. @aref{measure}, @aref{meter}.
4113 \notes\relative c' {
4114 \partial 4 f4 | bes4. a8 bes4 c |
4115 bes( a) g f | bes4. a8 bes4 c | f,2. \bar "||" }
4126 FI: @"a@"ani, laulu@"a@"ani.
4128 1. Human voices: @aref{soprano}, @aref{mezzo-soprano},
4129 @aref{contralto}, @aref{tenor},
4130 @aref{baritone}, @aref{bass}.
4131 2. A melodic layer or part of a polyphonic composition.
4135 I: tempo debole, arsi,
4137 D: unbetonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag,
4139 DK: ubetonet taktslag,
4140 S: obetonat taktslag,
4141 FI: tahdin heikko isku.
4143 @aref{beat}, @aref{measure}, @aref{rhythm}.
4150 D: Ganze, ganze Note,
4159 ES: silencio de redonda,
4160 I: pausa di semibreve,
4163 D: ganze Pause, ganztaktige Pause,
4181 The @aref{interval} of a major second. The interval between two
4182 tones on the piano keyboard with exactly one key between them -- including
4183 black and white keys -- is a whole tone.
4191 DK tr@ae{}bl@ae{}sere,
4192 S: tr@"abl@aa{}sare,
4195 A family of blown wooden musical instruments. Today some of these instruments
4196 are actually made from metal. The woodwind instruments commonly used in a
4197 symphony orchestra are flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon.
4204 @item DURATION NAMES, NOTES AND RESTS
4207 @multitable @columnfractions .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1
4209 @item @tab @strong{UK} @tab @strong{I} @tab @strong{F} @tab @strong{D} @tab
4210 @strong{NL} @tab @strong{DK} @tab @strong{S} @tab @strong{FI}
4214 @item @strong{longa} @tab longa @tab longa @tab longa @tab Longa @tab longa
4215 @tab longa @tab longa @tab longa
4219 @item @strong{breve} @tab breve @tab breve @tab br@`eve @tab Brevis @tab
4220 brevis @tab brevis @tab brevis @tab brevis
4224 @item @strong{whole} @tab semi@-breve @tab semi@-breve @tab ronde @tab
4225 Ganze @tab hele @tab hel @tab hel @tab kokonuotti/-tauko @tab
4229 @item @strong{half} @tab minim @tab minima @tab blanche @tab Halbe @tab
4230 halve @tab halv @tab halv @tab puoli- @tab
4234 @item @strong{quarter} @tab crotchet @tab semi@-minima @tab noire @tab
4235 Viertel @tab kwart @tab fjerde@-del @tab fj@"arde@-del @tab nelj@"annes- @tab
4239 @item @strong{eighth} @tab quaver @tab croma @tab croche @tab Achtel @tab
4240 achtste @tab ottende@-del @tab @aa{}tton@-del @tab kahdeksasosa- @tab
4244 @item @strong{sixteenth} @tab semi@-quaver @tab semi@-croma @tab double croche
4245 @tab Sech@-zehntel @tab zes@-ti@-ende @tab seks@-tende@-del @tab sexton@-del
4246 @tab kuudestoistaosa- @tab
4250 @item @strong{thirty-second} @tab demi@-semi@-quaver @tab bis@-croma @tab
4251 triple croche @tab Zwei@-und@-drei@-@ss{}ig@-stel @tab twee-en@-dertig@-ste
4252 @tab toog@-tredivte-del @tab trettio@-tv@aa{}on@-del @tab kolmaskymmeneskahdesosa- @tab
4256 @item @strong{sixty-fourth} @tab hemi@-demi@-semi@-quaver @tab
4257 semi@-bis@-croma @tab qua@-druple croche @tab Vier@-und@-sechzig@-stel @tab
4258 vier@-en@-zestig@-ste @tab fireog@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-del @tab
4259 sextio@-fj@"arde@-del @tab kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosa- @tab
4262 @c @item @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab
4270 @multitable @columnfractions .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111
4272 @item @tab @strong{I} @tab @strong{F} @tab @strong{D} @tab
4273 @strong{NL} @tab @strong{DK} @tab @strong{S} @tab @strong{FI}
4277 @item @strong{c} @tab do @tab ut @tab C @tab c @tab c @tab c @tab c
4281 @item @strong{c-sharp} @tab do diesis @tab ut di@`ese @tab Cis @tab cis @tab
4282 cis @tab cis @tab cis
4286 @item @strong{d-flat} @tab re bemolle @tab r@'e b@'emol @tab Des @tab des @tab
4287 des @tab des @tab des
4291 @item @strong{d} @tab re @tab r@'e @tab D @tab d @tab d @tab d @tab d
4295 @item @strong{e} @tab mi @tab mi @tab E @tab e @tab e @tab e @tab e
4299 @item @strong{f} @tab fa @tab fa @tab F @tab f @tab f @tab f @tab f
4303 @item @strong{g} @tab sol @tab sol @tab G @tab g @tab g @tab g @tab g
4307 @item @strong{a-flat} @tab la bemolle @tab la b@'emol @tab As @tab as @tab as
4312 @item @strong{a} @tab la @tab la @tab A @tab a @tab a @tab a @tab a
4316 @item @strong{a-sharp} @tab la diesis @tab la di@`ese @tab Ais @tab ais @tab
4317 ais @tab ais @tab ais
4321 @item @strong{b-flat} @tab si bemolle @tab si b@'emol @tab B @tab bes @tab b
4326 @item @strong{b} @tab si @tab si @tab H @tab b @tab h @tab h @tab h
4334 @item ---------------------
4338 @item Literature used
4339 The Harvard Dictionary of Music, London 1944. Many more or less literal
4340 quotes from its articles have been included into the item explanation texts.
4342 Hugo Riemanns Musiklexicon, Berlin 1929.
4344 Polyglottes W@"orterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie, Kassel 1980
4345 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Third Edition 1974.