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[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / music-glossary.tely

\input texinfo @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@setfilename music-glosssary.info
@settitle Music Glossary

@documentencoding UTF-8
@documentlanguage en

@c see lilypond.tely for info installation note
@dircategory LilyPond
@direntry
* Glossary: (lilypond/music-glossary).  Glossary of music terms.
@end direntry

@ifhtml
This document is also available in
@uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary.pdf,PDF}
and as @uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary-big-page.html,one big page}.
@end ifhtml

@titlepage
@title Music Glossary
@author Christian Mondrup   @c Original author of LilyPond glossary
@c                             Danish glossary
@author François Pinard            @c Original glossary of GNU music project,
@c                             French glossary
@author Han-Wen Nienhuys    @c Dutch glossary
@author Jan Nieuwenhuizen   @c Dutch glossary
@author David González      @c Spanish glossary
@author Bjoern Jacke        @c German glossary
@author Neil Jerram         @c English glossary translations
@author Mats Bengtsson      @c Swedish glossary
@author Adrian Mariano      @c Italian glossary
@author Heikki Junes        @c Finnish glossary

@c Fixes by Jean-Pierre Coulon and `Dirk'

Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2006 by the authors


  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
  without Invariant Sections.

@end titlepage


@c FIXME: multiple omfcreators?
@ignore
@omfcreator Christian Mondrup
@omfdescription Glossary of musical terms with translations
@omftype user's guide
@omfcategory Applications|Publishing
@omflanguage English
@end ignore

@ifnottex
@node Top
@top Music glossary
@end ifnottex


@ifnottex

This glossary was brought you by

@table @code
@item Adrian Mariano
Italian glossary,
@item Bjoern Jacke
German glossary,
@item Christian Mondrup
Original author of LilyPond glossary, Danish glossary,
@item David González
Spanish glossary,
@item François Pinard
Original glossary of GNU music project, French glossary,
@item Han-Wen Nienhuys
Dutch glossary,
@item Jan Nieuwenhuizen
Dutch glossary,
@item Mats Bengtsson
Swedish glossary,
@item Neil Jerram
English glossary translations,
@item Heikki Junes
Finnish glossary translations.
@end table
@*
Copyright 1999--2006 by the authors


  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
  without Invariant Sections.

@*
@end ifnottex

@c @pagesizes 10.3in
@c @everyheading @| @thispage @|
@c @evenheading @thispage @| @|
@c @oddheading @| @| @thispage @|

@include macros.itexi

@c arrowref
@macro aref{word}
@iftex
@w{@arrow{}@strong{\word\}}@c
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@arrow{}@ref{\word\, @strong{\word\}}@c
@end ifnottex
@end macro

@menu
* Musical terms A-Z::           
* Duration names notes and rests::  
* Pitch names::                 
* Literature used::             
@end menu

@node Musical terms A-Z
@chapter Musical terms A-Z

Languages in this order.
@itemize
@item ES - Spanish
@item I - Italian
@item F - French
@item D - German
@item NL - Dutch
@item UK - British English
@item DK - Danish
@item S - Swedish
@item FI - Finnish
@end itemize

@menu
* A::                           
* accent::                      
* accessory::                   
* accidental::                  
* accelerando::                 
* adagio::                      
* allegro::                     
* alteration::                  
* alto::                        
* alto clef::                   
* ambit::                       
* anacrusis::                   
* ancient minor scale::         
* andante::                     
* appoggiatura::                
* arpeggio::                    
* articulation::                
* ascending interval::          
* augmented interval::          
* autograph::                   
* B::                           
* backfall::                    
* bar::                         
* bar line::                    
* baritone::                    
* baritone clef::               
* bass clef::                   
* bass::                        
* beam::                        
* beat::                        
* bind::                        
* brace::                       
* brass::                       
* breath mark::                 
* breve::                       
* C::                           
* C clef::                      
* cadence::                     
* cadenza::                     
* canon::                       
* cent::                        
* central C::                   
* chord::                       
* chromatic scale::             
* chromaticism::                
* church mode::                 
* clef::                        
* cluster::                     
* comma::                       
* common meter::                
* compound interval::           
* complement::                  
* conjunct movement::           
* consonance::                  
* contralto::                   
* counterpoint::                
* counter tenor::               
* copying music::               
* crescendo::                   
* cue-notes::                   
* custos::                      
* D::                           
* da capo::                     
* dal segno::                   
* decrescendo::                 
* descending interval::         
* diatonic scale::              
* diminished interval::         
* diminuendo::                  
* disjunct movement::           
* dissonance::                  
* dissonant interval::          
* dominant ninth chord::        
* dominant seventh chord::      
* dominant::                    
* dorian mode::                 
* dot (augmentation dot)::      
* dotted note::                 
* double appoggiatura::         
* double bar line::             
* double dotted note::          
* double flat::                 
* double sharp::                
* double trill::                
* duple meter::                 
* duplet::                      
* duration::                    
* dydimic comma::               
* E::                           
* ecclesiastical mode::         
* eighth note::                 
* eighth rest::                 
* embellishment::               
* engraving::                   
* enharmonic::                  
* equal temperament::           
* expression mark::             
* F::                           
* F clef::                      
* fermata::                     
* fifth::                       
* figured bass::                
* fingering::                   
* flag::                        
* flat::                        
* forefall::                    
* forte::                       
* fourth::                      
* fugue::                       
* functional harmony::          
* G::                           
* G clef::                      
* glissando::                   
* grace notes::                 
* grand staff::                 
* grave::                       
* gruppetto::                   
* half note::                   
* half rest::                   
* harmonic cadence::            
* harmony::                     
* homophony::                   
* interval::                    
* inverted interval::           
* just intonation::             
* key::                         
* key signature::               
* largo::                       
* leading note::                
* ledger line::                 
* legato::                      
* legato curve::                
* leger line::                  
* lilypond::                    
* ligature::                    
* line::                        
* long appoggiatura::           
* longa::                       
* lyrics::                      
* major interval::              
* major::                       
* meantone temperament::        
* measure::                     
* mediant::                     
* melisma::                     
* melodic cadence::             
* meter::                       
* metronome::                   
* metronomic indication::       
* mezzo-soprano::               
* middle C::                    
* minor::                       
* minor interval::              
* mode::                        
* modulation::                  
* mordent::                     
* motif::                       
* motive::                      
* movement::                    
* multibar rest::               
* mixolydian mode::             
* natural sign::                
* neighbour tones::             
* ninth::                       
* non-legato::                  
* note::                        
* note head::                   
* note value::                  
* octave sign::                 
* octave::                      
* ornament::                    
* ossia::                       
* part::                        
* pause::                       
* pennant::                     
* percussion::                  
* perfect interval::            
* phrase::                      
* phrasing::                    
* piano::                       
* pitch::                       
* pizzicato::                   
* polyphony::                   
* portato::                     
* presto::                      
* Pythagorean comma::           
* quadruplet::                  
* quarter note::                
* quarter rest::                
* quintuplet::                  
* rallentando::                 
* relative key::                
* repeat::                      
* rest::                        
* rhythm::                      
* ritardando::                  
* ritenuto::                    
* scale::                       
* scale degree::                
* score::                       
* second::                      
* semitone::                    
* seventh::                     
* sextolet::                    
* sextuplet::                   
* shake::                       
* sharp::                       
* short appoggiatura::          
* sixteenth note::              
* sixteenth rest::              
* sixth::                       
* sixty-fourth note::           
* sixty-fourth rest::           
* slur::                        
* solmization::                 
* sonata::                      
* sonata form::                 
* song texts::                  
* soprano::                     
* staccato::                    
* staff::                       
* staves::                      
* stem::                        
* strings::                     
* strong beat::                 
* subdominant::                 
* submediant::                  
* subtonic::                    
* superdominant::               
* supertonic::                  
* symphony::                    
* syncopation::                 
* syntonic comma::              
* system::                      
* temperament::                 
* tempo indication::            
* tenor::                       
* tenth::                       
* tenuto::                      
* third::                       
* thirty-second note::          
* thirty-second rest::          
* thorough bass::               
* tie::                         
* time::                        
* time signature::              
* tone::                        
* tonic::                       
* transposition::               
* treble clef::                 
* tremolo::                     
* triad::                       
* trill::                       
* triple meter::                
* triplet::                     
* tritone::                     
* tuning fork::                 
* turn::                        
* unison::                      
* upbeat::                      
* voice::                       
* weak beat::                   
* whole note::                  
* whole rest::                  
* whole tone::                  
* woodwind::                    
@end menu

@node A
@section A

ES: la,
I: la,
F: la,
D: A, a,
NL: a,
DK: a,
S: a,
FI: A, a.

@node accent
@section accent

ES: acento,
I: accento,
F: accent,
D: Akzent,
NL: accent,
DK: accent,
S: accent,
FI: aksentti, korostus.

The stress of one tone over others.

@node accessory
@section accessory

@aref{ornament}.

@node accidental
@section accidental

ES: alteración accidental,
I: accidento,
F: altération accidentelle,
D: Vorzeichen, Versetzungszeichen, Akzidenz,
NL: toevallig (verplaatsings)teken,
DK: løst fortegn,
S: tillfälligt förtecken,
FI: tilapäinen etumerkki.

An accidental has the effect of an @aref{alteration} of a note.  A
sharp raises a tone by a @aref{semitone}, a double sharp raises it by
a @aref{whole tone}, a flat lowers it by a semitone and a double flat
lowers it by a whole tone.  A natural cancels the effect of a previous
accidental.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<< 
  \context Staff \relative c'' {
    \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f
    gis1 gisis ges geses g!
  }
  \lyrics {
    \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
    sharp "db. sharp" flat "db. flat" natural
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@node accelerando
@section accelerando

ES: accelerando,
I: accelerando,
F: accelerando, en accélérant,
D: accelerando, schneller werden,
NL: accelerando,
DK: accelerando,
S: accelerando,
FI: accelerando, kiihdyttäen.

Increase tempo.

@node adagio
@section adagio

ES: adagio,
I: adagio,
F: adagio, lent,
D: Adagio, Langsam,
NL: adagio,
DK: adagio,
S: adagio,
FI: adagio, hitaasti.

It.@: comfortable, easy.
1.@tie{}Slow tempo, slower -- especially in even meter -- than
@aref{andante} and faster than @aref{largo}.
2.@tie{}A movement in slow tempo, especially the second (slow) movement of
@aref{sonata}s, symphonies, etc.

@node allegro
@section allegro

ES: allegro,
I: allegro,
F: allegro,
D: Allegro, Schnell, Fröhlich, Lustig,
NL: allegro,
DK: allegro,
S: allegro,
FI: allegro, nopeasti.

It.@: cheerful.  Quick tempo.  Also used as a title for pieces in a quick
tempo, especially the first and last movements of a @aref{sonata}.

@node alteration
@section alteration

ES: alteración,
I: alterazione
F: altération
D:
NL: verhoging of verlaging,
DK:
S:
FI:

An alteration is the modification, raising or lowering, of a note's
pitch.  It is established by an @aref{accidental}.

@node alto
@section alto

ES: alto,
I: contralto,
F: alto,
D: Alt,
NL: alt,
DK: alt,
S: alt,
FI: altto, matala naisääni.

A female voice of low range (@emph{contralto}).  Originally the alto was a
high male voice (hence the name), which by the use of falsetto reached the
height of the female voice.  This type of voice is also known as
@aref{counter tenor}.

@node alto clef
@section alto clef

ES: clave de do en tercera,
I: chiave di contralto,
F: clef d'ut troisième ligne,
D: Altschlüssel, Bratschenschlüssel,
NL: alt sleutel,
DK: altnøgle,
S: altklav,
FI: alttoavain.

C clef setting middle C on the middle line of the staff
@aref{C clef}.

@node ambit
@section ambit

ES: ámbito,
I: ambitus,
F: ambitus,
D: ambitus,
NL: ambitus,
DK: ambitus,
S: ambitus,
FI: ambitus, ääniala, soitinala.

The term ambit (from latin: ambitus, plural: ambitus) denotes a range
of pitches for a given voice in a part of music.  It may also denote
the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of playing.

@node anacrusis
@section anacrusis

@c  TODO: add more languages for anacrusis
ES: anacrusa
F: anacrouse

An anacrusis (also known as pickup or upbeat) is an incomplete measure
of music before a section of music.

@node ancient minor scale
@section ancient minor scale

ES: escala menor antigua,
I: scala minore naturale,
F: forme du mode mineur ancien, troisème mode, mode hellénique
D: reines Moll,
NL: authentieke mineurtoonladder,
DK: ren mol,
S: ren mollskala,
FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko.

@aref{diatonic scale}.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' {
a1 b c d e f g a }
@end lilypond

@node andante
@section andante

ES: andante,
I: andante,
F: andante,
D: Andante, Gehend,
NL: andante,
DK: andante,
S: andante,
FI: andante, käyden.

Walking tempo/character.

@node appoggiatura
@section appoggiatura

ES: apoyatura,
I: appoggiatura,
F: appoggiature, (port de voix),
D: Vorschlag,
NL: voorslag,
DK: forslag,
S: förslag,
FI: appoggiatura, etuhele.

Ornamental note, usually a second, that is melodically connected with the
main note following it.  In music before the 19th century a.@: were usually
performed on the beat, after that mostly before the beat.  While the short
a.@: is performed as a short note regardless of the duration of the main note
the duration of the long a.@: is proportional to that of the main note.

@lilypond[line-width=13.0\cm]
\context Voice \relative c'' {
  \key d \major
  \time 4/4

%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
  <d a fis>4_"notation" r
  { \override Stem #'flag-style = #'()
    \grace g16
    \revert Stem #'flag-style
  }
  fis8 e16 fis
  { \override Stem #'flag-style = #'()
    \grace a16
    \revert Stem #'flag-style
  }
  g8 fis16 g |
  \cadenzaOn a4 \bar "||" \cadenzaOff

  <d, a fis>4_"performance" r g16 ( fis) e fis a ( g) fis g |
  \cadenzaOn a4 \bar "||" \cadenzaOff
}
@end lilypond

An appoggiatura may have more notes preceding the main note.

@lilypond[line-width=13.0\cm]
\relative c'' {
  \key as \major
  \time 2/4
%  \override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
  \grace { bes16 } as8_"notation" as16 bes as8 g |
  \grace { as16[( bes] } < c as >4-)
  \grace { as16[( bes] } < c as >4-) \bar "||"
  \grace { bes16 } as8_"performance" as16 bes as8 g |
  << \context Voice = va { \stemUp\tieUp as32 bes c8. as32 bes c8. }
    \context Voice = vb { \stemDown\tieDown as16 ~ as8. as16 ~ as8. } >>
  \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond

@node arpeggio
@section arpeggio

ES: arpegio,
I: arpeggio,
F: arpège,
D: Arpeggio, Akkordbrechungen, gebro@-chener Akkord,
NL: gebroken akoord,
DK: arpeggio, akkordbrydning,
S: arpeggio,
FI: arpeggio, murtosointu.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
 \context PianoStaff <<
  \context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
    \time 4/4
    \clef treble
    r8 g16 c e g, c e r8 g,16 c e g, c e |
    r8 a,16 d f a, d f r8 a,16 d f a, d f \bar "||" }
  \context Staff = SB \relative c' {
    \clef bass
    << \context Voice = va {
        \stemUp
        r16 e8. ( e4) r16 e8. ( e4) |
        r16 d8. ( d4) r16 d8. ( d4) }
      \context Voice = vb {
        \stemDown
        c2 c | c c } >>
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@node articulation
@section articulation

@c TODO: add languages for articulation.
Articulation refers to notation which indicates how a note or notes should
be played.  Slurs, accents, staccato, and legato are all examples of
articulartion.


@node ascending interval
@section ascending interval

ES: intervalo ascendente,
I: intervallo ascendente,
F: intervalle ascendant,
D: steigendes Intervall,
NL: stijgend interval,
DK:@w{ }stigende interval,
S: stigande intervall,
FI: nouseva intervalli.

A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note.

@node augmented interval
@section augmented interval

ES: intervalo aumentado,
I: intervallo aumentato,
F: intervalle augmenté,
D: übermäßiges Intervall,
NL: overmatig interval,
DK: forstørret interval,
S: överstigande intervall,
FI: ylinouseva intervalli.

@aref{interval}.

@node autograph
@section autograph

ES: manuscrito,
I: autografo,
F: manuscrit, autographe
D: Autograph, Handschrift,
NL: manuscript,
DK: håndskrift, autograf,
S: handskrift,
FI: käsinkirjoitettu nuotti.

1.@tie{}A manuscript in the composer's own hand.
2.@tie{}Music prepared for photoreproduction by freehand drawing,
with the aid of a straightedge ruler and T-square only,
which attempts to emulate engraving.
This required more skill than did engraving.

@node B
@section B

ES: si,
I: si,
F: si,
D: H, h,
NL: b,
DK: h,
S: h,
FI: H, h.

@node backfall
@section backfall

@aref{appoggiatura}.

@node bar
@section bar

@aref{measure}.

@node bar line
@section bar line

ES: barra, línea divisoria,
I: stanghetta, barra (di divisione),
F: barre (de mesure),
D: Taktstrich,
NL: maatstreep,
DK: taktstreg,
S: taktstreck,
FI: tahtiviiva.

@node baritone
@section baritone

ES: barítono,
I: baritono,
F: bariton,
D: Bariton,
NL: bariton,
DK: baryton,
S: baryton,
FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen miesääni.

The male voice intermediate between the @aref{bass} and the
@aref{tenor}.

@c F: clef de troisième ligne dropped

@node baritone clef
@section baritone clef

ES: clave de fa en tercera,
I: chiave di baritono,
F: clef d' Ut cinquième ligne, clef de Fa troisième,
D: Baritonschlüssel,
NL: baritonsleutel,
DK: barytonnøgle,
S: barytonklav,
FI: baritoniavain.

C or F clef setting middle C on the upper staff line.
@aref{C clef}, @aref{F clef}.

@node bass clef
@section bass clef

ES: clave de fa en cuarta,
I: chiave di basso,
F: clé de fa quatrième ligne,
D: Bassschlüssel,
NL: bassleutel,
DK: basnøgle,
S: basklav,
FI: bassoavain.

A clef setting with middle C on the first top ledger line.
@aref{F clef}.

@node bass
@section bass

ES: bajo,
I: basso,
F: basse,
D: Bass,
NL: bas,
DK: bas,
S: bas,
FI: basso, matala miesääni.

1.@tie{}The lowest male voice.
2.@tie{}Sometimes, especially in jazz music, used as
an abbreviation for double bass.
@aref{strings}.

@node beam
@section beam

ES: barra
I: coda,
F: barre,
D: Balken,
NL: waardestreep,
DK: bjælke,
S: balk,
FI: palkki.

Line connecting a series of notes (shorter than a quarter note).
The number of beams determines the note value of the connected notes.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c'' {
  g8_"1/8"[ g g g] s16
  g16_"1/16"[ g g g] s16
  g32_"1/32"[ s32 g32 s32 g32 s32 g32] s16
  g64_"1/64"[ s32 g64 s32 g64 s32 g64] s32 }
@end lilypond

@node beat
@section beat

ES: tiempo, parte (de compás)
I: tempi,
F: temps,
D: Takt, Taktschlag, Zeit (im Takt),
NL: tel,
DK: (takt)slag,
S: taktslag,
FI: aika-arvo.

Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and eighth notes.
The base counting value and the number of them per measure is indicated at
the start of the music.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\key g \major
\time 4/4
\relative c'' { g4 c b a | g1 \bar "||"}
\time 3/8
\relative c'' { g8 d' c | b c a | g4. \bar "||"}
@end lilypond

@node bind
@section bind

@aref{tie}.

@node brace
@section brace

ES: llave, corchete,
I: graffa,
F: accolade,
D: Klammer, Akkolade,
NL: accolade, teksthaak,
DK: klamme,
S: klammer,
FI: yhdistävä sulkumerkki.

Symbol at the start of a system connecting staves.  Curly braces are used
for connecting piano staves, angular brackets for connecting parts in an
orchestral or choral score.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\context GrandStaff <<
  \relative c''\context Staff = SA { \clef treble g4 e c2 }
  \relative c \context Staff = SB { \clef bass c1 \bar "|." } >>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\context StaffGroup <<
%  \set StaffGroup.minVerticalAlign = #12
  \relative c'' \context Staff = SA { \clef treble g4 e c2 }
  \relative c \context Staff = SB { \clef bass c1 \bar "|." } >>
@end lilypond

@node brass
@section brass

ES: metales,
I: ottoni,
D: Blechbläser,
NL: koper (blazers),
F: cuivres,
DK: messingblæsere,
S: brassinstrument, mässingsinstrument,
FI: vaskisoitin.

A family of blown musical instruments made of brass, all using a cup formed
mouth piece.  The brass instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are
trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tube.

@node breath mark
@section breath mark

ES: respiración,
I: respiro,
F: respiration,
D: Atemzeichen, Trennungszeichen,
NL: repercussieteken,
DK: vejrtrækningstegn,
S: andningstecken,
FI: hengitysmerkki.

Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts.
@node breve
@section breve

ES: cuadrada, breve,
I: breve,
F: brève,
D: Brevis,
NL: brevis,
DK: brevis,
S: brevis,
FI: brevis.

@aref{note value}, twice as long as a whole note.  Mainly used
in pre-1650 music.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' { g\breve }
@end lilypond

@node C
@section C

ES: do,
I: do,
F: ut,
D: C, c,
NL: c,
DK: c,
S: c,
FI: C, c.

@node C clef
@section C clef

ES: clave de do,
I: chiave di do,
F: clé d'ut,
D: C-Schlüssel,
NL: C-sleutel,
DK: c-nøgle,
S: c-klav,
FI: C-avain.

Clef symbol indicating the position of the middle C.  Used on all note
lines.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\override Score.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t
<<
  \context Staff \relative c' {
    \clef soprano c1 
    \clef mezzosoprano c 
    \clef alto c 
    \clef tenor c 
    \clef baritone c 
  }
  \context Lyrics \lyrics {
    \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
    "Soprano  " "Mezzosoprano  " "Alto  " "Tenor  " Baritone
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@node cadence
@section cadence

ES: cadencia,
I: cadenza,
F: cadence,
D: Kadenz,
NL: cadens,
DK: kadence,
S: kadens,
FI: kadenssi, lopuke.

@aref{harmonic cadence}, @aref{functional harmony}.

@node cadenza
@section cadenza

ES: cadenza,
I: cadenza,
F: cadence,
D: Kadenz,
NL: cadens,
DK: kadence,
S: kadens,
FI: kadenssi, lopuke.

An extended, improvisatory style section inserted near the end of
movement.  The purpose of a cadenza is to give singers or players a chance
to exhibit their technical skill and -- not last -- their ability to
improvise.  Since the middle of the 19th century, however, most cadences have
been written down by the composer.

@node canon
@section canon

ES: canon,
I: canone,
F: canon,
D: Kanon,
NL: canon,
DK: kanon,
S: kanon,
FI: kaanon, tarkka jäljittely.

@aref{counterpoint}.

@node cent
@section cent

ES: cent,
I: cent,
F: cent,
D: Cent,
NL: cent,
DK: cent,
S: cent,
FI: sentti, puolisävelaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisessä
viritysjärjestelmässä.

Logarithmic unit of measurement.  1@tie{}cent is 1/1200 of an octave (1/100
of an equally tempered @aref{semitone}).
@aref{equal temperament}.

@node central C
@section central C

@aref{middle C}.

@node chord
@section chord

ES: acorde,
I: accordo,
F: accord,
D: Akkord,
NL: akkoord,
DK: akkord,
S: ackord,
FI: sointu.

Three or more tones sounding simultaneously.  In traditional European music
the
base chord is a @emph{triad} consisting of 2@w{ }thirds.  @emph{Major} (major
+
minor @aref{third}) as well as @emph{minor} (minor + major third)
chords may be extended with more thirds.  Four-tone @emph{seventh chords}
and five-tone @emph{ninth} major chords are most often used as dominants
(@aref{functional harmony}).  A special case is chords having no
third above the lower notes to define their quality as major or minor.  Such
chords are denoted open chords

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
<<
\context Staff \relative c'' {
  \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f
  <g b d>1 
  <g bes d>
  <g bes des>
  <g b dis> 
  <g b d f> 
  <g b d f a> 
}
\lyrics{
  "major  "
  "minor  "
  "diminished  "
  "augmented  "
  "seventh-chord  "
  ninth-chord
}
>>
@end lilypond

@node chromatic scale
@section chromatic scale

ES: escala cromática,
I: scala cromatica,
F: gamme chromatique,
D: chro@-ma@-ti@-sche Tonleiter,
NL: chromatische toonladder,
DK: kromatisk skala,
S: kromatisk skala,
FI: kromaattinen asteikko.

A scale consisting of all 12 @aref{semitone}s.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c' { c1 cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b c }
@end lilypond

@node chromaticism
@section chromaticism

ES: cromatismo,
I: cromatismo,
F: chromatisme,
D: Chromatik,
NL: chromatiek,
DK: kromatik,
S: kromatik,
FI: kromatiikka.

Use of tones extraneous to a @aref{diatonic scale} (minor, major).

@node church mode
@section church mode

ES: modo eclesiástico,
I: modo ecclesiastico,
F: mode ecclésiastique,
D: Kirchentonart,
NL: kerktoonladder,
DK: kirketoneart,
S: kyrkotonart,
FI: moodi, kirkkosävellaji.

@aref{diatonic scale}.

@node clef
@section clef

ES: clave,
I: chiave,
F: clé, clef,
D: Schlüssel, Notenschlüssel,
NL: sleutel,
DK: nøgle,
S: klav,
FI: avain, nuottiavain.

@aref{C clef}, @aref{F clef}, @aref{G clef}.

@node cluster
@section cluster

ES: racimo.

A @emph{cluster} is a range of simultaneously sounding pitches that
may change over time.  The set of available pitches to apply usually
depends on the acoustic source.  Thus, in piano music, a cluster
typically consists of a continuous range of the semitones as provided
by the piano's fixed set of a chromatic scale.  In choral music, each
singer of the choir typically may sing an arbitrary pitch within the
cluster's range that is not bound to any diatonic, chromatic or other
scale.  In electronic music, a cluster (theoretically) may even cover
a continuous range of pitches, thus resulting in colored noise, such
as pink noise.

Clusters can be denoted in the context of ordinary staff notation by
engraving simple geometrical shapes that replace ordinary notation of
notes.  Ordinary notes as musical events specify starting time and
duration of pitches; however, the duration of a note is expressed by
the shape of the note head rather than by the horizontal graphical
extent of the note symbol.  In contrast, the shape of a cluster
geometrically describes the development of a range of pitches
(vertical extent) over time (horizontal extent).  Still, the
geometrical shape of a cluster covers the area in which any single
pitch contained in the cluster would be notated as an ordinary note.

@lilypond[fragment,relative=2,verbatim,ragged-right]
\makeClusters { <c e> <b f'> <b g'> <c g> <f e> }
@end lilypond

@node comma
@section comma

ES: coma, comma,
I: comma,
F: comma,
D: Komma,
NL: komma,
DK: komma,
S: komma,
FI: komma, korvinkuultava ero äänenkorkeudessa.

Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and the same note
derived from some other tuning method.  @aref{temperament}.

@node common meter
@section common meter

@aref{meter}.

@node compound interval
@section compound interval

ES: intervalo compuesto,
I: intervallo composto,
F: intervalle composé,
D: weites Intervall,
NL: samengesteld interval,
DK: sammensat interval,
S: sammansatt intervall,
FI: oktaavia laajempi intervalli.

Intervals larger than an octave.

@aref{interval}.

@node complement
@section complement

ES: intervalo invertido,
I: rivolto,
F: intervalle complémentaire,
D: Komplementärintervall,
NL: complementair interval,
DK: komplementærinterval,
S: komplementärintervall (?),
FI: täydentävä intervalli.

@aref{inverted interval}.

@node conjunct movement
@section conjunct movement

ES: movimiento conjunto,
I: moto congiunto,
F: mouvement conjoint,
D: schritt@-weise, stufenweise Bewegung,
NL: stapsgewijze, trapsgewijze beweging,
DK: trinvis bevægelse,
S: stegvis rörelse,
FI: asteittainen liike.

Progressing melodically by intervals of a second.  The opposite of a
@aref{disjunct movement}.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\key g \major \time 4/4
\relative c'' { g4 g g a | b2 a | g4 b a a | g1 \bar "||" }
@end lilypond

@node consonance
@section consonance

ES: consonancia,
I: consonanza,
F: consonance,
D: Konsonanz,
NL: consonant,
DK: konsonans,
S: konsonans,
FI: konsonanssi, sopusointi.

@aref{harmony}.

@node contralto
@section contralto

ES: contralto,
I: contralto,
F: contralto,
D: Alt,
NL: contralto,
DK: alt,
S: alt,
FI: kontra-altto.

@aref{alto}.

@node counterpoint
@section counterpoint

ES: contrapunto,
I: contrappunto,
F: contrepoint,
D: Kontrapunkt,
NL: contrapunt,
DK: kontrapunkt,
S: kontrapunkt,
FI: kontrapunkti, ääni ääntä vastaan.

From latin @emph{punctus contra punctum}, note against note.  The combination
into a single musical fabric of lines or parts which have distinct melodic
significance.  A frequently used polyphonic technique is imitation, in its
strictest form found in the canon needing only one part to be written down
while the other parts are performed with a given displacement.  Imitation is
also the contrapunctal technique used in the @emph{fugue} which, since the
music of the baroque era, has been one of the most popular polyphonic
composition methods.

@lilypond[fragment,staffsize=12,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.implicitTimeSignatureVisibility = #all-invisible
\override Score.TimeSignature #'break-visibility = #all-invisible
\context PianoStaff <<
  \context Staff = SA \relative c' {
    \key bes \major
    \time 4/4
    \clef treble
    << \context Voice = rha {
        \stemUp
        r1 | r2 r8 g'8 bes d, |
        cis4 d r8 e!16 f g8 f16 e |
        f8 g16 a bes8 a16 g a8
      }
      \context Voice = rhb {
        \stemDown
        r1 | r | r | r2 s8
      }
    >>
  }
  \context Staff = SB \relative c' {
    \clef bass
    \key bes \major
    << \context Voice = lha {
        \stemUp
        r8 d es g, fis4 g | r8 a16 bes c8 bes16 a bes4 g |
        r8 a16 g f8 g16 a bes8 g e! cis' |
        d4. e!8 f
      }
      \context Voice = lhb {
        \stemDown
        r1 | r | r | r2 s8
      } >>
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@node counter tenor
@section counter tenor

ES: contratenor,
I: controtenore,
F: contre-tenor,
D: Countertenor, Kontratenor,
NL: contratenor,
DK: kontratenor,
S: kontratenor, counter tenor,
FI: kontratenori.

@aref{contralto}.

@node copying music
@section copying music

A music copyist did fast freehand scores and parts on preprinted staff lines
for performance.  Some of their conventions (e.g., the placement of note heads
on stems) varied slightly from those of engravers.  Some of their working
methods were superior and could well be adopted by music typesetters.  This
required more skill than engraving.

@node crescendo
@section crescendo

ES: crescendo,
I: crescendo,
F: crescendo,
D: Crescendo, lauter werden,
NL: crescendo,
DK: crescendo,
S: crescendo,
FI: cresendo, voimistuen.

Increasing volume.  Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal wedge or the
abbreviation @q{cresc.}.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\key g \major \time 4/4
\relative c'' { g4 \< a b c | d1\! \bar "|." }
@end lilypond

@node cue-notes
@section cue-notes

ES: notas guía,
I: notine,
F: petites notes précédent l'entrée d'in instrument, réplique,
D: Stichnoten,
NL: stichnoten,
DK: stiknoder,
S: inprickningar,
FI: vihjenuotit.

In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the purpose of hinting
when to start playing.  Usually printed in a smaller type.

@node custos
@section custos

F: guidon,
D: Notenzeiger.

A custos is a staff symbol that appears at the end of a staff line
with monophonic musical contents (i.e., with a single voice).  It
anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following line and thus
helps the player or singer to manage line breaks during performance,
thus enhancing readability of a score.

Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the 16th
century.  There were different appearences for different notation
styles.  Nowadays, they have survived only in special forms of musical
notation such as via the editio vaticana dating back to the beginning
of the 20th century

@lilypond
\score {
  {
%   \override Staff.Custos #'neutral-position = #4
    \override Staff.Custos #'neutral-direction = #down
    \override Staff.Custos #'style = #'hufnagel
    c'1 \break
    <d' a' f''>1
  }

  \layout {
    \context {
      \Staff
      \consists Custos_engraver
    }
    ragged-right = ##t
  }
}
@end lilypond

@node D
@section D

ES: re,
I: re,
F: ré,
D: D, d,
NL: d,
DK: d,
S: d,
FI: D, d.

@node da capo
@section da capo

ES: da capo,
I: da capo,
F: da capo, depuis le commencement,
D: da capo, von Anfang,
NL: da capo,
DK: da capo,
S: da capo,
FI: da capo, alusta.

The term indicates repetition of the piece from the beginning to the end or
to a certain place marked @emph{fine}.  Mostly abbreviated as @q{D.C.}.

@node dal segno
@section dal segno

ES: dal segno,
I: dal segno,
F: dal segno, depuis le signe,
D: dal segno, ab dem Zeichen,
NL: dal segno,
DK: dal segno,
S: dal segno,
FI: dal segno, lähtien merkistä.

Abbreviated @q{d.s.}.  Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign:

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
%\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\override TextScript #'font-shape = #'italic
\key g \major \time 4/4
\relative c'' {
  d1 |
  g,4^\segno a b c |
  b a g2_\markup{
    \line { "d.s. " \tiny \raise #1 \musicglyph #"scripts.segno" } }
  \bar "|."
}
@end lilypond

@node decrescendo
@section decrescendo

ES: decrescendo,
I: decrescendo,
D: Decrescendo, leiser werden,
NL: decrescendo,
DK: decrescendo,
S: decrescendo,
FI: decresendo, hiljentyen.

Decreasing tone volume.  Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal wedge
or the abbreviation @q{decresc.}.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\relative c'' {
  \key g \major \time 4/4
  d4 \> c b a | g1 \! \bar "|."
}
@end lilypond

@node descending interval
@section descending interval

ES: intervalo descendente,
I: intervallo discendente,
F: intervalle descendant,
D: fallendes Intervall, absteigendes Intervall,
NL: dalend interval,
DK: faldende interval,
S: fallande intervall,
FI: laskeva intervalli.

A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note.

@node diatonic scale
@section diatonic scale

ES: escala diatónica,
I: scala diatonica,
F: gamme diatonique,
D: diatonische Tonleiter,
NL: diatonische toonladder,
DK: diatonisk skala,
S: diatonisk skala,
FI: diatoninen asteikko.

A scale consisting of 5@w{ }@aref{whole tone}s and
2@w{ }@aref{semitone}s (S).  Scales played on the white keys
of a piano keybord are diatonic.

The church modes are used in gregorial chant and in pre-baroque early
music but also to some extent in newer jazz music.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
<<
  \context Staff \relative c' {
    c1 d
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    e^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c
  }
  \context Lyrics \lyrics {
    Ionian
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \context Staff \relative c' {
    d1
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    e^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c d
  }
  \lyrics {
    Dorian
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \relative c' {
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    e1^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c d e
  }
  \lyrics {
    Phrygian
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \relative c' {
    f1 g a
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f
  }
  \lyrics {
    Lydian
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \relative c'' {
    g1 a
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f g }
  \lyrics {
    Mixolydian
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
<<
  \relative c'' {
    a1
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f g a
  }
  \lyrics {
    Aeolian
  }
>>
@end lilypond

From the beginning of the 17th century the scales used in European
compositional music are primarily the major and the minor scales.  In the
harmonic minor scale type an augmented second (A) occurs between the 6th and
7th tone.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \relative c' {
    c1 d
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    e^"~~ S" f g a b^"~~ S" c
  }
 \lyrics {
    Major
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \relative c'' {
    a1
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f g a
  }
 \lyrics {
    "ancient minor"
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \relative c'' {
    a1
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f!^"~~ A" gis^"~~ S" a
  }
  \context Lyrics \lyrics {
    "Harmonic minor"
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.LyricText #'font-style = #'large
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
<<
  \relative c'' {
    a1
    \override TextScript #'padding = #-4
    b^"~~ S" c d e fis gis^"~~ S"
    a g! f!^"~~ S" e d c^"~~ S" b a
  }
   \lyrics {
    "Melodic minor"
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@node diminished interval
@section diminished interval

ES: intervalo disminuido,
I: intervallo diminuito,
F: intervalle diminué,
D: vermindertes Intervall,
NL: verminderd interval,
DK: formindsket interval,
S: förminskat intervall,
FI: vähennetty intervalli.

@aref{interval}.

@node diminuendo
@section diminuendo

ES: diminuendo,
I: diminuendo,
F: diminuendo,
D: Diminuendo,
NL: diminuendo,
DK: diminuendo,
S: diminuendo,
FI: diminuendo, hiljentyen.

@aref{decrescendo}.

@node disjunct movement
@section disjunct movement

ES: movimiento disjunto,
I: moto disgiunto,
F: mouvement disjoint,
D: sprunghafte Bewegung,
NL: sprongsgewijze beweging,
DK: springende bevægelse,
S: hoppande rörelse,
FI: melodian hyppivä liike.

Progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major second.
Opposite of @aref{conjunct movement}.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\key a \major
\time 4/4
\relative c' {
  \partial 8 e8 |
  a4. gis8 b a e cis |
  fis2 d4. \bar "||" }
@end lilypond

@node dissonance
@section dissonance

@ref{dissonant interval}.

@node dissonant interval
@section dissonant interval

ES: intervalo disonante, disonancia,
I: intervallo dissonante, dissonanza,
F: dissonance,
D: Dissonanz,
NL: dissonant interval; dissonant,
DK: dissonerende interval, dissonans,
S: dissonans,
FI: dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi.

@aref{harmony}.

@node dominant ninth chord
@section dominant ninth chord

ES: acorde de novena de dominante,
I: accordo di nona di dominante,
F: accord de neuvième dominante,
D: Domi@-nant@-nonen@-akkord,
NL: dominant noon akkoord,
DK: dominantnoneakkord,
S: dominantnonackord,
FI: dominanttinoonisointu.

@aref{chord}, @aref{functional harmony}.

@node dominant seventh chord
@section dominant seventh chord

ES: acorde de séptima de dominante,
I: accordo di settima di dominante,
F: accord de septième dominante,
D: Dominantseptakkord,
NL: dominant septiem akkoord,
DK: dominantseptimakkord,
S: dominantseptimackord,
FI: dominanttiseptimisointu.

@aref{chord}, @aref{functional harmony}.

@node dominant
@section dominant

ES: dominante,
I: dominante,
F: dominante,
D: Dominante,
NL: dominant,
DK: dominant,
S: dominant,
FI: dominantti, huippusointu.

The fifth @aref{scale degree},
@aref{functional harmony}.

@node dorian mode
@section dorian mode

ES: modo dórico,
I: modo dorico,
F: mode dorien,
D: dorisch, dorischer Kirchenton,
NL: dorische toonladder,
DK: dorisk skala,
S: dorisk tonart,
FI: doorinen moodi.

@aref{diatonic scale}.

@node dot (augmentation dot)
@section dot (augmentation dot)

ES: puntillo,
I: punto (di valore),
F: point,
D: Punkt (Verlängerungspunkt),
NL: punt,
DK: punkt,
S: punkt,
FI: piste.

@aref{dotted note}.

@node dotted note
@section dotted note

ES: nota con puntillo,
I: nota puntata,
F: note pointée,
D: punktierte Note,
NL: gepuncteerde noot,
DK: punkteret node,
S: punkterad not,
FI: pisteellinen nuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node double appoggiatura
@section double appoggiatura

ES: apoyatura doble,
I: appoggiatura doppia,
F: appoggiature double,
D: doppelter Vorschlag,
NL: dubbele voorslag,
DK: dobbelt forslag,
S: dubbelslag,
FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele.

@aref{appoggiatura}.

@node double bar line
@section double bar line

ES: doble barra,
I: doppia barra,
F: double barre,
D: Doppelstrich,
NL: dubbele maatstreep,
DK: dobbeltstreg,
S: dubbelstreck,
FI: kaksoistahtiviiva.

Indicates the end of a section within a movement.

@node double dotted note
@section double dotted note

ES: nota con doble puntillo,
I: nota doppiamente puntata,
F: note doublement pointée,
D: doppelt punktierte Note,
NL: dubbelgepuncteerde noot,
DK: dob@-belt@-punk@-te@-ret node,
S: dub@-bel@-punk@-te@-rad not,
FI: kaksoispisteellinen nuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node double flat
@section double flat

ES: doble bemol,
I: doppio bemolle,
F: double bémol,
D: Doppel-B,
NL: dubbelmol,
DK: dob@-belt-b,
S: dubbelbe,
FI: kaksoisalennusmerkki.

@aref{accidental}.

@node double sharp
@section double sharp

ES: doble sostenido,
I: doppio diesis,
F: double dièse,
D: Doppelkreuz,
NL: dubbelkruis,
DK: dob@-belt@-kryds,
S: dubbelkors,
FI: kaksoisylennysmerkki.

@aref{accidental}.

@node double trill
@section double trill

ES: trino doble,
I: doppio trillo,
F: trille double,
D: Doppeltriller,
NL: dubbele triller,
DK: dobbelttrille,
S: dubbeldrill,
FI: kaksoistrilli.

A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a third.

@node duple meter
@section duple meter

ES: tiempo binario,
I: tempo binario,
F: temps binaire,
D: in zwei,
NL: tweedelige maatsoort,
DK: todelt takt,
S: tvåtakt,
FI: kaksoistempo.

@aref{meter}.

@node duplet
@section duplet

ES: dosillo,
I: duina,
F: duolet,
D: Duole,
NL: duool,
DK: duol,
S: duol,
FI: duoli.

@aref{note value}.

@node duration
@section duration

ES: duración,
I: durata,
F: durée,
D: Dauer, Länge,
NL: duur, lengte,
DK: varighed,
S: tonlängd,
FI: kesto, aika-arvo.

@aref{note value}.

@node dydimic comma
@section dydimic comma

@aref{syntonic comma}.

@node E
@section E

ES: mi,
I: mi,
F: mi,
D: E, e,
NL: e,
DK: e,
S: e,
FI: E, e.

@node ecclesiastical mode
@section ecclesiastical mode

@aref{church mode}.

@node eighth note
@section eighth note

ES: corchea,
I: croma,
F: croche,
UK: quaver,
D: Achtel, Achtelnote,
NL: achtste noot,
DK: ottendedelsnode,
S: åttondelsnot,
FI: kahdeksasosanuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node eighth rest
@section eighth rest

ES: silencio de corchea,
I: pausa di croma,
F: demi-soupir,
UK: quaver rest,
D: Achtelpause,
NL: achtste rust,
DK: ottendedelspause,
S: åttonddelspaus,
FI: kahdeksasosatauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node embellishment
@section embellishment


@aref{ornament}.

@node engraving
@section engraving

ES: grabar,
I: incisione,
F: gravure,
D: Notenstechen, Notendruck
NL: steken,
DK: nodestik,
S: nottryck,
FI: painatus.

Engraving means incising or etching a metal plate for
printing.  Photoengraving means drawing music with ink in a manner
similar to drafting or engineering drawing, using similar tools.

The traditional process of music printing is done through cutting in a
plate of metal.  Now also the term for the art of music typesetting.

@node enharmonic
@section enharmonic

ES: enarmónico,
I: enarmonico,
F: enharmonique,
D: enharmonisch,
NL: enharmonisch,
DK: enharmonisk,
S: enharmonisk,
FI: enharmoninen.

Two notes, intervals, or scales are enharmonic if they have different names
but equal pitch.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
\context Staff \relative c'' {
  gis1  as <des g,!>  <cis g!> 
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
  \override Lyrics .LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
  "g sharp  " "a flat  " "dim fifth  " "augm fourth"
}
>>
@end lilypond

@node equal temperament
@section equal temperament

ES: temperamento igual,
I: temperamento equabile,
F: tempérament égal,
D: gleichschwebende Stimmung,
NL: ge@-lijk@-zwe@-ven@-de temperatuur,
DK: ligesvævende temperatur,
S: liksvävande temperatur,
FI: tasavireinen.

Tuning system dividing the octave into 12 equal @aref{semitone}s
(precisely 100 @aref{cent}s).  @aref{temperament}.

@node expression mark
@section expression mark

ES: expresión,
I: segno d'espressione,
F: signe d'expression, indication de nuance,
D: Vortragszeichen,
NL: voordrachtsteken,
DK: foredragsbetegnelse,
S: föredragsbeteckning,
FI: nyanssiosoitus, esitysmerkki.

Performance indications concerning 1. volume, dynamics (for example
@aref{forte}, @aref{crescendo}), 2. tempo (for example
@aref{andante}, @aref{allegro}).

@node F
@section F

ES: fa,
I: fa,
F: fa,
D: F, f,
NL: f,
DK: f,
S: f,
FI: F, f.

@node F clef
@section F clef

ES: clave de fa,
I: chiave di fa,
F: clé de fa,
D: F-Schlüssel,
NL: F-sleutel,
DK: F-nøgle,
S: f-klav,
FI: F-avain.

The position between the dots of the key symbol is the line of the F below
central@w{ }C.  Used on the third, fourth and fifth note line.  A
digit@w{ }8 above the clef symbol indicates that the notes must be played
an octave higher (for example bass recorder) while 8@w{ }below the clef
symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example on double bass
@aref{strings}).

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\override Staff.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t
<<
\relative c {
  \clef varbaritone
  f1
  \clef bass
  f1
  \clef subbass
  f1
  \clef "F^8"
  f1
  \clef "F_8"
  f1
}
 \lyrics {
  "baritone  "
  "bass  "
  "sub-bass  "
  "octaved up  "
  "octaved down"
}
>>
@end lilypond

@c F:  'point d'orgue' on a note, 'point d'arret' on a rest.

@node fermata
@section fermata

ES: calderón,
I: corona,
F: point d'orgue, point d'arrêt,
D: Fermate,
NL: fermate,
DK: fermat,
S: fermat,
FI: fermaatti, pidäke.

Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\time 4/4
\relative c'' {
  a4 b c2^\fermata \bar "|."
}
@end lilypond

@node fifth
@section fifth

ES: quinta,
I: quinta,
F: quinte,
D: Quinte,
NL: kwint,
DK: kvint,
S: kvint,
FI: kvintti.

@aref{interval}.

@node figured bass
@section figured bass

@aref{thorough bass}.

@node fingering
@section fingering

ES: digitación,
I: diteggiatura,
F: doigté,
D: Fingersatz,
NL: vingerzetting,
DK: fingersætning,
S: fingersättning,
FI: sormitus.

The methodical use of fingers in the playing of instruments.

@node flag
@section flag

ES: corchete,
I: coda (uncinata), bandiera,
F: crochet,
D: Fahne, Fähnchen,
NL: vlaggetje,
DK: fane,
S: flagga,
FI: lippu, viiri.

Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with values
less than a quarter note.  The number of flags determines the
@aref{note value}.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c'' {
  g8_"1/8" s8
  g16_"1/16" s8
  g32_"1/32" s8
  g64_"1/64" s8
}
@end lilypond

@node flat
@section flat

ES: bemol,
I: bemolle,
F: bémol,
D: B, b,
NL: mol,
DK: b,
S: beförtecken,
FI: alennusmerkki.

@aref{accidental}.

@node forefall
@section forefall

@aref{appoggiatura}.

@node forte
@section forte

ES: forte,
I: forte,
F: forte,
D: forte, laut,
NL: forte,
DK: forte,
S: forte,
FI: forte, voimakkaasti.

Loud, abbreviated @b{f}, @emph{fortissimo} (@b{ff}) very loud,
@emph{mezzoforte} (@b{mf}) medium loud.

@node fourth
@section fourth

ES: cuarta,
I: quarta,
F: quarte,
D: Quarte,
NL: kwart,
DK: kvart,
S: kvart,
FI: kvartti.

@aref{interval}.

@node fugue
@section fugue

ES: fuga,
I: fuga,
F: fugue,
D: Fuge,
NL: fuga,
DK: fuga,
S: fuga,
FI: fuuga.

@aref{counterpoint}.

@node functional harmony
@section functional harmony

ES: armonía funcional,
I: armonia funzionale,
F: étude des functions,
D: Funktionslehre,
NL: functionele harmonie,
DK: funktionsanalyse, funktionsharmonik,
S: funktionslära,
FI: harmoniajärjestelmä.

A system of harmonic analysis.  It is based on the idea that, in a given key,
there are only three functionally different chords: tonic (T, the chord on the
first note of the scale), subdominant (S, the chord on the fourth note), and
dominant (D, the chord on the fifth note).  Others are considered to be
variants of the base chords.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
\context Voice \relative c'' {
  <g e c >1 < a f d > < b g e >
  <c a f > < d b g > < e c a > < f d b > }
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
  T Sp Dp S D Tp \markup{ D\translate #(cons -2 0) {"|"}  } }
>>
@end lilypond

@node G
@section G

ES: sol,
I: sol,
F: sol,
D: G, g,
NL: g,
DK: g,
S: g,
FI: G, g.

@node G clef
@section G clef

ES: clave de sol,
I: chiave di sol,
F: clé de sol,
D: G-Schlüssel, Violinschlüssel,
NL: G-sleutel,
DK: g-nøgle,
S: g-klav,
FI: G-avain.

A clef symbol indicating the G above central@w{ }C.  Used on the first
and second note lines.  A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that
the notes must be played an octave higher while 8 below the clef symbol
indicates playing or singing an octave lower (most tenor parts in choral
scores are notated like that).

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
<<
  \set Score.automaticBars = ##f
  \override Staff.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t

  \relative c'' {
    \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 8)
    \clef french
    g1
    \clef treble
    g
    \clef "G^8"
    g
    \clef "G_8"
    g
  }
  \context Lyrics \lyrics {
    \override Lyrics . LyricText #'X-offset = #-5
    "french violin clef"
    "violin clef"
    "octaved up"
    "octaved down"
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@node glissando
@section glissando

ES: glissando,
I: glissando,
F: glissando,
D: Glissando,
NL: glissando,
DK: glissando,
S: glissando,
FI: glissando, liukuen.

Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other.

@node grace notes
@section grace notes

ES: notas de adorno,
I: abbellimenti,
F: fioriture,
D: Verzierungen, Vorschläge, Vor@-schlags@-noten,
NL: versieringen,
DK: forsiringer,
S: ornament,
FI: korunuotit.

Notes printed in small types to indicate that their time values are not
counted in the rhythm of the bar.  @aref{appoggiatura}.

@node grand staff
@section grand staff

ES: sistema de piano,
I: accolatura,
F: accolade,
D: Akkolade,
NL: piano systeem,
DK: klaversystem,
S: ackolad, böjd klammer,
FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto.

@aref{brace}.

A combination of two staves with a brace.  Usually used for piano music.

@node grave
@section grave

ES: grave,
I: grave,
F: grave,
D: grave, langsam,
NL: grave, ernstig,
DK: grave,
S: grave,
FI: grave, raskaasti.

Slow, solemn.

@node gruppetto
@section gruppetto

@aref{turn}.

@node half note
@section half note

ES: blanca,
I: minima,
F: blanche,
UK: minim,
D: Halbe, halbe Note,
NL: halve noot,
DK: halvnode,
S: halvnot,
FI: puolinuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node half rest
@section half rest

ES: silencio de blanca,
I: pausa di minima,
F: demi-pause,
UK: minim rest,
D: halbe Pause,
NL: halve, rust,
DK: halvnodespause,
S: halvpaus,
FI: puolitauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node harmonic cadence
@section harmonic cadence

ES: cadencia (armónica),
I: cadenza (armonica),
F: cadence harmonique,
D: Schlusskadenz,
NL: harmonische cadens,
DK: harmonisk kadence,
S: (harmonisk) kadens,
FI: harmoninen kadenssi.

A sequence of chords that terminates a musical phrase or
section.  @aref{functional harmony}.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\context PianoStaff <<
  \context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
    \time 4/4
    \clef treble
    \context Voice
    \partial 4 < c g e >4 |
    < c a f > < b g d > < c g e >2
  }
  <<
    \context Staff = SB \relative c {
      \clef bass
      \partial 4 c4 | f, g c2
      \bar "|."
    }
    \lyrics {
      T4 S D T
    }
  >>
>>

@end lilypond

@node harmony
@section harmony

ES: armonía,
I: armonia,
F: harmonie,
D: Harmonie, Zusammenklang,
NL: harmonie,
DK: samklang,
S: samklang,
FI: harmonia, yhteissointi.

Tones sounding simultaneously.  Two note harmonies fall into the categories
@emph{consonances} and @emph{dissonances}.

Consonances:

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\context Voice \relative c'' {
  <g g>1_"unisone  " s
  <g b>_"third  " s
  <g c>_"fourth  " s
  <g d'>_"fifth  " s
  <g e'>_"sixth  " s
  <g g'>_"octave  " s
  <g b'>_"tenth" s s
}
@end lilypond

Dissonances:

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\context Voice \relative c'' {
  <g a>1_"second  " s s
  <g f'>_"seventh  " s s
  <g a'>_"ninth" s s
}
@end lilypond

Three note harmony @aref{chord}.

@node homophony
@section homophony

ES: homofonía,
I: omofonia,
F: homophonie,
D: Homophonie,
NL: homofonie,
DK: homofoni,
S: homofoni,
FI: homofonia, yksiäänisyys.

Music in which one voice leads melodically followed by the other voices more
or less in the same rhythm.  In contrast to @aref{polyphony}.

@node interval
@section interval

ES: intervalo,
I: intervallo,
F: intervalle,
D: Intervall,
NL: interval,
DK: interval,
S: intervall,
FI: intervalli, kahden sävelen korkeusero.

Difference in pitch between two notes.  Intervals may be perfect, minor,
major,
diminished, or augmented.  The augmented fourth and the diminished fifth are
identical (@aref{enharmonic}) and are called @emph{tritonus}
because they consist of three @aref{whole tone}s.  The addition
of such two intervals forms an octave.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
\context Voice \relative c'' {
  < g g >1 
  < g as >^"minor" 
  < g a! > 
  < g ais >^"augm" 
  < gis bes >^"dimin" 
  < g! bes >^"minor" 
  < g b! >^"major" 
  < g bis >^"augm" 
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
  "unisone " "second " "second " "second "
  "third  " "third " "third " "third"
}
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
\context Staff \relative c'' {
  < g c >1^"perfect" 
  < g cis >^"augm" 
  < g d' >^"perfect" 
  < g des' > ^"dimin" 
  < gis es' >^"dimin" 
  < g! es' >^"minor" 
  < g e'! >^"major" 
  < g eis' >^"augm" 
}
 \lyrics {
  "fourth  " "fourth  " "fifth  " "fifth  "
  "sixth  " "sixth  " "sixth  " "sixth"
}
>>
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
\context Staff \relative c'' {
  < gis f'! >1^"dimin" 
  < g! f'! >^"minor" 
  < g fis' >^"major" 
  < g g' > 
  < g as' >^"minor" 
  < g a'! >^"major" 
  < g bes' >^"minor" 
  < g b'! >^"major" 
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
  "seventh " "seventh " "seventh " "octave "
  "ninth " "ninth " "tenth " "tenth"
}
>>
@end lilypond

@node inverted interval
@section inverted interval

ES: intervalo invertido,
I: intervallo rivolto,
F: intervalle reversé,
D: umgekehrtes Intervall,
NL: interval inversie,
DK: omvendingsinterval,
S: intervallets omvändning,
FI: käänteisintervalli.

The difference between an interval and an octave.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\context Staff \relative c'' {
  < g a >1_"second " s s < g' a, >_"seventh " s s \bar "||"
  < g, b >_"third  " s s < g' b, >_"sixth  " s s \bar "||"
  < g, c >_"fourth  " s s < g' c, >_"fifth  " s s \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond

@node just intonation
@section just intonation

ES: entonación justa,
I: intonazione giusta,
F: intonation juste,
D: reine Stimmung,
NL: reine stemming,
DK: ren stemning,
S: ren stämning,
FI: puhdas viritys.

Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and subtracting
natural fifths and thirds.  @aref{temperament}.

@node key
@section key

ES: tonalidad,
I: tonalità,
F: tonalité,
D: Tonart,
NL: toonsoort,
DK: toneart,
S: tonart,
FI: tonaliteetti.

According to the 12@w{ }tones of the @aref{chromatic scale}
there are 12@w{ }keys, one on@w{ }c, one on c-sharp, etc.
@aref{key signature}.

@node key signature
@section key signature

ES: armadura (de la clave),
I: armatura di chiave,
F: armure, armature [de la clé],
D: Vorzeichen, Tonart,
NL: toon@-soort (voortekens),
DK: faste fortegn,
S: tonartssignatur,
FI: sävellajiosoitus.

The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff indicating the
key of the music.  @aref{accidental}.

@node largo
@section largo

ES: largo,
I: largo,
F: largo,
D: Largo, Langsam, Breit,
NL: largo,
DK: largo,
S: largo,
FI: largo, hitaasti, leveästi.

Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great
expressiveness.  @emph{Larghetto} is less slow than largo.

@node leading note
@section leading note

ES: sensible,
I: sensibile,
F: note sensible,
D: Leitton,
NL: leidtoon,
DK: ledetone,
S: ledton,
FI: johtosävel.

The seventh @aref{scale degree}, a @aref{semitone} below
the tonic; so called because of its strong tendency to @q{lead up} (resolve
upwards) to the tonic scale degree.

@node ledger line
@section ledger line

ES: línea adicional,
I: tagli addizionali,
F: ligne supplémentaire,
D: Hilfslinie,
NL: hulplijntje,
DK: hjælpelinie,
S: hjälplinje,
FI: apuviiva.

A ledger line is an extension of the staff.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' { a,1 s c'' }
@end lilypond

@node legato
@section legato

ES: legato,
I: legato,
F: legato, lié,
D: legato,
NL: legato,
DK: legato,
S: legato,
FI: legato, sitoen.

To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between the notes,
unlike (b) @emph{leggiero} or @emph{non-legato}, (c) @emph{portato}, and
(d) @aref{staccato}.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
  \context Staff \relative c'' {
    c4-( d e-) \bar "||"
    c4-- d-- e-- \bar "||"
    c4-.-( d-. e-.-) \bar "||"
    c4-. d-. e-. \bar "||"
  }
  \lyrics {
    a2.
    b
    c
    d
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@node legato curve
@section legato curve

@aref{slur}, @aref{legato}.

@node leger line
@section leger line

@aref{ledger line}.

@node lilypond
@section lilypond

ES: estanque de nenúfares,
I: stagno del giglio,
F: étang de lis,
UK: lily pond,
D: Seerosenteich,
NL: le@-lie@-vij@-ver,
DK: liliedam,
S: liljedamm,
FI: liljalampi.

A pond with lilies floating in it, also the name of a music typesetter.

@node ligature
@section ligature

ES: ligadura

A ligature is a coherent graphical symbol that represents at least two
distinct notes.  Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts of
Gregorian chant notation roughly since the 9th century to denote
ascending or descending sequences of notes.  In early notation,
ligatures were used for monophonic tunes (Gregorian chant) and very
soon denoted also the way of performance in the sense of articulation.
With the invention of the metric system of the white mensural
notation, the need for ligatures to denote such patterns disappeared.

@node line
@section line

ES: línea,
I: linea,
F: ligne,
D: Linie, Notenlinie,
NL: lijn,
DK: nodelinie,
S: notlinje,
FI: viiva, nuottiviiva.

@aref{staff}.

@node long appoggiatura
@section long appoggiatura

ES: apoyatura larga,
I: appoggiatura lunga,
F: appoggiature longue,
D: langer Vorschlag,
NL: Lange voorslag,
DK: langt forslag,
S: långt förslag,
FI: pitkä appoggiatura, pitkä etuhele.

@aref{appoggiatura}.

@node longa
@section longa

ES: longa,
I: longa,
F: longa,
D: Longa,
NL: longa,
DK: longa,
S: longa,
FI: longa.

Note value: double length of @aref{breve}.
@aref{note value}.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' {
  \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
  g\longa
}
@end lilypond

@node lyrics
@section lyrics

ES: letra (de la canción),
I: .,
F: paroles,
D: Liedtext,
NL: liedtekst,
DK: .,
S: .,
FI, sanoitus.

@node major interval
@section major interval

ES: intervalo mayor,
I: intervallo maggiore,
F: intervalle majeur,
D: großes Intervall,
NL: groot interval,
DK: stort interval,
S: stort intervall,
FI: suuri intervalli.

@aref{interval}.

@node major
@section major

ES: mayor,
I: maggiore,
F: [mode] majeur,
D: Dur,
NL: majeur,
DK: dur,
S: dur,
FI: duuri.

@aref{diatonic scale}.

@node meantone temperament
@section meantone temperament

ES: afinación mesotónica,
I: accordatura mesotonica,
F: tempérament mésotonique,
D: mitteltönige Stimmung,
NL: middenstemming, middentoonstemming,
DK: middeltonetemperatur,
S: medeltonstemperatur,
FI: keskisävelviritys.

Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the natural fifth
by 16@w{ }@aref{cent}s.  Due to the non-circular character of this
@aref{temperament} only a limited set of keys are playable.
Used for tuning keyboard instruments for performance of pre-1650 music.

@node measure
@section measure

ES: compás,
I: misura, battuta,
F: mesure,
D: Takt,
NL: maat,
DK: takt,
S: takt,
FI: tahti.

A group of @aref{beat}s (units of musical time) the first of which
bears an accent.  Such groups in numbers of two or more recur consistently
throughout the composition and are marked from each other by
bar-lines.  @aref{meter}.

@node mediant
@section mediant

ES: mediante,
I: mediante, modale,
F: médiante,
NL: mediant,
D: Mediante,
DK: mediant,
S: mediant,
FI: keskisävel.

1.@tie{}The third @b{scale degree}.
2.@tie{}A @aref{chord} having its base tone
a third from that of another chord.  For example, the tonic chord may be
replaced by its lower mediant (variant tonic).  @aref{functional
harmony}, @aref{relative key}.

@node melisma
@section melisma

ES: melisma,
F: mélisme,
NL: melisma,
FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun sävelkuvio.

A melisma (plural: melismata) is a group of notes or tones sung on one
syllable in plainsong

@node melodic cadence
@section melodic cadence

@aref{cadenza}.

@node meter
@section meter

ES: compás,
I: tempo, metro,
F: indication de mesure, mesure,
D: Taktart, Metrum,
NL: maatsoort,
DK: taktart,
S: taktart,
FI: aika-arvo.

The basic scheme of @aref{note value}s and
@aref{accent}s which remains unaltered throughout a composition
or a section of it.  For instance, 3/4 meter means that the basic
@aref{note value}s are quarter notes and that a
@aref{measure} consists of three of those.  According to
whether there are two, three, or four units to the measure,
one speaks of @emph{duple} (2/2, 2/4, 2/8), @emph{triple} (3/2, 3/4, 3/8), or
@emph{quadruple} (4/2, 4/4, 4/8) meter.  4/4 is also called common meter.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\relative c'' {
  \time 3/4
  \key f \major
  c es d | c bes8 a bes4 | c es d | c2 \bar "||"}
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\relative c' {
  \time 6/8
  \key f \major
  f8 f f f a16 g a f |
  c'8 c c c e16 d e c \bar "||"}
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\relative c'' {
  \time 5/4
  \key g \major
  d4 b8 g b d d c a4 |
  g8 g16 g g8 g16 g g8 fis16 g a8 fis16 e d4 \bar "||"}
@end lilypond

@node metronome
@section metronome

ES: metrónomo,
I: metronomo,
F: métronome,
D: Metronom,
NL: metronoom,
DK: me@-tro@-nom,
S: me@-tro@-nom,
FI: metronomi.

Device indicating the exact tempo of a piece.  @aref{metronomic
indication}.

@node metronomic indication
@section metronomic indication

ES: indicación metronómica,
I: indicazione metronomica,
F: indication métronomique,
D: Metronomangabe,
NL: metronoom aanduiding,
DK: metronomtal,
S: metronomangivelse,
FI: metronomiosoitus.

Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute).  Also denoted by
M.M.@: (Mälzels Metronom).

@node mezzo-soprano
@section mezzo-soprano

ES: mezzosoprano,
I: mezzo-soprano,
F: mezzo-soprano,
D: Mezzosopran,
NL: mezzosopraan,
DK: mezzosopran,
S: mezzosopran,
FI: mezzosopraano.

The female voice between @aref{soprano} and
@aref{contralto}.

@node middle C
@section middle C

ES: do central,
I: do centrale,
F: do central,
D: eingestrichenes@w{ }c,
NL: centrale@w{ }c,
DK: enstreget@w{ }c,
S: ettstruket@w{ }c,
FI: keski-C.

First C below the 440 Hz A.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\override Staff.Clef #'full-size-change = ##t
\relative c' {
  \clef bass c1 s
  \clef alto c s
  \clef treble c s
}
@end lilypond

@node minor
@section minor

ES: menor,
I: minore,
F: mode mineur,
D: Moll,
NL: mineur,
DK: mol,
S: moll,
FI: molli.

@aref{diatonic scale}.

@node minor interval
@section minor interval

ES: intervalo menor,
I: intervallo minore,
F: intervalle mineur,
D: kleines Intervall,
NL: klein interval,
DK: lille interval,
S: litet intervall,
FI: pieni intervalli.

@aref{interval}.

@node mode
@section mode

ES: modo,
I: modo,
F: mode,
D: Modus,
NL: modus,
DK: skala,
S: modus, skala,
FI: moodi, kirkkosävelasteikko.

@aref{church mode}, @aref{diatonic scale}.

@node modulation
@section modulation

ES: modulación,
I: modulazione,
F: modulation,
D: Modulation,
NL: modulatie,
DK: modulation,
S: modulering,
FI: modulaatio, sävellajin vaihdos.

Moving from one @aref{key} to another.  For example, the second
subject of a @aref{sonata form} movement modulates to the dominant
key if the key is major and to the @aref{relative key} if the key
is minor.

@node mordent
@section mordent

I: mordente,
F: mordant,
D: Mordent,
NL: mordent,
DK: mordent,
S: mordent,
FI: mordent, korukuvio.

@aref{ornament}.

@node motif
@section motif

@aref{motive}.

@node motive
@section motive

ES: motivo,
I: inciso,
F: incise,
D: Motiv,
NL: motief,
DK: motiv,
S: motiv,
FI: teema, sävelaihe.

The briefest intelligible and self-contained fragment of a musical theme or
subject.

@lilypond[line-width=13.0\cm]
\score{
\relative c'' {
  \set Score.implicitTimeSignatureVisibility = #all-invisible
  \override Score.TimeSignature #'break-visibility = #all-invisible
  \time 4/4
  \key g \major
  \partial 8 g16\startGroup fis |
  g8\stopGroup d16\startGroup c d8\stopGroup g16 fis g8 b,16 a b8 g'16 fis |
  g8 g,16 a b8 cis d16 s
}
\layout {
        \context {
                \Staff \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver"
}}
}
@end lilypond

@node movement
@section movement

ES: movimiento,
I: movimento,
F: mouvement,
D: Satz,
NL: deel,
DK: sats,
S: sats,
FI: osa.

Greater musical works like @aref{symphony} and
@aref{sonata} most often consist of several -- more or less --
independant pieces called movements.

@node multibar rest
@section multibar rest

ES: compases de espera,
I: pausa multipla,
F: pause multiple,
NL: meermaats rust,
D: mehrtaktige Pause,
DK: flertaktspause,
S: flertaktspaus,
FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\relative c'' {
  a1
  \set Score.skipBars = ##t R1*3
  a1
}
@end lilypond

@node mixolydian mode
@section mixolydian mode

@aref{diatonic scale}.

@node natural sign
@section natural sign

ES: becuadro,
I: bequadro,
F: bécarre,
D: Auflösungszeichen,
NL: herstellingsteken,
DK: op@-løsningstegn,
S: återställningstecken,
FI: palautusmerkki.

@aref{accidental}.

@node neighbour tones
@section neighbour tones

@aref{appoggiatura}.

@node ninth
@section ninth

ES: novena,
I: nona,
F: neuvième,
D: None,
NL: noon,
DK: none,
S: nona,
FI: nooni.

@aref{interval}.

@node non-legato
@section non-legato

@aref{legato}.

@node note
@section note

ES: nota,
I: nota,
F: note,
D: Note,
NL: noot,
DK: node,
S: not,
FI: nuotti.

Notes are signs by means of which music is fixed in writing.  The term is also
used for the sound indicated by a note, and even for the key of the piano
which produces the sound.  However, a clear distinction between the terms tone
and @aref{note} is strongly recommended.  Briefly, one sees a note,
and hears a tone.

@node note head
@section note head

ES: cabeza,
I: testa, testina, capocchia,
F: tête de la note,
D: Notenkopf,
NL: nootballetje,
DK: nodehovede,
S: nothuvud,
FI: nuotin pää.

A head-like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a
@aref{staff} provided with a @aref{clef}, and duration
by a variety of shapes such as hollow or black heads with or without
@aref{stem}s, @aref{flag}s, etc.  For percussion
instruments (often having no defined pitch) the note head may indicate the
instrument.

@node note value
@section note value

ES: valor (duración),
I: valore, durata,
F: durée, valeur (d'une note),
D: Notenwert,
NL: nootwaarde,
DK nodeværdi,
S: notvärde,
FI: nuotin aika-arvo.

Note values (durations) are measured as fractions, normally 1/2, of the next
higher note value.  The longest duration normally used is called
@emph{brevis},
but sometimes (mostly in pre-baroque music) the double length note value
@emph{longa} is used.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' {
  \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
  a\longa_"longa" a\breve_"breve"
  \revert NoteHead #'style
  a1_"1/1" a2_"1/2" a4_"1/4" s16 a8_"1/8" s16
  a16_"1/16" s16 a32_"1/32" s16 a64_"1/64" s32 }
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' {
  r\longa_"longa" r\breve_"breve"
  r1_"1/1" r2_"1/2" r4_"1/4" s16 r8_"1/8" s16
  r16_"1/16" s16 r32_"1/32" s16 r64_"1/64" s32 }
@end lilypond

An augmentation dot after a note multiplies the duration by one and a
half.  Another dot adds yet a fourth of the duration.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c'' {
  \time 4/4
  g4._"pointed" g8 g2 | g4 ~ g8 g g2 \bar "||"
  g4.._"double pointed" g16 g2 | g4 ~ g8 ~ g16 g g2 \bar "||" }
@end lilypond

Alternatively note values may be subdivided by other ratios.  Most common is
subdivision by@w{ }3 (@emph{triplets}) and@w{ }5 (@emph{quintuplets}).
Subdivisions by@w{ }2 (@emph{tuplets}) or@w{ }4 (@emph{quadruplets}) of
dotted notes are also frequently used.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c'' {
  \time 4/4
  \times 2/3 {g8_"triplets" g g} g4 g8 g g4 \bar "||"
  \times 2/5 {g8_"quintuplets" g g g g} g4 g8 g g4 \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\relative c'' {
  \time 3/4
  \times 3/2 {g4_"duplets" g} |
  g4 g g \bar "||"
  \times 6/4 {g8_"quadruplets" g g g} |
  g8 g g g g4 \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond

@node octave sign
@section octave sign

@aref{G clef}, @aref{F clef}.

@node octave
@section octave

ES: octava,
I: ottava,
F: octave,
D: Oktave,
NL: octaaf,
DK: oktav,
S: oktav,
FI: oktaavi.

@aref{interval}.

@node ornament
@section ornament

ES: adorno,
I: abbellimento, fioriture,
F: agrément, ornement,
D: Verzierung, Ornament,
NL: versiering,
DK: forsiring,
S: ornament,
FI: koru, hele.

Most commonly used is the @emph{trill}, the rapid alternation of a given note
with the diatonic @aref{second} above it.  In the music from the
middle of the 19th century and onwards the trill is performed with the main
note first while in the music from the preceding baroque and classic periods
the upper note is played first.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
<<
  \context Staff = sa {
% \override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
    \relative c'' {
      c2._"pre-1850" b4\trill | c1 \bar "||"
      c2._"post-1850" b4\trill | c1 \bar "||"
    }
  }
  \relative c'' {
    c2. c32 b c b c b c b | c1
    c2. b32 c b c \times 4/5 { b c b c b } | c1
  }
>>
@end lilypond

Other frequently used ornaments are the @emph{turn}, the @emph{mordent}, and
the
@emph{prall} (inverted mordent).

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
<<
  \context Staff = sa {
% \override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
    \relative c'' {
      a4_"turn" b\turn c2 \bar "||"
      g4_"mordent" a b\mordent a \bar "||"
      e'4_"prall" d\prall c2 \bar "||"
    }
  }
  \relative c'' {
    a4 c16[ b a b] c2
    g4 a b16-[ a b8] a4
    e'4 e32[ d e d ~ d8] c2
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@aref{appoggiatura}.

@node ossia
@section ossia

ES: ossia,
I: ossia,
F: ossia,
D: Ossia,
NL: alternatief,
DK: ossia,
S: ossia,
FI: ossia, vaihtoehtoinen esitystapa.

Ossia (otherwise) marks an alternative.  It is an added staff or piano
score, usually only a few measures long, which presents another version
of the music, for example for small hands.

@node part
@section part

ES: parte,
I: voce, parte,
F: partie,
D: Stimme,
NL: partij,
DK: stemme,
S: stämma,
FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus.

1.@tie{}In instrumental or choral music the music for the single instrument
or voice.  2.@tie{}in contrapuntal music @aref{counterpoint} the single
melodic line of the contrapunctal web.

@node pause
@section pause

@ref{fermata}.

@node pennant
@section pennant

@aref{flag}.

@node percussion
@section percussion

ES: percusión,
I: percussioni,
F: percussion,
D: Schlagzeug, Schlagwerk,
NL: slagwerk,
DK: slagtøj,
S: slagverk,
FI: lyömäsoittimet.

A family of musical instruments which are played on by striking or
shaking.  Percussion instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are
kettledrums (I: @emph{timpani}, D: @emph{Pauken}), snare drum, bass drum,
tambourine, cymbals, chinese gong (tam-tam), triangle, celesta, glockenspiel,
and xylophone.

@node perfect interval
@section perfect interval

ES: intervalo justo,
I: intervallo giusto,
F: intervalle juste,
D: reines Intervall,
NL: rein interval,
DK: rent interval,
S: rent intervall,
FI: puhdas intervalli.

@aref{interval}.

@node phrase
@section phrase

ES: frase,
I: frase,
F: phrase,
D: Phrase,
NL: frase, zin,
DK: frase,
S: fras,
FI: fraasi, lause.

A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of speech.

@node phrasing
@section phrasing

ES: fraseo,
I: fraseggio,
F: phrasé,
D: Phrasierung,
NL: frasering,
DK: frasering,
S: fra@-se@-ring,
FI: fraseeraus, jäsentäminen.

The clear rendering in musical performance of the @aref{phrase}s of
the melody.  Phrasing may be indicated by a @aref{slur}.

@node piano
@section piano

ES: piano,
I: piano,
F: piano,
D: piano, leise,
NL: piano,
DK: piano,
S: piano,
FI, piano, hiljaa.

@emph{piano} (@b{p}) soft, @emph{pianissimo} (@b{pp}) very soft,
@emph{mezzopiano} (@b{mp}) medium soft.

@node pitch
@section pitch

ES: altura,
I: altezza,
F: hauteur,
D: Tonhöhe,
NL: toonhoogte,
DK: tonehøjde,
S: tonhöjd,
FI: sävelkorkeus.

@node pizzicato
@section pizzicato

ES: pizzicato,
I: pizzicato,
F: pizzicato,
D: pizzicato,
NL: pizzicato, getokkeld,
DK: pizzicato,
S: pizzicato,
FI: pizzicato, näppäillen.

Play by plucking the strings.

@node polyphony
@section polyphony

ES: polifonía,
I: polifonia,
F: polyphonie,
D: Polyphonie, Mehrstimmigkeit,
NL: polyfonie,
DK: polyfoni,
S: polyfoni,
FI: polyfonia, moniäänisyys.

Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices (parts) of a
more or less pronounced individuality.  @aref{counterpoint}.

@node portato
@section portato

@aref{legato}.

@node presto
@section presto

ES: presto,
I: presto,
F: presto,
D: Presto, Sehr schnell,
NL: presto, Sehr schnell,
DK: presto,
S: presto,
FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti.

Very quick, i.e., quicker than @aref{allegro}; @emph{prestissimo}
denotes the highest possible degree of speed.

@node Pythagorean comma
@section Pythagorean comma

ES: coma pitagórica,
I: comma pitagorico,
F: comma pythagoricien,
D: Pythagoräisches Komma,
NL: komma van Pythagoras,
DK: pythagoræisk komma,
S: pytagoreiskt komma,
FI: pytagorinen komma.

A sequence of fifths starting on@w{ }C eventually circles back to@w{ }C,
but this@w{ }C, obtained by adding 12@w{ }fifths, is
24 @aref{cent}s higher than the@w{ }C obtained by adding
7@w{ }octaves.  The difference between those two pitches is called the
Pythagorean comma.

@node quadruplet
@section quadruplet

ES: cuatrillo,
I: quartina,
F: quartolet,
D: Quartole,
NL: kwartool,
DK: kvartol,
S: kvartol,
FI: kvartoli.

@aref{note value}.

@node quarter note
@section quarter note

ES: negra,
I: semiminima, nera,
F: noire,
UK: crotchet,
D: Viertel, Viertelnote,
NL: kwartnoot,
DK: fjerdedelsnode,
S: fjärdedelsnot,
FI: neljännesosanuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node quarter rest
@section quarter rest

ES: silencio de negra,
I: pausa di semiminima,
F: soupir,
UK: crotchet rest,
D: Viertelpause,
NL: kwart rust,
DK:@w{ }fjerdedelspause,
S: fjärdedelspaus,
FI: neljännesosatauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node quintuplet
@section quintuplet

ES: cinquillo, quintillo.
I: quintina,
F: quintolet,
D: Quintole,
NL: kwintool,
DK: kvintol,
S: kvintol,
FI: kvintoli.

@aref{note value}.

@node rallentando
@section rallentando

ES: rallentando,
I: rallentando,
F: rallentando,
D: rallentando, langsamer werden,
NL: rallentando,
DK: rallentando,
S: rallentando,
FI: rallerdando, hidastuen.

Abbreviation "rall.".  @aref{ritardando}.

@node relative key
@section relative key

ES: relativo,
I: tonalità relativa,
F: tonalité relative,
D: Paralleltonart,
NL: paralleltoonsoort,
DK: paralleltoneart,
S: parallelltonart,
FI: rinnakkaissävellaji.

@aref{major} and @aref{minor} @aref{key}
with the same @aref{key signature}.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c' {
  \key es \major
  es1_"e flat major" f g as bes c d es
  \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c' {
  \key es \major
  c1_"c minor" d es f g a! b! c \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond

@node repeat
@section repeat

ES: repetición,
I: ritornello,
F: barre de reprise,
D: Wiederholung,
NL: herhaling,
DK: gen@-ta@-gel@-se,
S: repris,
FI: toisto.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\key g \major
\time 4/4
\relative c'' {
  \repeat volta 2 {g4 g d' d | e e d2 | c4 c b b | a a g2 }
}
@end lilypond

@c F: 'pause' if you mean a whole rest, 'silence' if you do not want to
@c     specify the rest's value.

@node rest
@section rest

ES: silencio,
I: pausa,
F: silence,
D: Pause,
NL: rust,
DK: pause,
S: paus,
FI: tauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node rhythm
@section rhythm

ES: ritmo,
I: ritmo,
F: rythme,
D: Rhythmus,
NL: ritme,
DK: rytme,
S: rytm,
FI: rytmi.

(a) Metrical rhythm in which every time value is a multiple or fraction of a
fixed unit of time, called @aref{beat}, and in which the normal
@aref{accent} recurs in regular intervals, called
@aref{measure}.  The basic scheme of time values is called
@aref{meter}.  (b) Measured rhythm which lacks regularly recurrent
accent.  In modern notation such music appears as a free alternation of
different measures.  (c) Free rhythm, i.e., the use of temporal values having
no common metrical unit (beat).

@node ritardando
@section ritardando

ES: ritardando,
I: ritardando,
F: ritardando,
D: Ritardando, langsamer werden,
NL: ritardando,
DK: ritardando,
S: ritardando,
FI: ritardando, hidastuen,

Gradually slackening in speed.  Mostly abbreviated to rit.@: or ritard.

@node ritenuto
@section ritenuto

ES: ritenuto,
I: ritenuto,
F: ritenuto,
D: Ritenuto,
NL: ritenuto,
DK: ritenuto,
S: ritenuto,
FI: ritenuto, hidastaen.

Immediate reduction of speed.

@node scale
@section scale

ES: escala,
I: scala,
F: gamme,
D: Tonleiter,
NL: toonladder,
DK: Skala,
S: skala,
FI: asteikko, sävelasteikko.

@aref{diatonic scale}.

@node scale degree
@section scale degree

ES: grado (de la escala),
I: grado della scala,
F: degré [de la gamme],
D: Tonleiterstufe,
NL: trap [van de toonladder],
DK: skalatrin,
S: skalsteg (?),
FI: sävelaste, asteikon sävel.

Names and symbols used in harmonic analysis to denote tones of the scale as
roots of chords.  The most important are degrees I = tonic (T), IV =
sub@-do@-mi@-nant (S) and V = dominant (D).

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
<<
\context Staff \relative c' {
  c1 d e f g a b c
}
 \lyrics {
  << { I II III IV V VI VII I }
     { T "" ""  S  D } >>
}
>>
@end lilypond

@aref{functional harmony}.

@node score
@section score

ES: partitura,
I: partitura,
F: partition,
D: Partitur (full score), Klavierauszug (vocal score)
NL: partituur,
DK: partitur,
S: partitur,
FI: partituuri.

A copy of orchestral, choral, or chamber music showing what each instrument is
to play, each voice to sing, having each part arranged one underneath the
other on different staves @aref{staff}.

@node second
@section second

ES: segunda,
I: secunda,
F: seconde,
D: Sekund(a),
NL: secunde,
DK: sekund,
S: sekund,
FI: sekunti.

The @aref{interval} between two neigbouring tones of a scale.  A
@aref{diatonic scale} consists of alternating
@aref{semitone}s and @aref{whole tone}s, hence the size
of a se@-cond depends on the scale degrees in question.

@node semitone
@section semitone

ES: semitono,
I: semitono,
F: demi-ton,
D: Halbton,
NL: halve toon,
DK: halvtone,
S: halvton,
FI: puolisävel.

The @aref{interval} of a minor second.  The (usually) smallest
interval in European composed music.  The interval between two neighbouring
tones on the piano keyboard -- including black and white keys -- is a
semitone.  An octave may be divided into 12@w{ }semitones.
@aref{interval}, @aref{chromatic scale}.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' { g1 gis s a bes s b! c }
@end lilypond

@node seventh
@section seventh

ES: séptima,
I: settima,
F: septième,
D: Septime,
NL: septiem,
DK: septim,
S: septim,
FI: septimi.

@aref{interval}.

@node sextolet
@section sextolet

@aref{sextuplet}

@node sextuplet
@section sextuplet

ES: seisillo,
I: sestina,
F: sextolet,
D: Sextole,
NL: sextool,
DK: sekstol,
S: sextol,
FI: sekstoli.

@aref{note value}.

@node shake
@section shake

@aref{trill}.

@node sharp
@section sharp

ES: sostenido,
I: diesis,
F: dièse,
D: Kreuz,
NL: kruis,
DK: kryds,
S: kors@-förtecken,
FI: korotusmerkki.

@aref{accidental}.

@node short appoggiatura
@section short appoggiatura

@aref{appoggiatura}.

@node sixteenth note
@section sixteenth note

ES: semicorchea,
I: semicroma,
F: double croche,
UK: semiquaver,
D: Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote,
NL: zes@-ti@-ende noot,
DK: sekstendedelsnode,
S: sextondelsnot,
FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node sixteenth rest
@section sixteenth rest

ES: silencio de semicorchea,
I: pausa di semicroma,
F: quart de soupir,
UK: semiquaver rest,
D: Sechzehntelpause,
NL: zestiende rust,
DK: sekstendedelspause,
S: sextondelspaus,
FI: kuudesosatauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node sixth
@section sixth

ES: sexta,
I: sesta,
F: sixte,
D: Sexte,
NL: sext,
DK: sekst,
S: sext,
FI: seksti.

@aref{interval}.

@node sixty-fourth note
@section sixty-fourth note

ES: semifusa,
I: semibiscroma,
F: quadruple croche,
UK: hemidemisemiquaver,
D: Vierundsechzigstel, Vierundsechzigstelnote,
NL: vierenzestigste noot,
DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-no@-de,
S: sextiofjärdedelsnot,
FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosanuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node sixty-fourth rest
@section sixty-fourth rest

ES: silencio de semifusa,
I: pausa di semibiscroma,
F: seizième de soupir,
UK: hemidemisemiquaver rest,
D: Vierundsechzigstelpause,
NL: vierenzestigste rust,
DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-pau@-se,
S: sextiofjärdedelspaus,
FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosatauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node slur
@section slur

ES: ligadura (de expresión),
I: legatura (di portamento or espressiva),
F: liaison, coulé,
D: Bogen, Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen,
NL: fraseringsboog, legatoboog, streekboog,
DK: legatobue, fraseringsbue,
S: båge,
FI: kaari.

A slur above or below a group of notes indicates that they are to be played
@aref{legato}, e.g., with one stroke of the violin bow or with one
breath in singing.

@node solmization
@section solmization

ES: solmisación,
I: solmisazione,
F: solmisation,
D: Solmisation,
NL: solmizatie,
DK: solmisation,
S: solmisation,
FI: suhteelliset laulunimet.

General term for systems of designating the degrees of the
@aref{scale}, not by letters, but by syllables (@emph{do}
(@emph{ut}), @emph{re}, @emph{mi}, @emph{fa}, @emph{sol}, @emph{la}, @emph{si}
(@emph{ti})).  @aref{scale degree}.

@node sonata
@section sonata

ES: sonata,
I: sonata,
F: sonate,
D: Sonate,
NL: sonate,
DK: sonate,
S: sonat,
FI: sonaatti.

In its present-day meaning a sonata denotes an instrumental composition for
piano or for some other instrument with piano accompaniment, which consists of
three or four independant pieces, called movements.

@node sonata form
@section sonata form

ES: forma sonata,
I: forma sonata,
F: [en] forme de sonate,
D: Sonatenform,
NL: hoofdvorm, sonatevorm,
DK: sonateform,
S: sonatform,
FI: sonaattimuoto.

A form used frequently for single movements of the @aref{sonata},
@aref{symphony}, quartet, etc.  A movement written in sonata form
falls into three sections called @emph{exposition}, @emph{development} and
@emph{recapitulation}.  In the exposition the composer introduces some musical
ideas, consisting of a number of themes; in the development section the
composer @q{develops} this material, and in the recapitulation the composer
repeats the exposition, with certain modifications.  The exposition contains a
number of themes that fall into two groups, often called first and second
subject.  Other melodies occurring in each group are considered as
continuations of these two.  The second theme is in another key, normally in
the key of the @aref{dominant} if the @aref{tonic} is @aref{major}, and in the
@aref{relative key} if the tonic is @aref{minor}.

@node song texts
@section song texts

@aref{lyrics}.

@node soprano
@section soprano

ES: soprano,
I: soprano,
F: soprano,
D: Sopran,
NL: sopraan,
DK: sopran,
S: sopran,
FI: sopraano, korkea naisääni.

The highest female voice.

@node staccato
@section staccato

ES: picado,
I: staccato,
F: staccato, piqué, détaché,
D: Staccato,
NL: staccato,
DK: staccato,
S: staccato,
FI: staccato, lyhyesti, terävästi.

Playing the note(s) short.  Staccato is indicated by a dot above or below the
note head.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\key d \major
\time 4/4
\relative c'' {
  \partial 8 a8 |
  d4-\staccato cis-\staccato b-\staccato cis-\staccato |
  d2. \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond

@node staff
@section staff

ES: pentagrama,
I: pentagramma, rigo (musicale),
F: portée,
D: Notenzeile,
NL: (noten)balk, partij,
DK: nodesystem,
S: notsystem,
FI: nuottiviivasto.

A staff (pl. staves) is a series of (normally five) horizontal lines
upon and between which the musical notes are written, thus indicating
(in connection with a @aref{clef}) their pitch.  Staves for
@aref{percussion} instruments may have fewer lines.

@node staves
@section staves

@aref{staff}.

@node stem
@section stem

ES: plica,
I: gamba,
F: queue,
D: Hals, Notenhals, Stiel,
NL: stok,
DK: hals,
S: skaft,
FI: nuottipalkki.

Vertical line above or below a @aref{note head} shorter than a
whole note.  @aref{beam}.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.autoBeaming = ##f
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c'' {
  g2_"1/2" g' s16
  g,4_"1/4" g' s16
  g,8_"1/8" g' s16
  g,16_"1/16" g' s16
}
@end lilypond

@node strings
@section strings

ES: arcos, cuerdas,
I: archi,
F: cordes,
D: Streicher,
NL: strijkers,
DK: strygere,
S: stråkar,
FI: jouset.

A family of stringed musical instruments played with a bow.  Strings commonly
used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass.

@node strong beat
@section strong beat

ES: tiempo fuerte,
I: tempo forte,
F: temps fort,
D: betonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag,
NL: thesis,
D: betonet taktslag,
S: betonat taktslag,
FI: tahdin vahva isku.

@aref{beat}, @aref{accent}, @aref{measure},
@aref{rhythm}.

@node subdominant
@section subdominant

ES: subdominante,
I: sottodominante,
F: sous-dominante,
D: Subdominante,
NL: subdominant,
DK: subdominant,
S: subdominant,
FI: subdominantti, alidominantti.

The fourth @aref{scale degree}.  @aref{functional harmony}.

@node submediant
@section submediant

ES: submediante,
I: sopratonica,
F: sous-médiante,
D: Submediante,
NL: submediant,
DK: Submediant,
S: submediant,
FI: alikeskisävel.

The sixth @aref{scale degree}.

@node subtonic
@section subtonic

ES: subtónica,
I: sottotonica,
F: sous-tonique,
D: Subtonika,
NL: subtonica,
DK: Subtonika,
S: subtonika,
FI: subtoonika, alitoonika.

The seventh @aref{scale degree}.

@node superdominant
@section superdominant

ES: superdominante,
I: sopradominante,
F: sus-dominante,
D: Superdominante,
NL: superdominant,
DK: superdominant,
S: superdominant,
FI: ylidominantti.

The sixth @aref{scale degree}.

@node supertonic
@section supertonic

ES: supertónica,
I: sopratonica,
F: sus-tonique,
D: Supertonika,
NL: supertonica,
DK: supertonika,
S: supertonika,
FI: ylitoonika.

The second @aref{scale degree}.

@node symphony
@section symphony

ES: sinfonía,
I: sinfonia,
F: symphonie,
D: Sinfonie, Symphonie,
NL: symfonie,
DK: symfoni,
S: symfoni,
FI: sinfonia.

A symphony may be defined as a @aref{sonata} for orchestra.

@node syncopation
@section syncopation

ES: síncopa,
I: sincope,
F: syncope,
D: Synkope,
NL: syncope,
DK: synkope,
S: synkop,
FI: synkooppi.

Any deliberate upsetting of the normal pulse of @aref{meter},
@aref{accent}, and @aref{rhythm}.  The occidental system of musical
rhythm rests upon the grouping of equal beats into groups of two or three,
with a regularly recurrent accent on the first beat of each group.  Any
deviation from this scheme is felt as a disturbance or contradiction between
the underlaying (normal) pulse and the actual (abnormal) rhythm.

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\time 4/4
\relative c' {
  \partial 4
  d8 dis |
  e c'4 e,8 c'4 e,8 c' ( | c2)
}
@end lilypond

@node syntonic comma
@section syntonic comma

ES: coma sintónica,
I: comma sintonico (o didimico),
F: comma syntonique,
D: syntonisches Komma,
NL: syntonische komma,
DK: syntonisk komma,
S: syntoniskt komma,
FI: syntoninen komma, terssien taajuusero luonnollisessa ja Pytagorisessa
viritysjärjestelmässä.

Difference between the natural third and the third obtained by Pythagorean
tuning (@aref{Pythagorean comma}), equal to 22@w{ }cents.

@node system
@section system

ES: sistema,
I: accollatura,
F: système,
D: Notensystem,
NL: systeem,
DK: system,
S: system,
FI: nuottijärjestelmä.

The collection of staves @aref{staff}, two or more, as used for
writing down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music.

@node temperament
@section temperament

ES: temperamento,
I: temperamento,
F: tempérament,
D: Stimmung, Tem@-pe@-ra@-tur,
NL: stemming, temperatuur,
DK: temperatur,
S: temperatur,
FI: viritysjärjestelmä.

Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the acoustically pure
intervals.  @aref{meantone temperament}, @aref{equal temperament}.

@node tempo indication
@section tempo indication

ES: indicación de tempo,
I: indicazione di tempo,
F: indication de tempo,
D: Zeitmaß, Tempobezeichnung,
NL: tempo aanduiding,
DK: tempobetegelse,
S: tempobeteckning,
FI: tempomerkintä.

The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging from the
slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as
@aref{largo}, @aref{adagio}, @aref{andante},
@aref{allegro}, and @aref{presto}.

@node tenor
@section tenor

ES: tenor,
I: tenore,
F: ténor,
D: Tenor,
NL: tenor,
DK: tenor,
S: tenor,
FI: tenori, korkea miesääni.

The highest male voice (apart from @aref{counter tenor}).

@node tenth
@section tenth

ES: décima,
I: decima,
F: dixième,
D: Dezime,
NL: deciem,
DK: decim,
S: decima,
FI: desimi.

@aref{note value}.

@node tenuto
@section tenuto

ES: subrayado (tenuto),
I: tenuto,
F: tenue, tenuto,
D: gehalten, tenuo,
NL: tenuto,
DK: tenuto,
S: tenuto,
FI: viiva, tenuto.

An indication that a particular note should be held for the whole
length, although this can vary depending on the composer and era.

@node third
@section third

ES: tercera,
I: terza,
F: tierce,
D: Terz,
NL: terts,
DK: terts,
S: ters,
FI: terssi.

@aref{interval}.

@node thirty-second note
@section thirty-second note

ES: fusa,
I: biscroma,
F: triple croche,
UK: demisemiquaver,
D: Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote,
NL: twee-endertig@-ste noot,
DK: toogtredivtedelsnode,
S: trettiotvåondelsnot,
FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosanuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node thirty-second rest
@section thirty-second rest

ES: silencio de fusa,
I: pausa di biscroma,
F: huitième de soupir,
UK: demisemiquaver rest,
D: Zweiunddreissigstel@-pause,
NL: 32e rust,
DK: toogtredivtedelspause,
S: trettiotvåondelspaus,
FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosatauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node thorough bass
@section thorough bass

ES: bajo cifrado,
I: basso continuo, basso numerato,
F: basse chiffrée, basse continue,
D: Generalbass, bezifferter Bass,
NL: basso continuo, becijferde bas
DK: generalbas,
S: generalbas,
FI: kenraalibasso, numeroitu basso.

A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only, together
with figures designating the chief @aref{interval}s and
@aref{chord}s to be played above the bass notes.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\context GrandStaff <<
  \context Staff = lh \relative c'' {
    \time 4/4
    \key es \major
    \clef treble
    << \context Voice = rha {
        \stemUp
        es4 d c bes | bes }
      \context Voice = rhb {
        \stemDown
        < bes g >8 as < as f > g < g es > f < d f > es | < g es >4 }
    >>
  }
  <<
    \context Staff = rh \relative c' {
    \clef bass
    \key es \major
    es8 c d bes c as bes16 as g f | es4
    }
    \figures { s8 <6> s <4 2> s <6> s16 s <6> <4 2>  }
  >>
>>
@end lilypond

@node tie
@section tie

ES: ligadura de prolongación,
I: legatura (di valore),
F: liaison,
D: Haltebogen,
NL: overbinding, bindingsboog,
DK: bindebue,
S: bindebåge, överbindning,
FI: sitominen.

A curved line, identical in appearance with the @aref{slur}, which
connects two succesive notes of the same pitch, and which has the function of
uniting them into a single sound (tone) equal to the combined durations.

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' { g2 ~ g4. }
@end lilypond

@node time
@section time

@aref{meter}.

@node time signature
@section time signature

ES: indicación de compás,
I: segni di tempo,
F: chiffrage (chiffres indicateurs), signe de valeur, indication de mesure,
D: Taktangabe, Angabe der Taktart,
NL: maatsoort,
DK: taktangivelse,
S: taktartssignatur,
FI: tahtiosoitus.

@aref{meter}.

@node tone
@section tone

ES: tono,
I: suono,
F: ton,
D: Ton,
NL: toon,
DK: tone,
S: ton,
FI: ääni.

A sound of definite pitch and duration, as distinct from @emph{noise}.
Tone is a primary building material of music.
Music from the 20th century may be based on atonal sounds.

@node tonic
@section tonic

ES: tónica,
I: tonica,
F: tonique,
D: Tonika,
NL: tonica,
DK: tonika,
S: tonika,
FI: toonika.

The first @aref{scale degree}.
@aref{functional harmony}.

@node transposition
@section transposition

ES: transporte,
I: trasposizione,
F: transposition,
D: Transposition,
NL: transpositie,
DK: transposition,
S: transponering,
FI: transponointi.

Shifting a melody up or down in pitch, while keeping the same
relative pitches.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\context Staff {
  \time 3/4
  \relative c'' {
    \key g \major
    d4 g,8 a b c | d4 g, g | e' c8 d e fis | g4 g, g \bar "|."
  }
}
@end lilypond

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\context Staff {
  \time 3/4
  \transpose c bes \relative c'' {
    \key g \major
    d4 g,8 a b c | d4 g, g | e' c8 d e fis | g4 g, g \bar "|."
  }
}
@end lilypond

@node treble clef
@section treble clef

ES: clave de sol,
I: chiave di violino,
F: clé de sol,
D: Violinschlüssel, Sopranschlüssel,
NL: viool sleutel,
DK:@w{ }diskantnøgle,
S: diskantklav,
FI: diskanttiavain.

@aref{G clef}.

@node tremolo
@section tremolo

ES: trémolo,
I: tremolo,
F: trémolo,
D: Tremolo,
NL: tremolo,
DK: tremolo,
S: tremolo,
FI: tremolo.

On stringed instruments (@aref{strings}) the quick reiteration of
the same tone, produced by a rapid up-and-down movement of the bow
(a).  The term is also used for the rapid alternation (b) between two notes of
a @aref{chord}, usually in the distance of a third
(@aref{interval}).

@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c' {
  e2:32_"a"
  f:32 [ e8:16 f:16 g:16 a:16 ] s4
  \repeat "tremolo" 8 { e32_"b" g }
}
@end lilypond

@node triad
@section triad

ES: tríada,
I: triade,
F: triade, accord parfait, accord de trois sons,
D: Drei@-klang,
NL: drieklank,
DK: treklang,
S: treklang,
FI: kolmisointu.

@aref{chord}.

@node trill
@section trill

ES: trino,
I: trillo,
F: trille, tremblement, battement (cadence),
D: Triller,
NL: triller,
DK: trille,
S: drill,
FI: trilli.

@aref{ornament}.

@node triple meter
@section triple meter

ES: compás ternario,
I: tempo ternario,
F: mesure ternaire,
D: in drei,
NL: driedelige maatsoort,
DK: tredelt takt,
S: tretakt,
FI: kolmijakoinen.

@aref{meter}.

@node triplet
@section triplet

ES: tresillo,
I: terzina,
F: triolet,
D: Triole,
NL: triool,
DK: triol,
S: triol,
FI: trioli.

@aref{note value}.

@node tritone
@section tritone

ES: tritono,
I: tritono,
F: triton,
D: Tritonus,
NL: tritoon,
DK: tritonus,
S: tritonus,
FI: tritonus.

@aref{interval}.

@node tuning fork
@section tuning fork

ES: diapasón,
I: diapason, corista,
F: diapason,
D: Stimmgabel,
NL: stemvork,
DK: stemmegaffel,
S: stämgaffel,
FI: viritysavain.

A two-pronged piece of steel used to indicate absolute pitch.  Tuning forks
give the international pitch for the tone @emph{a} (440 vibrations per
second).

@node turn
@section turn

ES: grupeto,
I: gruppetto,
F: grupetto,
D: Doppelschlag,
NL: dubbelslag,
DK: dobbeltslag,
S: dubbelslag,
FI: korukuvio.

@aref{ornament}.

@node unison
@section unison

ES: unísono,
I: unisono,
F: unisson,
D: unisono,
NL: unisono,
DK: unison,
S: unison,
FI: unisono, yksiäänisesti.

Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various instruments (voices)
or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at exactly the same pitch or in a
different octave.

@node upbeat
@section upbeat

ES: anacrusa,
I: anacrusi,
F: anacrouse, levée,
D: Auftakt,
NL: opmaat,
DK: optakt,
S: upptakt,
FI: kohotahti.

Initial note(s) of a melody occurring before the first bar
line.  @aref{measure}, @aref{meter}.

@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\key f \major
\time 4/4
\relative c' {
  \partial 4 f4 | bes4. a8 bes4 c |
  bes( a) g f | bes4. a8 bes4 c | f,2. \bar "||" }
@end lilypond

@node voice
@section voice

ES: voz,
I: voce,
F: voix,
D: Stimme,
NL: stem,
DK: stemme,
S: stämma,
FI: ääni, lauluääni.

1.@tie{}Human voices: @aref{soprano}, @aref{mezzo-soprano},
@aref{contralto}, @aref{tenor}, @aref{baritone}, @aref{bass}.
2.@tie{}A melodic layer or part of a polyphonic composition.

@node weak beat
@section weak beat

ES: tiempo débil,
I: tempo debole, arsi,
F: temps faible,
D: unbetonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag,
NL: arsis,
DK: ubetonet taktslag,
S: obetonat taktslag,
FI: tahdin heikko isku.

@aref{beat}, @aref{measure}, @aref{rhythm}.

@node whole note
@section whole note

ES: redonda,
I: semibreve,
F: ronde,
UK: semibreve,
D: Ganze, ganze Note,
NL: hele noot,
DK: helnode,
S: helnot,
FI: kokonuotti.

@aref{note value}.

@node whole rest
@section whole rest

ES: silencio de redonda,
I: pausa di semibreve,
F: pause,
UK: semibreve rest,
D: ganze Pause, ganztaktige Pause,
NL: hele rust,
DK: helnodespause,
S: helpaus,
FI: kokotauko.

@aref{note value}.

@node whole tone
@section whole tone

ES: tono (entero),
I: tono intero,
F: ton entier,
D: Ganzton,
NL: hele toon,
DK: heltone,
S: helton,
FI: kokoaskel.

The @aref{interval} of a major second.  The interval between two
tones on the piano keyboard with exactly one key between them -- including
black and white keys -- is a whole tone.

@node woodwind
@section woodwind

ES: maderas,
I: legni,
F: les bois,
D: Holzbläser,
NL: houtblazers,
DK træblæsere,
S: träblåsare,
FI: puupuhaltimet.

A family of blown wooden musical instruments.  Today some of these instruments
are actually made from metal.  The woodwind instruments commonly used in a
symphony orchestra are flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon.

@node Duration names notes and rests
@chapter Duration names, notes and rests

@table @code
@item DURATION NAMES, NOTES AND RESTS
@end table

@multitable @columnfractions .15 .26 .33 .26

@item
  @tab @strong{UK}
  @tab @strong{I}
  @tab @strong{F (note name / rest name)}
@item
  @tab @strong{D}
  @tab @strong{NL}
  @tab @strong{DK}
@item
  @tab @strong{S}
  @tab @strong{FI}
  @tab @strong{ES}

@item

@item @strong{longa}
  @tab longa
  @tab longa
  @tab longa
@item
  @tab Longa
  @tab longa
  @tab longa
@item
  @tab longa
  @tab longa
  @tab longa

@item

@item @strong{breve}
  @tab breve
  @tab breve
  @tab brève / double-pause
@item
  @tab Brevis
  @tab brevis
  @tab brevis
@item
  @tab brevis
  @tab brevis
  @tab cuadrada

@item

@item @strong{whole}
  @tab semi@-breve
  @tab semi@-breve
  @tab ronde / pause
@item
  @tab Ganze
  @tab hele
  @tab hel
@item
  @tab hel
  @tab koko@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
  @tab redonda

@item

@item @strong{half}
  @tab minim
  @tab minima
  @tab blanche / demi-pause
@item
  @tab Halbe
  @tab halve
  @tab halv
@item
  @tab halv
  @tab puoli@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
  @tab blanca

@item

@item @strong{quarter}
  @tab crotchet
  @tab semiminima
  @tab noire / soupir
@item
  @tab Viertel
  @tab kwart
  @tab fjerdedel
@item
  @tab fjärdedel
  @tab neljännesosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
  @tab negra

@item

@item @strong{eighth}
  @tab quaver
  @tab croma
  @tab croche / demi-soupir
@item
  @tab Achtel
  @tab achtste
  @tab ottendedel
@item
  @tab åttondel
  @tab kahdeksasosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
  @tab corchea

@item

@item @strong{sixteenth}
  @tab semiquaver
  @tab semicroma
  @tab double croche / quart de soupir
@item
  @tab Sechzehntel
  @tab zestiende
  @tab sekstendedel
@item
  @tab sextondel
  @tab kuudestoistaosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
  @tab semicorchea

@item

@item @strong{thirty-second}
  @tab demisemiquaver
  @tab biscroma
  @tab triple croche / huitième de soupir
@item
  @tab Zweiunddreissigstel
  @tab tweeendertigste
  @tab toogtredivtedel
@item
  @tab trettiotvåondel
  @tab kolmaskymme@-neskahdesosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
  @tab fusa

@item

@item @strong{sixty-fourth}
  @tab hemidemisemiquaver
  @tab semibiscroma
  @tab quadruple croche / seizième de soupir
@item
  @tab Vierundsechzigstel
  @tab vierenzestigste
  @tab fireogtred@-sindstyvendedel
@item
  @tab sextiofjärdedel
  @tab kuudeskymme@-nesneljäsosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
  @tab semifusa

@end multitable
@c @item @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab

@node Pitch names
@chapter Pitch names

@table @code
@item PITCH NAMES
@end table

@c @multitable @columnfractions .105 .145 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125
@multitable @columnfractions .11 .14 .14 .11 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

@item @tab @strong{ES} @tab @strong{I} @tab @strong{F} @tab @strong{D}
@tab @strong{NL} @tab @strong{DK} @tab @strong{S} @tab @strong{FI}

@item

@item @strong{c} @tab do  @tab do  @tab ut @tab C @tab c @tab c @tab c @tab c

@item

@item @strong{c-sharp} @tab do sostenido  @tab do diesis  @tab ut dièse @tab
Cis @tab cis @tab
cis @tab cis @tab cis

@item

@item @strong{d-flat} @tab re bemol  @tab re bemolle  @tab ré bémol @tab
Des @tab des @tab
des @tab des @tab des

@item

@item @strong{d} @tab re  @tab re  @tab ré @tab D @tab d @tab d @tab d @tab d

@item

@item @strong{e} @tab mi  @tab mi  @tab mi @tab E @tab e @tab e @tab e @tab e

@item

@item @strong{f} @tab fa  @tab fa  @tab fa @tab F @tab f @tab f @tab f @tab f

@item

@item @strong{g} @tab sol  @tab sol  @tab sol @tab G @tab g @tab g @tab g
@tab g

@item

@item @strong{a-flat} @tab la bemol  @tab la bemolle  @tab la bémol @tab As
@tab as @tab as
@tab as @tab as

@item

@item @strong{a} @tab la  @tab la  @tab la @tab A @tab a @tab a @tab a @tab a

@item

@item @strong{a-sharp} @tab la sostenido  @tab la diesis  @tab la dièse @tab
Ais @tab ais @tab
ais @tab ais @tab ais

@item

@item @strong{b-flat} @tab si bemol  @tab si bemolle  @tab si bémol @tab B
@tab bes @tab b
@tab b @tab b

@item

@item @strong{b} @tab si  @tab si  @tab si @tab H @tab b @tab h @tab h @tab h

@end multitable


@node Literature used
@unnumbered Literature used

@itemize
@item The Harvard Dictionary of Music, London 1944.  Many more or less
literal quotes from its articles have been included into the item
explanation texts.

@item Hugo Riemanns Musiklexicon, Berlin 1929.

@item Polyglottes Wörterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie, Kassel 1980.

@item Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Third Edition
1974.

@item Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield 1913.
@end itemize

@bye