* Documentation/user/changing-defaults.itely (Page layout):

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / lilypond-book.itely

@c -*-texinfo-*-

@ignore

TODO: cleanup

** AARGH.e We also have tutorial.itely: Integrating text and music.

   Could also do with a cleanup.  Lost inspiration to fix this manual
   where to describe what?

@end ignore


@node  Integrating text and music
@chapter Integrating text and music

If you want to add pictures of music to a document, you can simply do
it the way you would do with other types of pictures.  The pictures
are created separately, yielding PostScript pictures or PNG images,
and those are included into a La@TeX{} or HTML document.

@command{lilypond-book} provides a way to automate this process: this
program extracts snippets of music from your document, runs LilyPond
on them, and outputs the document with pictures substituted for the
music.  The line width and font size definitions for the music are
adjusted to match the layout of your document.

This procedure may be applied to La@TeX{}, @code{html} or Texinfo
documents.




@menu
* An example of a musicological document::  
* Integrating Texinfo and music::  
* Integrating LaTeX and music::  
* Integrating HTML and music::  
* Music fragment options::      
* Invoking lilypond-book::      
@end menu




@node An example of a musicological document
@section  An example of a musicological document

@cindex musicology
@cindex La@TeX{}, music in
@cindex HTML, music in
@cindex Texinfo, music in
Some texts contain music examples.  These texts are musicological
treatises, songbooks or manuals like this.  Such texts can be made by
hand, simply by importing a PostScript figure into the word processor.
However, there is an automated procedure to reduce the amount of work
involved HTML, La@TeX{}, and Texinfo documents.

A script called @code{lilypond-book} will extract the music fragments,
format them, and put back the resulting notation.  Here we show a
small example for use with La@TeX{}.  The example also contains explanatory text, so we will
not comment on it further

@verbatim
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\begin{document}

Documents for lilypond-book may freely mix music and text.  For
example,

\begin{lilypond}
\relative {
  c2 g'2 \times 2/3 { f8 e d } c'2 g4
}
\end{lilypond}

Options are put in brackets.

\begin[fragment,quote,staffsize=26,verbatim]{lilypond}
  c'4 f16
\end{lilypond}

Larger examples can be put in a separate file, and introduced with
\verb+\lilypondfile+.

\lilypondfile[quote,noindent]{screech-boink.ly}

\end{document}
@end verbatim

Under Unix, you can view the results as follows

@example
cd input/tutorial
mkdir -p out/
lilypond-book --output=out/ lilybook.tex
@emph{lilypond-book (GNU LilyPond) 2.3.11}
@emph{Reading `input/tutorial/lilybook.tex'}
@emph{..lots of stuff deleted..}
@emph{Compiling `out//lilybook.tex'}
cd out
latex lilybook
@emph{lots of stuff deleted}
xdvi lilybook 
@end example

To convert the file into a nice PDF document, run the following
commands

@example
dvips -Ppdf -u+lilypond -u+ec-mftrace lilybook
ps2pdf lilybook.ps
@end example

Running lilypond-book and running latex creates a lot of temporary
files, which would clutter up the working directory.  To remedy this,
use the @code{--output=@var{dir}} option.  It will create the files in
a separate subdirectory @file{dir}.

Finally the result of the La@TeX{} example shown above.@footnote{ This
tutorial is processed with Texinfo, so the example is as well.  This
gives slightly different results in layout.}  This finishes the
tutorial section.

@page

Documents for lilypond-book may freely mix music and text.  For
example,

@lilypond
\relative c' {
  c2 g'2 \times 2/3 { f8 e d } c'2 g4
}
@end lilypond

Options are put in brackets.

@lilypond[fragment,quote,staffsize=26,verbatim]
c'4 f16
@end lilypond

Larger examples can be put in a separate file, and introduced with
@code{\lilypondfile}.

@lilypondfile[quote,noindent]{screech-boink.ly}


@cindex texinfo
@cindex latex
@cindex texinfo
@cindex @code{texi}
@cindex html
@cindex documents, adding music to


@c @TeX{} in node name seems to barf
@node Integrating LaTeX and music
@section Integrating LaTeX and music

La@TeX{} is the de facto standard for publishing papers in the exact
sciences. It is built on top of the @TeX{} typesetting engine, so it
provides the best typography available anywhere.
 
For more information about La@TeX{}
@uref{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/,The not so
Short Introduction to La@TeX{}} provides a introduction to using
La@TeX{}.

For La@TeX{}, music is entered using

@example
\begin[options,go,here]@{lilypond@}
  YOUR LILYPOND CODE
\end@{lilypond@}
@end example

@example
\lilypondfile[options,go,here]@{@var{filename}@}
@end example

@noindent
or

@example
\lilypond@{ YOUR LILYPOND CODE @}
@end example

Running lilypond-book yields a file that can be processed with
La@TeX{}.


We show some examples here:

@example
\begin[staffsize=26]@{lilypond@}
  c' d' e' f' g'2 g'2
\end@{lilypond@}
@end example

@noindent
produces

@lilypond[fragment,staffsize=26]
  c' d' e' f' g'2 g'2
@end lilypond

Then the short version:

@example
\lilypond[staffsize=11]@{<c' e' g'>@}
@end example

@noindent
produces

@lilypond[fragment,staffsize=11]{<c' e' g'>}

The linewidth of the music will be adjust by examining the commands in
the document preamble, the part of the document before
@code{\begin@{document@}}. The @command{lilypond-book} command sends
these to La@TeX{} to find out how wide the text is. The line width
for the music fragments is then adjusted to the text width.

After @code{\begin@{document@}}, the column changing commands
@code{\onecolumn}, @code{\twocolumn} commands
@ignore 
and the
@code{multicols} environment from the multicol package
@end ignore
are also interpreted.

@cindex titling and lilypond-book
@cindex @code{\header} in La@TeX{} documents


The music will be surrounded by @code{\preLilyPondExample} and
@code{\postLilyPondExample}, which are defined to be empty by default.

@cindex outline fonts
@cindex type1 fonts
@cindex dvips
@cindex invoking dvips

For printing the La@TeX{} document, you will need to use dvips. For
producing PostScript with scalable fonts, add the following options to
the dvips command line:
@example
 -Ppdf -u+lilypond.map -u+ec-mftrace.map
@end example 

@noindent
PDF can then be produced with @code{ps2pdf}.

@cindex international characters
@cindex latin1

LilyPond does not use the La@TeX{} font handling scheme for lyrics and text
markups, so if you use characters in your lilypond-book
documents that are not included in the standard US-ASCII character set,
include @code{\usepackage[latin1]@{inputenc@}} in the file 
header but do not include @code{\usepackage[T1]@{fontenc@}}. Character
sets other than latin1 are not supported directly but may be handled by
explicitly specifying the @code{font-name} property in LilyPond and
using the corresponding La@TeX{} packages. Please consult the mailing list
for more details.




@node Integrating Texinfo and music
@section Integrating Texinfo and music

Texinfo is the standard format for documentation at the GNU
project. An example of a texinfo document is this manual. The HTML,
PDF and Info versions of the manual are made from the document.

When run on a lilypond-book, produces a @file{.texi} file containing
@code{@@image} tags for HTML and info. For the printed edition, the
raw @TeX{} output of LilyPond is included into the main document.

In the input file, music is specified like

@example
@@lilypond[options,go,here]
  YOUR LILYPOND CODE
@@end lilypond
@@lilypond[options,go,here]@{ YOUR LILYPOND CODE @}
@@lilypondfile[options,go,here]@{@var{filename}@}
@end example

When lilypond-book is run on it, this results in a texinfo file. We
show two simple examples here.  First a complete block:

@example
@@lilypond[staffsize=26]
  c' d' e' f' g'2 g'
@@end lilypond
@end example

@noindent
produces

@lilypond[fragment]
  c' d' e' f' g'2 g'
@end lilypond

Then the short version:

@example
@@lilypond[staffsize=11]@{<c' e' g'>@}
@end example

@noindent
produces

@lilypond[fragment,staffsize=11]{ <c' e' g'> }

When producing texinfo, lilypond-book also generates bitmaps of the
music, so you can make a HTML document with embedded music.





@node Integrating HTML and music
@section Integrating HTML and music

Music is entered using

@example
<lilypond relative=1 verbatim>
  \key c \minor r8 c16 b c8 g as c16 b c8 d | g,4
</lilypond>
@end example

@noindent
of which lilypond-book will produce a HTML with appropriate image tags for the
music fragments:
 
@example
<lilypond relative=2 verbatim>
  \key c \minor r8 c16 b c8 g as c16 b c8 d | g,4
</lilypond>
@end example

@lilypond[fragment,relative=2]
  \key c \minor r8 c16 b c8 g as c16 b c8 d | g,4
@end lilypond

For inline pictures, use @code{<lilypond ... />} syntax, e.g.
@example
Some music in <lilypond a b c/> a line of text.
@end example

A special feature not (yet) available in other output formats, is the
@code{<lilypondfile>} tag, for example,
@example
  <lilypondfile>trip.ly</lilypondfile>
@end example
This runs @file{trip.ly} through @code{lilypond} (see also
@ref{Invoking lilypond}), and substitutes a preview image in the
output. The image links to a separate HTML file, so clicking it will
take the viewer to a menu, with links to images, midi and printouts.

@cindex titling in THML
@cindex preview image
@cindex thumbnail

@node Music fragment options
@section Music fragment options

The commands for lilypond-book have room to specify one or more of the
following options:

@table @code
@item verbatim
@var{contents} is copied into the source, enclosed in a verbatim block;
followed by any text given with the @code{intertext} option; then
the actual music is displayed.  This option does not work with
the short version of the music blocks:

@code{ @@lilypond@{ CONTENTS @} } and @code{ \lilypond@{ CONTENTS @} }

@item filename=@var{filename}
This names the file for the @code{printfilename} option. The argument
should be unquoted.

@item staffsize=@var{ht}
Sets the staff height to @var{ht}, which is measured in points.

@item raggedright
produces naturally spaced lines (i.e., @code{raggedright = ##t}); this
works well for small music fragments.

@item linewidth=@var{size}\@var{unit}
sets linewidth to @var{size}, where @var{unit} = cm, mm, in, or pt.
This option affects LilyPond output, not the text layout.

@item notime
prevents printing time signature.

@item fragment
adds some boilerplate code, so you can enter like

@example
  c'4
@end example 

@noindent
without @code{\paper}, @code{\score} or other red tape.

@item indent=@var{size}\@var{unit}
sets indentation of the first music system to @var{size},
where @var{unit} = cm, mm, in, or pt.  This option affects LilyPond,
not the text layout.  For single-line fragments, the default is to
use no indentation.

For example
@example
  \begin[indent=5\cm,raggedright]@{lilypond@}
  ...
  \end@{lilypond@}
@end example


@item noindent
sets indentation of the first music system to zero.  This option
affects LilyPond, not the text layout.

@item quote
sets linewidth to the width of a quotation and puts the output
in a quotation block.

@item texidoc
Includes the @code{texidoc} field, if defined in the file. This is
only for Texinfo output.

In Texinfo, the music fragment is normally preceded by the
@code{texidoc} field from the @code{\header}. The LilyPond test
documents are composed from small @file{.ly} files in this way:

@example
  \header @{
    texidoc = "this file demonstrates a single note"
  @}
  @{ c'4 @}
@end example

@item relative, relative=@var{N}
uses relative octave mode.  By default, notes are specified relative
to middle C.  The optional integer argument specifies the octave of the
starting note, where the default @code{1} is middle C.
@end table


@node Invoking lilypond-book
@section Invoking lilypond-book


Running @command{lilypond-book} generates lots of small files that
LilyPond will process.  To avoid all that garbage in the source
directory use the @option{--output} command line option, and change to
that directory before running La@TeX{} or @file{makeinfo}:

@example
lilypond-book --output=out yourfile.lytex
cd out && latex yourfile.tex
@end example


@command{lilypond-book} accepts the following command line options:

@table @code
@item @option{-f @var{format}}, @option{--format=@var{format}}
Specify the document type to process: @code{html}, @code{latex} or
@code{texi} (the default).  @command{lilypond-book}  figures this
out automatically.

The @code{texi} document type produces a texinfo file with music
fragments in the DVI output only. For getting images in the HTML
version,  the format 
@code{texi-html} must be used.

@item @option{-F @var{filter}}, @option{--filter=@var{filter}}
Pipe snippets through @var{filter}.

For example:
@example
  lilypond-book --filter='convert-ly --from=2.0.0' my-book.tely
@end example

@item @option{--help}
Print a short help message.

@item @option{-I @var{dir}}, @option{--include=@var{dir}}
Add @var{DIR} to the include path.

@item @option{-o @var{dir}}, @option{--output=@var{dir}}
Place generated files in @var{dir}.

@item @option{-P @var{process}}, @option{--process=@var{COMMAND}}
Process lilypond snippets using @var{command}.  The default command is
@code{lilypond}.

@item @option{--verbose}
Be verbose.

@item @option{--version}
Print version information.
@end table

For La@TeX{} input, the file to give to La@TeX{} has extension
@file{.latex}.  Texinfo input will be written to a file with extension
@file{.texi}.



@section Bugs

The Texinfo command @code{pagesize} is not interpreted. Almost all
La@TeX{} commands that change margins and line widths are ignored.

Only the first @code{\score} of a LilyPond block is processed.

@c CHECKME--FIXME
The size of a music block is limited to 1.5 KB, due to technical
problems with the Python regular expression engine.  For longer files,
use @code{\lilypondfile}.