1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
12 @c references - started
13 @c piano staff - deleted, material moved to 'references'
14 @c manual changes - started
21 @node Keyboard instruments
22 @section Keyboard instruments
25 * Common notation for keyboards::
30 @node Common notation for keyboards
31 @subsection Common notation for keyboards
34 * References for keyboards::
36 * Changing staff manually::
37 * Changing staff automatically::
38 * Staff-change lines::
42 @node References for keyboards
43 @subsubsection References for keyboards
45 Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These are
46 two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same notation is
47 also used for harps and other keyed instruments. Organ music is normally
48 written with two staves inside a @code{PianoStaff} group and third,
49 normal staff for the pedals.
51 The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but sometimes
52 voices can cross between the two staves. In this section we discuss
53 some notation techniques particular to keyboard music.
55 Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
57 @item Keyboard music can be written in parallel with @ref{Writing music
59 @item Fingerings are indicated with @ref{Fingering instructions}.
60 @item Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see
61 @ref{List of articulations}.
62 @item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
63 @item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties as
64 well as ties on arpeggios and tremelos, described in @ref{Ties}.
65 @item Arpeggios can be placed across multiple voices and staves with
67 @item Tremelo marks are created with @ref{Tremelo repeats}.
68 @item Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are
69 demonstrated in @rlearning{Real music example}.
70 @item Hidden notes can be used to produce ties that cross voices, as
71 shown in @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
75 @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
76 @c {creating-slurs-across-voices.ly}
81 @rlearning{Real music example},
82 @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
85 @ref{Grouping staves},
86 @ref{Instrument Names},
87 @ref{Writing music in parallel},
88 @ref{Fingering instructions},
92 @ref{Tremelo repeats},
93 @ref{List of articulations}.
96 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
102 Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist. See the
103 @q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
105 @node Changing staff manually
106 @subsubsection Changing staff manually
108 @cindex changing staff manually
109 @cindex manual staff changes
110 @cindex staff changes, manual
111 @cindex cross-staff notes
112 @cindex notes, cross-staff
113 @cindex cross-staff beams
114 @cindex beams, cross-staff
117 Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
119 \change Staff = @var{staffname}
123 The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches the
124 current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
125 @var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are @code{"up"}
126 and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
128 Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
130 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
142 \new Staff = "down" {
144 s1 % keep staff alive
149 If the beaming needs to be tweaked, make any changes to the stem
150 directions first. The beam positions are then measured from the center
151 of the staff that is closest to the beam. For a simple example of beam
152 tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
156 @rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
160 @ruser{Automatic beams}.
168 @node Changing staff automatically
169 @subsubsection Changing staff automatically
170 @cindex automatic staff changes
171 @cindex staff changes, automatic
173 Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the bottom
174 staff. The syntax for this is
178 \autochange @dots{}@var{music}@dots{}
183 This will create two staves inside the current PianoStaff, called
184 @code{up} and @code{down}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by
187 A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange} has
188 no effect on the pitches of @var{music}, so, if necessary, put
189 @code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange} like
193 \autochange \relative @dots{} @dots{}
198 The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the turning
199 point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch in
200 advance. Here is a practical example
202 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
204 \autochange \relative c'
213 Notation Reference: @ref{Changing staff manually}.
215 Internals Reference: @rinternals{AutoChangeMusic}.
221 The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
222 quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
225 @code{\autochange} cannot be inside @code{\times}.
227 @node Staff-change lines
228 @subsubsection Staff-change lines
232 @cindex staff switching
235 @funindex followVoice
237 Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the notes
238 can be printed automatically. This is switched on by setting
239 @code{followVoice} to true
241 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
244 \set followVoice = ##t
249 \new Staff="two" { \clef bass \skip 1*2 }
255 Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoiceFollower}.
259 @funindex \showStaffSwitch
260 @code{\showStaffSwitch},
261 @funindex \hideStaffSwitch
262 @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
264 @node Cross-staff stems
265 @subsubsection Cross-staff stems
267 Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
268 of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
269 staff, or vice versa.
271 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
273 \once \override Stem #'length = #10
274 \once \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
276 noFlag = \once \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
279 \stemDown \stemExtend
299 @subsubsection Piano pedals
302 Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced. Generally, a
303 piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
306 Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
307 @code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
308 @code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
311 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
312 c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
315 What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
316 where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
317 @code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}. Refer to
318 @rinternals{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
321 Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
322 @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects
324 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
325 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
327 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
328 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
331 A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
332 obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
335 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
336 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
338 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
339 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
342 The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
343 style @code{#'text}. The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
346 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
347 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
350 For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
351 @code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
352 @code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
353 @rinternals{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
354 modified. For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
357 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
358 \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
359 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
363 Note that overrides must be placed before the note at which the
364 pedal bracket starts.
366 @c TODO Check relative positions of the sustain pedal and
367 @c dynamics are correct (they collided in 2.11.44).
368 @c Give example showing this.
372 Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).
375 @subsection Accordion
381 @node Discant symbols
382 @subsubsection Discant symbols
384 @c TODO Add text from -user and lsr 194