1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
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11 @node Keyboard instruments
12 @section Keyboard instruments
15 * Common notation for keyboards::
20 @node Common notation for keyboards
21 @subsection Common notation for keyboards
24 * References for keyboards::
26 * Changing staff manually::
27 * Changing staff automatically::
28 * Staff-change lines::
32 @node References for keyboards
33 @subsubsection References for keyboards
39 @subsubsection The piano staff
41 Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves.
42 These are two normal staves coupled with a brace. The staves
43 are largely independent, but sometimes voices can cross between the
44 two staves. The same notation is also used for harps and other key
45 instruments. The @internalsref{PianoStaff} is especially built to
46 handle this cross-staffing behavior. In this section we discuss the
47 @internalsref{PianoStaff} and some other pianistic peculiarities.
52 Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist. See the
53 @q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
55 @cindex cross staff stem
56 @cindex stem, cross staff
57 @cindex distance between staves in piano music
59 @node Changing staff manually
60 @subsubsection Changing staff manually
62 @cindex manual staff switches
63 @cindex staff switch, manual
65 Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
67 \change Staff = @var{staffname} @var{music}
71 The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches the
72 current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
73 @var{staffname}. Typically @var{staffname} is @code{"up"} or
74 @code{"down"}. The @code{Staff} referred to must already exist, so
75 usually the setup for a score will start with a setup of the staves,
80 \skip 1 * 10 % @emph{keep staff alive}
82 \new Staff = "down" @{
83 \skip 1 * 10 % @emph{idem}
89 and the @code{Voice} is inserted afterwards
93 \new Voice @{ @dots{} \change Staff = up @dots{} @}
97 @node Changing staff automatically
98 @subsubsection Changing staff automatically
99 @cindex Automatic staff changes
101 Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the bottom
102 staff. The syntax for this is
106 \autochange @dots{}@var{music}@dots{}
111 This will create two staves inside the current PianoStaff, called
112 @code{up} and @code{down}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by
115 A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange} has
116 no effect on the pitches of @var{music}, so, if necessary, put
117 @code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange} like
121 \autochange \relative @dots{} @dots{}
126 The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the turning
127 point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch in
128 advance. Here is a practical example
130 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
132 \autochange \relative c'
141 @c Notation Reference: @ref{Manual staff switches}.
143 Internals Reference: @internalsref{AutoChangeMusic}.
149 The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
150 quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
153 @code{\autochange} cannot be inside @code{\times}.
155 @node Staff-change lines
156 @subsubsection Staff-change lines
160 @cindex staff switching
163 @funindex followVoice
165 Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the notes
166 can be printed automatically. This is switched on by setting
167 @code{followVoice} to true
169 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
172 \set followVoice = ##t
177 \new Staff="two" { \clef bass \skip 1*2 }
183 Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoiceFollower}.
187 @funindex \showStaffSwitch
188 @code{\showStaffSwitch},
189 @funindex \hideStaffSwitch
190 @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
192 @node Cross-staff stems
193 @subsubsection Cross-staff stems
195 Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
196 of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
197 staff, or vice versa.
199 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
201 \once \override Stem #'length = #10
202 \once \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
204 noFlag = \once \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
207 \stemDown \stemExtend
227 @subsubsection Piano pedals
230 Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced. Generally, a
231 piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
234 Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
235 @code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
236 @code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
239 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
240 c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
243 What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
244 where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
245 @code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}. Refer to
246 @internalsref{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
249 Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
250 @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects
252 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
253 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
255 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
256 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
259 A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
260 obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
263 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
264 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
266 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
267 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
270 The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
271 style @code{#'text}. The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
274 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
275 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
278 For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
279 @code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
280 @code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
281 @internalsref{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
282 modified. For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
285 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
286 \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
287 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
292 Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).
295 @subsection Accordion
301 @node Discant symbols
302 @subsubsection Discant symbols
304 @c TODO Add text from -user and lsr 194