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[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / expressive.itely

@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
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@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks

@menu
* Attached to notes::           
* Curves::                      
* Lines::                       
@end menu


@node Attached to notes
@subsection Attached to notes


@menu
* Articulations::               
* Dynamics::                    
@end menu

@node Articulations
@unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations

@cindex Articulations
@cindex scripts
@cindex ornaments

A variety of symbols can appear above and below notes to indicate
different characteristics of the performance.  They are added to a
note by adding a dash and the character signifying the
articulation.

See @ref{List of articulations}.

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
\override TextScript  #'font-family = #'typewriter
\override TextScript  #'font-shape = #'upright
c''4-._"c-."      s4
c''4--_"c--"      s4
c''4-+_"c-+"      s4
c''4-|_"c-|"      s4
c''4->_"c->"      s4
c''4-^_"c-^"      s4
c''4-__"c-_"      s4      
@end lilypond

The meanings of these shorthands can be changed.  See
@file{ly/@/script@/-init@/.ly} for examples.

The script is automatically placed, but the direction can be
forced as well.  Like other pieces of LilyPond code, @code{_} will
place them below the staff, and @code{^} will place them above.

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
c''4^^ c''4_^
@end lilypond

Other symbols can be added using the syntax
@var{note}@code{\}@var{name}.  Again, they
can be forced up or down using @code{^} and @code{_},
e.g.,

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
c\fermata c^\fermata c_\fermata
@end lilypond

@cindex accent
@cindex marcato
@cindex staccatissimo
@cindex espressivo
@cindex fermata
@cindex stopped
@cindex staccato
@cindex portato
@cindex tenuto
@cindex upbow
@cindex downbow
@cindex foot marks
@cindex organ pedal marks
@cindex turn
@cindex open
@cindex stopped
@cindex flageolet
@cindex reverseturn
@cindex trill
@cindex prall
@cindex mordent
@cindex prallprall
@cindex prallmordent
@cindex prall, up
@cindex prall, down
@cindex thumb marking
@cindex segno
@cindex coda
@cindex varcoda


@commonprop

The vertical ordering of scripts is controlled with the
@code{script-priority} property.  The lower this number, the closer it
will be put to the note.  In this example, the
@internalsref{TextScript} (the sharp symbol) first has the lowest
priority, so it is put lowest in the first example.  In the second, the
prall trill (the @internalsref{Script}) has the lowest, so it is on the
inside.  When two objects have the same priority, the order in which
they are entered decides which one comes first.

@lilypond[verbatim,relative=3,ragged-right,fragment,quote]
\once \override TextScript #'script-priority = #-100
a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp }

\once \override Script #'script-priority = #-100
a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp }
@end lilypond


@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{Script}.


@refbugs

These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
MIDI rendering of the music.


@node Dynamics
@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics

@cindex Dynamics
@funindex \pppp
@funindex \ppp
@funindex \pp
@funindex \p
@funindex \mp
@funindex \mf
@funindex \f
@funindex \ff
@funindex \fff
@funindex \ffff
@funindex \fp
@funindex \sf
@funindex \sff
@funindex \sp
@funindex \spp
@funindex \sfz
@funindex \rfz

Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note
@code{c4\ff}.  The available dynamic marks are @code{\ppppp},
@code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp},
@code{\pp}, @code{\p}, @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff},
@code{\fff}, @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
@code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c\ppp c\pp c \p c\mp c\mf c\f c\ff c\fff
c2\fp c\sf c\sff c\sp c\spp c\sfz c\rfz
@end lilypond

@funindex \<
@funindex \>
@funindex \!

A crescendo mark is started with @code{\<} and terminated with
@code{\!} or an absolute dynamic.  A decrescendo is started with
@code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute
dynamic.  @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of
@code{\<} and @code{\>}.  Because these marks are bound to notes, you must
use spacer notes if multiple marks are needed during one note

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
c\< c\! d\> e\!
<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\! \> s4\! } >>
@end lilypond

@noindent
A hairpin normally starts at the left edge of the beginning note
and ends on the right edge of the ending note.  If the ending
note falls on the downbeat, the hairpin ends on the immediately
preceding barline. This may be modified by setting the
@code{hairpinToBarline} property,

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\set hairpinToBarline = ##f
c4\< c2. c4\!
@end lilypond

In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may
be suitable to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on the one note,

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
c2 b4 a g1\espressivo
@end lilypond

This may give rise to very short hairpins.  Use @code{minimum-length}
in @internalsref{Voice}.@internalsref{Hairpin} to lengthen them, for
example

@example
\override Voice.Hairpin #'minimum-length = #5
@end example

@cindex al niente
@cindex niente, al

Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation) by
setting the @code{circled-tip} property,

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
\override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t
c2\< c\!
c4\> c\< c2\!
@end lilypond


@cindex crescendo
@cindex decrescendo
@cindex diminuendo

You can also use text saying @emph{cresc.} instead of hairpins

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
\setTextCresc
c\< d e f\!
\setHairpinCresc
e\> d c b\!
\setTextDecresc
c\> d e f\!
\setTextDim
e\> d c b\!
@end lilypond

You can also supply your own texts
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" }
\set crescendoSpanner = #'dashed-line
a'2\< a a a\!\mf
@end lilypond

To create new dynamic marks or text that should be aligned
with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.

Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
@internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}.


@commonprop

Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on, the same note
will be vertically aligned.  If you want to ensure that dynamics
are aligned when they do not occur on the same note, you can
increase the @code{staff-padding} property.

@example
\override DynamicLineSpanner #'staff-padding = #4
@end example

You may also use this property if the dynamics are colliding
with other notation.

Crescendi and decrescendi that end on the first note of a
new line are not printed.  To change this behavior, use

@example
\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
@end example

Text style dynamic changes (such as @emph{cresc.} and @emph{dim.})
are printed with a
dashed line showing their extent.  To surpress printing this line, use

@example
\override DynamicTextSpanner #'dash-period = #-1.0
@end example


@refcommands

@funindex \dynamicUp
@code{\dynamicUp},
@funindex \dynamicDown
@code{\dynamicDown},
@funindex \dynamicNeutral
@code{\dynamicNeutral}.


@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{DynamicText}, @internalsref{Hairpin}.
Vertical positioning of these symbols is handled by
@internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}.


@node Curves
@subsection Curves

@menu
* Ties::                        
* Slurs::                       
* Phrasing slurs::              
* Laissez vibrer ties::         
* Breath marks::                
* Falls and doits::             
@end menu

@node Ties
@unnumberedsubsubsec Ties

@cindex tie
@funindex ~

A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch.  The tie in
effect extends the length of a note.  Ties should not be confused with
slurs, which indicate articulation, or phrasing slurs, which indicate
musical phrasing.  A tie is entered using the tilde symbol @samp{~}

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
e' ~ e' <c' e' g'> ~ <c' e' g'>
@end lilypond

When a tie is applied to a chord, all note heads whose pitches match
are connected.  When no note heads match, no ties will be created.  Chords
may be partially tied by placing the tie inside the chord,

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1]
<c~ e g~ b> <c e g b>
@end lilypond

A tie is just a way of extending a note duration, similar to the
augmentation dot.  The following example shows two ways of notating
exactly the same concept

@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right]
\time 3/4 c'2. c'2 ~ c'4
@end lilypond

@noindent
Ties are used either when the note crosses a bar line, or when dots
cannot be used to denote the rhythm.  When using ties, larger note
values should be aligned to subdivisions of the measure, such as

@lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right]
\relative {
  r8 c8 ~ c2 r4 | r8^"not" c2 ~ c8 r4
}
@end lilypond

If you need to tie a lot of notes over bars, it may be easier to use
automatic note splitting (see @ref{Automatic note splitting}).  This
mechanism automatically splits long notes, and ties them across bar
lines.

@funindex \repeatTie

When a second alternative of a repeat starts with a tied note, you
have to repeat the tie. This can be achieved with @code{\repeatTie},

@lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,relative=2]
r <c e g>\repeatTie
@end lilypond

@cindex repeating ties
@cindex volta brackets and ties

@commonprop

Ties are sometimes used to write out arpeggios.  In this case, two tied
notes need not be consecutive.  This can be achieved by setting the
@code{tieWaitForNote} property to true. The same feature is also useful,
for example, to tie a tremolo to a chord. For example,

@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,relative=1,ragged-right,quote]
\set tieWaitForNote = ##t
\grace { c16[~ e~ g]~ } <c, e g>2
\repeat tremolo 8 { c32~ c'~ } <c c,>1
e8~ c~ a~ f~ <e' c a f>2
@end lilypond

Ties may be engraved manually by changing the @code{tie-configuration}
property.  The first number indicates the distance from the center
of the staff in staff-spaces, and the second number indicates the
direction (1=up, -1=down).

@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,relative=1,ragged-right,quote]
<c e g>2~ <c e g> |
\override TieColumn #'tie-configuration =
  #'((0.0 . 1) (-2.0 . 1) (-4.0 . 1))
<c e g>~ <c e g> |
@end lilypond


@refcommands


@funindex \tieUp
@code{\tieUp},
@funindex \tieDown
@code{\tieDown},
@funindex \tieNeutral
@code{\tieNeutral},
@funindex \tieDotted
@code{\tieDotted},
@funindex \tieDashed
@code{\tieDashed},
@funindex \tieSolid
@code{\tieSolid}.


@seealso

In this manual: @ref{Automatic note splitting}.

Program reference: @internalsref{Tie}.


@refbugs

Switching staves when a tie is active will not produce a slanted tie.

Changing clefs or octavations during a tie is not really
well-defined.  In these cases, a slur may be preferable.


@node Slurs
@unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs

@cindex Slurs

A slur indicates that notes are to be played bound or
@emph{legato}.  They are entered using parentheses

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4)
<c e>2( <b d>2)
@end lilypond

The direction of a slur can be specified with
@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is
either @code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (automatically
selected).

However, there is a convenient shorthand for forcing slur
directions.  By adding @code{_} or @code{^} before the opening
parentheses, the direction is also set.  For example,

@lilypond[relative=2,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,fragment]
c4_( c) c^( c)
@end lilypond

Only one slur can be printed at once.  If you need to print a long
slur over a few small slurs, please see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.


@commonprop

Some composers write two slurs when they want legato chords.  This can
be achieved in LilyPond by setting @code{doubleSlurs},

@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,relative,fragment,quote]
\set doubleSlurs = ##t
<c e>4 ( <d f> <c e> <d f> )
@end lilypond


@refcommands

@funindex \slurUp
@code{\slurUp},
@funindex \slurDown
@code{\slurDown},
@funindex \slurNeutral
@code{\slurNeutral},
@funindex \slurDashed
@code{\slurDashed},
@funindex \slurDotted
@code{\slurDotted},
@funindex \slurSolid
@code{\slurSolid}.

@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{Slur}.


@node Phrasing slurs
@unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs

@cindex phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing marks

A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
indicate a musical sentence.  It is written using @code{\(} and @code{\)}
respectively

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1]
\time 6/4 c'\( d( e) f( e) d\)
@end lilypond

Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
normal slur.  However, they are treated as different objects.  A
@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead, use
@code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.

You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.


@refcommands

@funindex \phrasingSlurUp
@code{\phrasingSlurUp},
@funindex \phrasingSlurDown
@code{\phrasingSlurDown},
@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.


@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{PhrasingSlur}.


@node Laissez vibrer ties
@unnumberedsubsubsec Laissez vibrer ties
@cindex Laissez vibrer
@cindex Ties, laissez vibrer

L.v. ties (laissez vibrer) indicate that notes must not be damped at the
end. It is used in notation for piano, harp and other string and
percussion instruments. They can be entered using @code{\laissezVibrer},

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
<c f g>\laissezVibrer
@end lilypond

@seealso

Program reference:
@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie}
@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn}

Example files:
@lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly}


@node Breath marks
@unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks

Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
c'4 \breathe d4
@end lilypond


@commonprop

The glyph of the breath mark can be tuned by overriding the
@code{text} property of the @code{BreathingSign} layout object with
any markup text.  For example,
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1]
c'4
\override BreathingSign #'text
  = #(make-musicglyph-markup "scripts.rvarcomma")
\breathe
d4
@end lilypond

@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}.

Examples: @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}


@node Falls and doits
@unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits

Falls and doits can be added to notes using the @code{\bendAfter}
command,

@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
\override Score.SpacingSpanner #'shortest-duration-space = #3.0
c4-\bendAfter #+5
c4-\bendAfter #-3
@end lilypond


@node Lines
@subsection Lines

@menu
* Glissando::                   
* Arpeggio::                    
* Trills::                      
* Analysis brackets::           
@end menu

@node Glissando
@unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando

@cindex Glissando
@funindex \glissando

A glissando is a smooth change in pitch.  It is denoted by a line or a
wavy line between two notes.  It is requested by attaching
@code{\glissando} to a note

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
c2\glissando c'
\override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag
c2\glissando c,
@end lilypond


@commonprop

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t

\relative <<
  { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\
  { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, }
>>
@end lilypond



@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{Glissando}.

Example files:
@lsr{expressive,glissando.ly}, @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}


@refbugs

Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not supported.


@node Arpeggio
@unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio

@cindex Arpeggio
@cindex broken chord
@funindex \arpeggio

You can specify an arpeggio sign (also known as broken chord) on a
chord by attaching an @code{\arpeggio} to a chord

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
<c e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond

A square bracket on the left indicates that the player should not
arpeggiate the chord

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
\arpeggioBracket
<c' e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond

The direction of the arpeggio is sometimes denoted by adding an
arrowhead to the wiggly line

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
\new Voice {
  \arpeggioUp
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
  \arpeggioDown
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
}
@end lilypond


@commonprop

When an arpeggio crosses staves, you may attach an arpeggio to the chords
in both staves and set
@internalsref{PianoStaff}.@code{connectArpeggios}

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
\new PianoStaff <<
  \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t
  \new Staff { <c' e g c>\arpeggio }
  \new Staff { \clef bass <c,, e g>\arpeggio }
>>
@end lilypond

@c TODO: cross-voice arpeggio example?
@c such an example is already in LSR -J.Mandereau

@refcommands

@code{\arpeggio},
@funindex \arpeggioUp
@code{\arpeggioUp},
@funindex \arpeggioDown
@code{\arpeggioDown},
@funindex \arpeggioNeutral
@code{\arpeggioNeutral},
@funindex \arpeggioBracket
@code{\arpeggioBracket}.


@seealso

Notation manual: @ref{Ties}, for writing out arpeggios.

Program reference: @internalsref{Arpeggio}.


@refbugs

It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
arpeggios in one @internalsref{PianoStaff} at the same point in time.


@node Trills
@unnumberedsubsubsec Trills

Short trills are printed like normal articulation; see @ref{Articulations}.

Long running trills are made with @code{\startTrillSpan} and
@code{\stopTrillSpan},

@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,relative=2,quote,fragment]
\new Voice {
  << { c1 \startTrillSpan }
     { s2. \grace { d16[\stopTrillSpan e] } } >>
  c4 }
@end lilypond

@cindex Pitched trills

Trills that should be executed on an explicitly specified pitch can be
typeset with the command @code{pitchedTrill},

@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1,quote]
\pitchedTrill c4\startTrillSpan fis
f\stopTrillSpan
@end lilypond

@noindent
The first argument is the main note.  The pitch of the second
is printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.


@refcommands

@code{\startTrillSpan},
@funindex \startTrillSpan
@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
@funindex \stopTrillSpan


@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{TrillSpanner}.


@node Analysis brackets
@unnumberedsubsubsec Analysis brackets
@cindex brackets
@cindex phrasing brackets
@cindex musicological analysis
@cindex note grouping bracket

Brackets are used in musical analysis to indicate structure in musical
pieces.  LilyPond supports a simple form of nested horizontal
brackets.  To use this, add the @internalsref{Horizontal_bracket_engraver}
to @internalsref{Staff} context.  A bracket is started with
@code{\startGroup} and closed with @code{\stopGroup}

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\score {
  \relative c'' {
    c4\startGroup\startGroup
    c4\stopGroup
    c4\startGroup
    c4\stopGroup\stopGroup
  }
  \layout {
    \context {
      \Staff \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver"
}}}
@end lilypond

@seealso

Program reference: @internalsref{HorizontalBracket}.