1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
50 @cindex organ pedal marks
68 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
69 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
76 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
77 articulations}. For example:
79 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
80 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
92 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
93 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
94 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
95 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
96 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
97 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
98 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
100 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
105 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
106 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
107 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
108 @ref{Direction and placement}.
113 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
114 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
129 @ref{Direction and placement},
130 @ref{List of articulations}.
133 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
136 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
140 @rinternals{TextScript}.
144 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
146 @cindex absolute dynamics
148 @cindex dynamics, absolute
168 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
169 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
170 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
171 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
172 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
173 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
174 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
175 @ref{Direction and placement}.
177 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
190 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
191 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
192 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
193 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
194 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
195 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
196 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
199 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
209 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
211 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
213 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
216 @cindex espressivo articulation
218 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
219 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
222 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
231 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
232 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
233 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
234 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
235 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
236 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
239 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
250 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
251 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
253 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
254 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
261 @funindex \dynamicDown
263 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
264 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
265 @funindex \crescTextCresc
266 @code{\crescTextCresc},
267 @funindex \dimTextDim
269 @funindex \dimTextDecr
271 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
272 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
273 @funindex \crescHairpin
274 @code{\crescHairpin},
275 @funindex \dimHairpin
281 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
282 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
284 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
285 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
290 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
291 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
293 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
294 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
296 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
297 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
299 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
300 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
305 @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
312 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
315 @ref{Direction and placement},
316 @ref{New dynamic marks},
317 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
318 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
321 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
324 @rinternals{DynamicText},
325 @rinternals{Hairpin},
326 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
329 @node New dynamic marks
330 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
332 @cindex new dynamic marks
333 @cindex dynamic marks, new
335 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
336 @code{\markup} objects.
338 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
339 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
342 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
347 @cindex dynamics, editorial
348 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
350 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
351 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
352 in @ref{Formatting text}.
354 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
355 roundF = \markup { \hcenter \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
356 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
357 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
364 @cindex make-dynamic-script
366 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
367 @code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only
368 contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
370 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
371 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
377 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as
378 its argument. In the following example, using
379 @code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of
380 markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note
383 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
384 roundF = \markup { \hcenter \concat {
385 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
387 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
388 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
389 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
390 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
392 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
397 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
398 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
400 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
401 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
402 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
410 Font settings in markup mode are described in
411 @ref{Common markup commands}.
417 @ref{Formatting text},
418 @ref{Common markup commands},
419 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
420 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
421 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
424 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
430 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
431 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
442 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
446 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
448 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
454 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
455 @ref{Direction and placement}.
457 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
465 Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once.
466 For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
468 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
471 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
488 @funindex \slurNeutral
490 @funindex \slurDashed
492 @funindex \slurDotted
500 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
501 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
510 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
513 @ref{Direction and placement},
514 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
517 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
524 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
526 @cindex phrasing slurs
527 @cindex phrasing marks
531 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
532 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
533 @code{\)} respectively:
535 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
540 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
541 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
542 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
543 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
544 @ref{Direction and placement}.
546 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
547 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
549 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
552 Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
557 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
558 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
559 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
560 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
561 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
562 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
568 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
571 @ref{Direction and placement}.
574 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
577 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
581 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
586 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
588 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
592 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
593 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
598 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
599 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
602 @cindex railroad tracks
604 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
605 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
614 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
615 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
618 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
621 @node Falls and doits
622 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
628 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
629 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
630 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
631 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
632 @emph{beyond} the main note.
634 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
641 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
642 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
647 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
648 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
653 @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
659 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
665 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
666 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
675 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
680 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
683 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
688 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
693 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
694 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
706 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
708 @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
709 @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
710 @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
713 @rinternals{Glissando}.
718 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
723 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
727 @cindex chord, broken
729 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
730 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
732 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
736 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
737 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
739 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
749 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
751 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
761 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
762 information, see @ref{Ties}.
768 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
769 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
770 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
771 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
772 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
773 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
774 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
775 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
776 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
777 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
782 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
783 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
785 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
786 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
788 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
789 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
801 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
804 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
805 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
810 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
811 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
814 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
815 cross-staff arpeggios.
819 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
824 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
825 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
827 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
828 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
830 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
836 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
837 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
838 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
840 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
842 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
846 @cindex pitched trills
847 @cindex trills, pitched
849 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
850 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
851 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
852 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
854 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
855 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
859 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
860 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
861 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
862 The second measure illustrates this method:
864 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
865 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
867 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
869 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
871 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
878 @funindex \startTrillSpan
879 @code{\startTrillSpan},
880 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
881 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
890 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
894 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
897 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.