Merge branch 'master' of git://git.sv.gnu.org/lilypond.git into td-lily

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / user / expressive.itely

@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
    Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH

    When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
    version that you are working on.  See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore

@c \version "2.11.38"

@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks

@lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}

@menu
* Attached to notes::           
* Curves::                      
* Lines::                       
@end menu


@node Attached to notes
@subsection Attached to notes

@menu
* Articulations and ornamentations::  
* Dynamics::                    
* New dynamic marks::           
@end menu

@node Articulations and ornamentations
@subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations

@cindex articulations
@cindex scripts
@cindex ornaments

A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
this syntax:

@example
@var{note}\@var{name}
@end example

The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
articulations}.  For example:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
c1\fermata
@end lilypond

@cindex marcato
@cindex stopped
@cindex tenuto
@cindex staccatissimo
@cindex accent
@cindex staccato
@cindex portato

Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
signifying the articulation.  Predefined shorthands exist for
@notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
@notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
and @notation{portato}.  Their corresponding output appears as
follows:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4-^  c-+  c--  c-|
c->   c-.  c-_
@end lilypond

The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.  Articulations and ornamentations
may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.

@cindex espressivo
@cindex fermata
@cindex upbow
@cindex downbow
@cindex foot marks
@cindex organ pedal marks
@cindex turn
@cindex open
@cindex stopped
@cindex flageolet
@cindex reverseturn
@cindex trill
@cindex prall
@cindex mordent
@cindex prallprall
@cindex prallmordent
@cindex prall, up
@cindex prall, down
@cindex thumb marking
@cindex segno
@cindex coda
@cindex varcoda


@snippets

@c Once revised, add to LSR.

The shorthands are defined in @file{ly/@/script@/-init@/.ly},
where the variables @code{dashHat}, @code{dashPlus},
@code{dashDash}, @code{dashBar}, @code{dashLarger},
@code{dashDot}, and @code{dashUnderscore} are assigned default
values.  The default values for the shorthands can be modified.
For example, to associate the @code{-+} (@code{dashPlus})
shorthand with the @notation{trill} symbol instead of the default
@notation{+} symbol, assign the value @code{trill} to the variable
@code{dashPlus}:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\relative c'' { c-+ }
dashPlus = "trill"
\relative c'' { c-+ }
@end lilypond

The vertical ordering of scripts is controlled with the
@code{script-priority} property.  The lower this number, the
closer it will be put to the note.  In this example, the
@code{TextScript} (the sharp symbol) first has the lowest
priority, so it is put lowest in the first example.  In the
second, the @notation{prall trill} (the @code{Script}) has the
lowest, so it is on the inside.  When two objects have the same
priority, the order in which they are entered decides which one
comes first.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=3]
\once \override TextScript #'script-priority = #-100
a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp }

\once \override Script #'script-priority = #-100
a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp }
@end lilypond


@seealso

Music Glossary: @rglos{tenuto}, @rglos{accent}, @rglos{staccato},
@rglos{portato}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference: @rinternals{Script},
@rinternals{TextScript}.


@knownissues

These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
MIDI rendering of the music.


@node Dynamics
@subsubsection Dynamics

@cindex dynamics
@funindex \ppppp
@funindex \pppp
@funindex \ppp
@funindex \pp
@funindex \p
@funindex \mp
@funindex \mf
@funindex \f
@funindex \ff
@funindex \fff
@funindex \ffff
@funindex \fp
@funindex \sf
@funindex \sff
@funindex \sp
@funindex \spp
@funindex \sfz
@funindex \rfz

Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
such as @code{c4\ff}.  The available dynamic marks are
@code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
@code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
@code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
@code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}.  The dynamic marks may
be manually placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling
direction and placement}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2\ppp c\mp
c\rfz c^\mf
c_\spp c^\ff
@end lilypond

@cindex hairpin
@funindex \<
@funindex \>
@funindex \!
@funindex \cr
@funindex \decr

A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark.  A
@notation{decrescendo} mark is started with @code{\>} and is also
terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or another
@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark.  @code{\cr}
and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}.
@notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this notation.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2\< c\!
d2\< d\f
e2\< e\>
f2\> f\!
e2\> e\mp
d2\> d\>
c1\!
@end lilypond

A @notation{hairpin} normally starts at the left edge of the
beginning note and ends on the right edge of the ending note.  If
the ending note falls on the downbeat, the @notation{hairpin} ends
on the immediately preceding bar line.  The following example
illustrates this behavior:

@c This example currently does not work. -pm
@c TODO: Add link to new snippet for #'to-barline

Spacer notes are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4\< c\! d\> e\!
<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
@end lilypond

If hairpins are too short, they can be lengthened using the
following method:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4\< c\! d\> e\!
\override Voice.Hairpin #'minimum-length = #5
<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
@end lilypond

@cindex espressivo, articulation

In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
one note:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2 b4 a
g1\espressivo
@end lilypond

@cindex al niente
@cindex niente, al

Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation):

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t
c2\< c\!
c4\> c\< c2\!
@end lilypond

@cindex crescendo
@cindex decrescendo
@cindex diminuendo
@funindex \setTextCresc
@funindex \setTextDim
@funindex \setTextDecr
@funindex \setTextDecresc
@funindex \setHairpinCresc
@funindex \setHairpinDim
@funindex \setHairpinDecresc

Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as @notation{cresc.},
@notation{decresc.}, @notation{decr.}, or @notation{dim.} instead
of using hairpins with the commands @code{\setTextCresc},
@code{\setTextDecresc}, @code{\setTextDecr}, and
@code{\setTextDim}.  The corresponding @code{\setHairpinCresc},
@code{\setHairpinDim}, and @code{\setHairpinDecresc} will revert
to hairpins again:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\setTextCresc
c\< d e f\!
\setHairpinCresc
e\> d c b\!
\setTextDecresc
e\> d e f\!
\setTextDecr
c\> d e f\!
\setTextDim
e\> d c b\!
@end lilypond

You can also supply your own texts and change the style of the
spanner line with the properties @code{crescendoText},
@code{crescendoSpanner}, @code{decrescendoText}, and
@code{decrescendoSpanner}.  Available values for the spanner
properties are @code{hairpin}, @code{line}, @code{dashed-line},
and @code{dotted-line}.  If unset, a hairpin crescendo is used:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" }
\set crescendoSpanner = #'dotted-line
a'2\< a a a a a a a\!\mf
@end lilypond

To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.

Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.


@predefined

@funindex \dynamicUp
@code{\dynamicUp},
@funindex \dynamicDown
@code{\dynamicDown},
@funindex \dynamicNeutral
@code{\dynamicNeutral}.


@snippets

@c Add LilyPond examples to these snippets. -pm

Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be
vertically aligned.  If you want to ensure that dynamics are
aligned when they do not occur on the same note, you can increase
the @code{staff-padding} property.

@example
\override DynamicLineSpanner #'staff-padding = #4
@end example

@noindent
You may also use this property if the dynamics are colliding with
other notation.

@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line
break will be continued on the second line.  If they end on the
first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line.
To change this behavior, use

@example
\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
@end example

Text style dynamic changes (such as @notation{cresc.} and
@notation{dim.}) are printed with a dashed line showing their
extent.  To suppress printing this line, use

@example
\override DynamicTextSpanner #'dash-period = #-1.0
@end example


@seealso

@c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.

Music Glossary:
@rglos{crescendo},
@rglos{decrescendo}.

Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{DynamicText},
@rinternals{Hairpin},
@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.


@node New dynamic marks
@subsubsection New dynamic marks

It is possible to print new dynamic marks or text that should be
aligned with dynamics.  Use @code{make-dynamic-script} to create
these marks.  Note that the dynamic font only contains the
characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.

Some situations (such as dynamic marks) have preset font-related
properties.  If you are creating text in such situations, it is
advisable to cancel those properties with @code{normal-text}.  See
@ref{Text markup commands}, for more details.

@cindex make-dynamic-script

@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
\relative c' {
  c4 c c\sfzp c
}
@end lilypond

@cindex Dynamics, editorial
@cindex Dynamics, parenthesis

It is also possible to print dynamics in round parenthesis or
square brackets.  These are often used for adding editorial
dynamics.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
rndf = \markup{ \center-align {\line { \bold{\italic (}
  \dynamic f \bold{\italic )} }} }
boxf = \markup{ \bracket { \dynamic f } }
{ c'1_\rndf c'1_\boxf }
@end lilypond

@seealso

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.


@node Curves
@subsection Curves

@menu
* Slurs::                       
* Phrasing slurs::              
* Breath marks::                
* Falls and doits::             
@end menu

@node Slurs
@subsubsection Slurs

@cindex slurs

A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or
@emph{legato}.  They are entered using parentheses:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4)
<c e>2( <b d>2)
@end lilypond

Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with
@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either
@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the
default).  Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff,
see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c4_( c) c^( c)
@end lilypond

Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once.  To print
a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.


@predefined

@funindex \slurUp
@code{\slurUp},
@funindex \slurDown
@code{\slurDown},
@funindex \slurNeutral
@code{\slurNeutral},
@funindex \slurDashed
@code{\slurDashed},
@funindex \slurDotted
@code{\slurDotted},
@funindex \slurSolid
@code{\slurSolid}.


@snippets

Some composers write two slurs when they want legato chords.  This
can be achieved in LilyPond by setting @code{doubleSlurs},

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\set doubleSlurs = ##t
<c e>4 ( <d f> <c e> <d f> )
@end lilypond


@seealso

Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference: @rinternals{Slur}.


@node Phrasing slurs
@subsubsection Phrasing slurs

@cindex phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing marks
@funindex \(
@funindex \)

A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
indicate a musical sentence.  It is written using @code{\(} and
@code{\)} respectively:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\time 6/4 c'\( d( e) f( e) d\)
@end lilypond

Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
normal slur.  However, they are treated as different objects.  A
@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead,
use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.  Phrasing slurs may be manually
placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
and placement}.

You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.


@predefined

@funindex \phrasingSlurUp
@code{\phrasingSlurUp},
@funindex \phrasingSlurDown
@code{\phrasingSlurDown},
@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.


@seealso

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference: @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}


@node Breath marks
@subsubsection Breath marks

@cindex breath marks
@funindex \breathe

Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
c'4 \breathe d4
@end lilypond


@snippets

The glyph of the breath mark can be tuned by overriding the
@code{text} property of the @code{BreathingSign} layout object
with any markup text.  For example,

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
c'4
\override BreathingSign #'text
  = #(make-musicglyph-markup "scripts.rvarcomma")
\breathe
d4
@end lilypond


@seealso

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
@c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.

Internals Reference: @rinternals{BreathingSign}


@node Falls and doits
@subsubsection Falls and doits

@cindex falls
@cindex doits
@funindex \bendAfter

@notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
the @code{\bendAfter} command:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2-\bendAfter #+4
c-\bendAfter #-4
c-\bendAfter #+8
c-\bendAfter #-8
@end lilypond

The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when
writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.


@snippets

The @code{shortest-duration-space} property may have to be tweaked
to adjust the shape of @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.

@c Fix this snippet. The tweak does not work. -pm

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
\override Score.SpacingSpanner #'shortest-duration-space = #3.0
c4-\bendAfter #+5
c4-\bendAfter #-3
@end lilypond


@seealso

@c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
@c Music Glossary: @rglos{falls}, @rglos{doits}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.


@node Lines
@subsection Lines

@menu
* Glissando::                   
* Arpeggio::                    
* Trills::                      
@end menu

@node Glissando
@subsubsection Glissando

@cindex glissando
@funindex \glissando

A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch.  It is denoted
by a line or a wavy line between two notes.  A
@notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to
a note:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c2\glissando c'
\override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag
c2\glissando c,
@end lilypond


@snippets

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t

\relative c' <<
  { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\
  { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, }
>>
@end lilypond


@seealso

Music Glossary: @rglos{glissando}

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

@c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these.  -gp
@c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
@c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}

Internals Reference: @rinternals{Glissando}


@knownissues

Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
supported.


@node Arpeggio
@subsubsection Arpeggio

@cindex arpeggio
@cindex broken chord

You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a
@notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an
@code{\arpeggio} to the chord:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
<c e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond

A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket},
is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be
arpeggiated:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\arpeggioBracket
<c e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond

The direction of the arpeggio can be denoted by adding an
arrowhead to the wiggly line.  This is done with the commands
@code{arpeggioUp} and @code{arpeggioDown}.  @code{arpeggioNeutral}
reverts to the arrow-less version:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\new Voice {
  \arpeggioUp
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
  \arpeggioDown
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
  \arpeggioNeutral
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
}
@end lilypond


@predefined

@funindex \arpeggio
@code{\arpeggio},
@funindex \arpeggioUp
@code{\arpeggioUp},
@funindex \arpeggioDown
@code{\arpeggioDown},
@funindex \arpeggioNeutral
@code{\arpeggioNeutral},
@funindex \arpeggioBracket
@code{\arpeggioBracket}.


@snippets

In a @code{PianoStaff}, it is possible to let an arpeggio cross
between the staves by setting the property
@code{PianoStaff}.@code{connectArpeggios}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\new PianoStaff <<
  \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t
  \new Staff { <c' e g c>\arpeggio }
  \new Staff { \clef bass <c,, e g>\arpeggio }
>>
@end lilypond

The same can be accomplished in contexts other than
@code{PianoStaff} if the @code{Span_arpeggio_engraver} is included
in the Score context.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\score {
  \new StaffGroup {
    \set Score.connectArpeggios = ##t
    <<
      \new Voice \relative c' {
        <e g>4\arpeggio
      }
      \new Voice  \relative c {
        \clef bass
        <c e>4\arpeggio
      }
    >>
  }
  \layout {
    \context {
      \Score
      \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver"
    }
  }
}
@end lilypond

Similarly, an arpeggio can be drawn across notes in different
voices on the same staff if the @code{Span_arpeggio_engraver} is
moved to the Staff context:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\new Staff
\with {
  \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver"
} \relative c' {
  \set Staff.connectArpeggios = ##t
    <<
    {<e' g>4\arpeggio <d f> <d f>2 }
  \\
  {<d, f>2\arpeggio  <g b>2  }
  >>
}
@end lilypond


@seealso

@c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.

Music Glossary: @rglos{arpeggio}

Notation Reference: @ref{Ties}, for writing out arpeggios.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference: @rinternals{Arpeggio},
@rinternals{PianoStaff}.


@knownissues

It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
time.


@node Trills
@subsubsection Trills

@cindex trills
@funindex \trill

Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.

Long running @notation{trills} are made with
@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}.  In the
following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
combined with grace notes.  To achieve precise control of the
placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
c1 \afterGrace
d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] }
c4
@end lilypond

@cindex pitched trills

@notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
specified pitch can be typeset with the command
@code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:

@example
@code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
@end example

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
\pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
d\stopTrillSpan
@end lilypond

@noindent
The first argument is the main note.  The pitch of the second is
printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.


@predefined

@code{\startTrillSpan},
@funindex \startTrillSpan
@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
@funindex \stopTrillSpan


@seealso

Music Glossary: @rglos{trill}

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference: @rinternals{TrillSpanner}