1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
10 @section Expressive marks
12 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
21 @node Attached to notes
22 @subsection Attached to notes
25 * Articulations and ornamentations::
29 @node Articulations and ornamentations
30 @subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations
36 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
37 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
44 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
45 articulations}. For example:
47 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
48 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
60 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
61 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
62 consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
63 signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for
64 @notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
65 @notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
66 and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as
69 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
74 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
75 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
76 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
77 @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
84 @cindex organ pedal marks
105 @c Send these snippets to Valentin for the LSR.
107 The shorthands are defined in @file{ly/@/script@/-init@/.ly},
108 where the variables @code{dashHat}, @code{dashPlus},
109 @code{dashDash}, @code{dashBar}, @code{dashLarger},
110 @code{dashDot}, and @code{dashUnderscore} are assigned default
111 values. The default values for the shorthands can be modified.
112 For example, to associate the @code{-+} (@code{dashPlus})
113 shorthand with the @notation{trill} symbol instead of the default
114 @notation{+} symbol, assign the value @code{trill} to the variable
117 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
118 \relative c'' { c-+ }
120 \relative c'' { c-+ }
123 The vertical ordering of scripts is controlled with the
124 @code{script-priority} property. The lower this number, the
125 closer it will be put to the note. In this example, the
126 @code{TextScript} (the sharp symbol) first has the lowest
127 priority, so it is put lowest in the first example. In the
128 second, the @notation{prall trill} (the @code{Script}) has the
129 lowest, so it is on the inside. When two objects have the same
130 priority, the order in which they are entered decides which one
133 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=3]
134 \once \override TextScript #'script-priority = #-100
135 a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp }
137 \once \override Script #'script-priority = #-100
138 a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp }
144 Music Glossary: @rglos{tenuto}, @rglos{accent}, @rglos{staccato},
147 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
149 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Script},
150 @internalsref{TextScript}.
155 These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
156 MIDI rendering of the music.
160 @subsubsection Dynamics
181 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
182 like @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are @code{\ppppp},
183 @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p}, @code{\mp},
184 @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff}, @code{\ffff},
185 @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp}, @code{\spp},
186 @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may be manually
187 placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
190 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
193 c_\spp c_\staccato^\ff
203 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
204 terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. A
205 @notation{decrescendo} is started with @code{\>} and is also
206 terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. @code{\cr} and
207 @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}. They
208 can be engraved either using a graphical sign (a
209 @notation{hairpin}), or with textual signs.
211 Because these marks are bound to notes, you must use spacer notes
212 if multiple marks are needed during one note.
214 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
216 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\! \> s4\! } >>
219 This may give rise to very short hairpins. To lengthen them, the
220 following code can be used, for example:
223 \override Voice.Hairpin #'minimum-length = #5
227 A @notation{hairpin} normally starts at the left edge of the
228 beginning note and ends on the right edge of the ending note. If
229 the ending note falls on the downbeat, the @notation{hairpin} ends
230 on the immediately preceding bar line. The following example
231 illustrates this behavior:
233 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
235 \set hairpinToBarline = ##f
239 @cindex espressivo, articulation
241 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
242 suitable to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on the one note:
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
245 c2 b4 a g1\espressivo
251 Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation):
253 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
254 \override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t
262 @funindex \setTextCresc
263 @funindex \setTextDim
264 @funindex \setTextDecresc
265 @funindex \setHairpinCresc
266 @funindex \setHairpinDim
267 @funindex \setHairpinDecresc
269 You can use text saying @notation{cresc.}, @notation{decr.}, or
270 @notation{dim.} instead of hairpins with the commands
271 @code{\setTextCresc}, @code{\setTextDim}, and
272 @code{\setTextDecresc}. The corresponding
273 @code{\setHairpinCresc}, @code{\setHairpinDim}, and
274 @code{\setHairpinDecresc} will revert to hairpins again:
276 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
289 You can also supply your own texts and change the style of the
290 spanner line with the properties @code{\crescendoText},
291 @code{\crescendoSpanner}, @code{\decrescendoText}, and
292 @code{\decrescendoSpanner}. Available values for the spanner
293 properties are @code{hairpin}, @code{line}, @code{dashed-line},
294 and @code{dotted-line}. If unset, a hairpin crescendo is used:
296 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
297 \set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" }
298 \set crescendoSpanner = #'dotted-line
299 a'2\< a a a a a a a\!\mf
302 To create new dynamic marks or text that should be aligned with
303 dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
305 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
306 @internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}.
313 @funindex \dynamicDown
315 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
316 @code{\dynamicNeutral}.
321 Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be
322 vertically aligned. If you want to ensure that dynamics are
323 aligned when they do not occur on the same note, you can increase
324 the @code{staff-padding} property.
327 \override DynamicLineSpanner #'staff-padding = #4
331 You may also use this property if the dynamics are colliding with
334 @notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line
335 break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the
336 first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line.
337 To change this behavior, use
340 \override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
343 Text style dynamic changes (such as @notation{cresc.} and
344 @notation{dim.}) are printed with a dashed line showing their
345 extent. To suppress printing this line, use
348 \override DynamicTextSpanner #'dash-period = #-1.0
354 @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
356 Music Glossary: @rglos{crescendo}, @rglos{decrescendo}.
358 Learning Manual: @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
360 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
362 Internals Reference: @internalsref{DynamicText},
363 @internalsref{Hairpin}. Vertical positioning of these symbols is
364 handled by @internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}.
382 A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or
383 @emph{legato}. They are entered using parentheses:
385 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
386 f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4)
390 Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with
391 @code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either
392 @code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the
393 default). Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff,
394 see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
396 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
400 Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once. To print
401 a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
410 @funindex \slurNeutral
412 @funindex \slurDashed
414 @funindex \slurDotted
422 Some composers write two slurs when they want legato chords. This
423 can be achieved in LilyPond by setting @code{doubleSlurs},
425 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
426 \set doubleSlurs = ##t
427 <c e>4 ( <d f> <c e> <d f> )
433 Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}
435 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
437 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Slur}.
441 @subsubsection Phrasing slurs
443 @cindex phrasing slurs
444 @cindex phrasing marks
448 A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
449 indicate a musical sentence. It is written using @code{\(} and
450 @code{\)} respectively:
452 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
453 \time 6/4 c'\( d( e) f( e) d\)
456 Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
457 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects. A
458 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead,
459 use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
460 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. Phrasing slurs may be manually
461 placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
464 You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.
469 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
470 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
471 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
472 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
473 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
474 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
479 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
481 Internals Reference: @internalsref{PhrasingSlur}
485 @subsubsection Breath marks
490 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
492 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
499 The glyph of the breath mark can be tuned by overriding the
500 @code{text} property of the @code{BreathingSign} layout object
501 with any markup text. For example,
503 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
505 \override BreathingSign #'text
506 = #(make-musicglyph-markup "scripts.rvarcomma")
514 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
515 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
517 Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}
520 @node Falls and doits
521 @subsubsection Falls and doits
527 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
528 the @code{\bendAfter} command:
530 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
537 The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when
538 writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
543 The @code{shortest-duration-space} property may have to be tweaked
544 to adjust the shape of @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
546 @c Fix this snippet. The tweak does not work. -pm
548 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
549 \override Score.SpacingSpanner #'shortest-duration-space = #3.0
557 @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
558 @c Music Glossary: @rglos{falls}, @rglos{doits}.
560 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
573 @subsubsection Glissando
578 A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted
579 by a line or a wavy line between two notes. A
580 @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to
583 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
585 \override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag
592 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
593 I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t
596 { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\
597 { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, }
604 Music Glossary: @rglos{glissando}
606 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
608 @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
609 @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
610 @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
612 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Glissando}
617 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
622 @subsubsection Arpeggio
627 You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a
628 @notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an
629 @code{\arpeggio} to the chord:
631 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
635 A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket},
636 is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be
639 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
644 The direction of the arpeggio can be denoted by adding an
645 arrowhead to the wiggly line. This is done with the commands
646 @code{arpeggioUp} and @code{arpeggioDown}. @code{arpeggioNeutral}
647 reverts to the arrow-less version:
649 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
665 @funindex \arpeggioUp
667 @funindex \arpeggioDown
668 @code{\arpeggioDown},
669 @funindex \arpeggioNeutral
670 @code{\arpeggioNeutral},
671 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
672 @code{\arpeggioBracket}.
677 In a @code{PianoStaff}, it is possible to let an arpeggio cross
678 between the staves by setting the property
679 @code{PianoStaff}.@code{connectArpeggios}.
681 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
683 \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t
684 \new Staff { <c' e g c>\arpeggio }
685 \new Staff { \clef bass <c,, e g>\arpeggio }
689 The same can be accomplished in contexts other than
690 @code{PianoStaff} if the @code{Span_arpeggio_engraver} is included
691 in the Score context.
693 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
696 \set Score.connectArpeggios = ##t
698 \new Voice \relative c' {
701 \new Voice \relative c {
710 \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver"
716 Similarly, an arpeggio can be drawn across notes in different
717 voices on the same staff if the @code{Span_arpeggio_engraver} is
718 moved to the Staff context:
720 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
723 \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver"
725 \set Staff.connectArpeggios = ##t
727 {<e' g>4\arpeggio <d f> <d f>2 }
729 {<d, f>2\arpeggio <g b>2 }
737 @c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.
739 Music Glossary: @rglos{arpeggio}
741 Notation Reference: @ref{Ties}, for writing out arpeggios.
743 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
745 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Arpeggio},
746 @internalsref{PianoStaff}.
751 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
752 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
757 @subsubsection Trills
762 Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
763 articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
765 Long running @notation{trills} are made with
766 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
767 following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
768 combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the
769 placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.
771 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
773 d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] }
777 @cindex pitched trills
779 @notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
780 specified pitch can be typeset with the command
781 @code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:
784 @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
785 @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
788 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
789 \pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
794 The first argument is the main note. The pitch of the second is
795 printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
800 @code{\startTrillSpan},
801 @funindex \startTrillSpan
802 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
803 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
808 Music Glossary: @rglos{trill}
810 Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks}
812 Internals Reference: @internalsref{TrillSpanner}