1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
50 @cindex organ pedal marks
68 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
69 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
76 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
77 articulations}. For example:
79 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
80 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
92 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
93 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
94 consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
95 signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for
96 @notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
97 @notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
98 and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as
101 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
106 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
107 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
108 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
109 @ref{Direction and placement}.
114 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
115 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
117 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
118 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
130 @ref{Direction and placement},
131 @ref{List of articulations}.
134 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
137 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
141 @rinternals{TextScript}.
146 These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
147 MIDI rendering of the music.
151 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
153 @cindex absolute dynamics
155 @cindex dynamics, absolute
175 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
176 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
177 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
178 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
179 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
180 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
181 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
182 @ref{Direction and placement}.
184 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
197 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
198 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
199 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
200 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
201 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
202 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
203 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
206 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
216 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
218 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
220 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
223 @cindex espressivo articulation
225 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
226 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
229 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
238 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
239 instead of hairpins. The built-in commands that enable these text
240 modes are @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
241 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
242 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert to
245 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
256 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
257 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
259 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
260 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
267 @funindex \dynamicDown
269 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
270 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
271 @funindex \crescTextCresc
272 @code{\crescTextCresc},
273 @funindex \dimTextDim
275 @funindex \dimTextDecr
277 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
278 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
279 @funindex \crescHairpin
280 @code{\crescHairpin},
281 @funindex \dimHairpin
287 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
288 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
290 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
291 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
296 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
297 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
299 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
300 {vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes.ly}
302 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
303 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
305 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
306 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
311 @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
318 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
321 @ref{Direction and placement},
322 @ref{New dynamic marks}.
325 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
328 @rinternals{DynamicText},
329 @rinternals{Hairpin},
330 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
333 @node New dynamic marks
334 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
336 @cindex new dynamic marks
337 @cindex dynamic marks, new
339 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
340 @code{\markup} objects.
342 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
343 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
351 @cindex dynamics, editorial
352 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
354 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
355 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
356 in @ref{Formatting text}.
358 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
359 roundf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
360 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } }
361 boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
368 By default, markup objects are aligned to the left side of a note
369 head, but authentic dynamic marks are always centered on the note
370 head. New, centered dynamic marks can be created using the
373 @cindex make-dynamic-script
375 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
376 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
383 The dynamic font only contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and
384 @code{z}. In order to use other font families, it is necessary to
385 use markup mode in its Scheme form, as explained in
386 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
388 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
389 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup
390 #:normal-text "molto"
399 Font settings in markup mode are described in
400 @ref{Common markup commands}.
406 @ref{Formatting text},
407 @ref{Common markup commands},
408 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
411 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
417 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
418 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
429 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
433 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
435 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
441 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
442 @ref{Direction and placement}.
444 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
452 Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once.
453 For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
455 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
458 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
475 @funindex \slurNeutral
477 @funindex \slurDashed
479 @funindex \slurDotted
487 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
488 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
497 @ref{Direction and placement},
498 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
501 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
508 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
510 @cindex phrasing slurs
511 @cindex phrasing marks
515 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
516 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
517 @code{\)} respectively:
519 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
524 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
525 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
526 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
527 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
528 @ref{Direction and placement}.
530 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
531 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
533 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
536 Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
541 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
542 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
543 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
544 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
545 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
546 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
552 @ref{Direction and placement}.
555 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
558 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
562 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
567 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
569 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
573 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
574 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
579 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
580 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
583 @cindex railroad tracks
585 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
586 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
595 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
596 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
599 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
602 @node Falls and doits
603 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
609 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
610 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
611 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
612 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
613 @emph{beyond} the main note.
615 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
622 The dash (@tie{-}) immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
623 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
628 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
629 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
634 @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
640 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
646 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
647 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
656 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
661 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
664 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
669 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
674 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
675 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
687 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
689 @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
690 @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
691 @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
694 @rinternals{Glissando}.
699 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
704 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
708 @cindex chord, broken
710 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
711 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
713 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
717 The direction of an arpeggio is indicated by adding an arrowhead
718 to the wiggly line. The commands @code{\arpeggioArrowUp} and
719 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown} are used for this task.
720 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back to an arrow-less arpeggio:
722 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
731 The command @code{\arpeggioBracket} can be used to create a square
732 bracket on the left of a chord, indicating that the chord should
733 @emph{not} be arpeggiated. @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back
734 to a regular arpeggio:
736 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
744 A @emph{parenthesis} style bracket may be attached to a chord
745 construct instead of a square bracket.
747 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
755 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
756 information, see @ref{Ties}.
762 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
763 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
764 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
765 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
766 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
767 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
768 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
769 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
770 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
771 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
776 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
777 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
779 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
780 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
782 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
783 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
795 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
798 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
799 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
804 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
805 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
808 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
809 cross-staff arpeggios.
813 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
818 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
819 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
821 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
822 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
823 following example, the trill is combined with grace notes. To
824 achieve precise control over the placement of the grace notes, see
827 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
829 d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] }
833 @cindex pitched trills
834 @cindex trills, pitched
836 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
837 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
838 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
839 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
841 @c This syntax example doesn't look nice. -pm
844 @c @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
845 @c @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
848 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
849 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
853 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
854 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
855 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
856 The second measure illustrates this method:
858 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
859 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
861 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
863 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
865 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
872 @funindex \startTrillSpan
873 @code{\startTrillSpan},
874 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
875 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
884 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
888 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
891 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.