1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
23 @node Attached to notes
24 @subsection Attached to notes
27 * Articulations and ornamentations::
32 @node Articulations and ornamentations
33 @subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations
43 @cindex organ pedal marks
61 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
62 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
69 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
70 articulations}. For example:
72 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
73 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
85 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
86 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
87 consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
88 signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for
89 @notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
90 @notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
91 and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as
94 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
99 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
100 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
101 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
102 @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
107 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
108 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
110 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
111 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
123 @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
126 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
129 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
133 @rinternals{TextScript}.
138 These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
139 MIDI rendering of the music.
143 @subsubsection Dynamics
145 @cindex absolute dynamics
147 @cindex dynamics, absolute
167 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
168 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
169 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
170 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
171 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
172 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
173 be manually placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling
174 direction and placement}.
176 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
189 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
190 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
191 @notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. A
192 @notation{decrescendo} mark is started with @code{\>} and is also
193 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or another
194 @notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. @code{\cr}
195 and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}.
196 @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this notation.
198 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
208 Spacer notes are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
210 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
212 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
215 @cindex espressivo articulation
217 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
218 the appropriate choice to indicate a @notation{crescendo} and
219 @notation{decrescendo} on one note:
221 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
229 @funindex \setTextCresc
230 @funindex \setTextDim
231 @funindex \setTextDecr
232 @funindex \setTextDecresc
233 @funindex \setHairpinCresc
234 @funindex \setHairpinDim
235 @funindex \setHairpinDecresc
237 @notation{Crescendos} and @notation{decrescendos} can be engraved
238 as textual markings instead of hairpins. The built-in commands
239 that enable these text modes are @code{\setTextCresc},
240 @code{\setTextDecresc}, @code{\setTextDecr}, and
241 @code{\setTextDim}. The corresponding @code{\setHairpinCresc},
242 @code{\setHairpinDim}, and @code{\setHairpinDecresc} commands will
243 revert to hairpins again:
245 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
256 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
257 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
259 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
260 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
267 @funindex \dynamicDown
269 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
270 @code{\dynamicNeutral}.
275 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
276 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
278 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
279 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
284 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
285 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
287 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
288 {vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes.ly}
290 @c I can't figure this one out. Consider removing this. -pm
292 @notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line
293 break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the
294 first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line.
295 To change this behavior, use
298 \override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
301 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
302 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
304 @c The following snippet goes in input/new/
305 @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
306 @c {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
308 The text used for @notation{crescendos} and
309 @notation{decrescendos} can be changed by modifying the context
310 properties @code{crescendoText} and @code{decrescendoText}. The
311 style of the spanner line can be changed by modifying the
312 @code{'style} property of @code{DynamicTextSpanner}. The default
313 value is @code{'hairpin}, and other possible values include
314 @code{'line}, @code{'dashed-line}, and @code{'dotted-line}:
316 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
317 \set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" }
318 \set crescendoSpanner = #'text
319 \override DynamicTextSpanner #'style = #'dotted-line
329 @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
336 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
339 @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
342 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
345 @rinternals{DynamicText},
346 @rinternals{Hairpin},
347 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
350 @node New dynamic marks
351 @subsubsection New dynamic marks
353 @cindex new dynamic marks
354 @cindex dynamic marks, new
356 It is possible to print new dynamic marks or text that should be
357 aligned with dynamics. Use @code{make-dynamic-script} to create
358 these marks. Note that the dynamic font only contains the
359 characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
361 Some situations (such as dynamic marks) have preset font-related
362 properties. If you are creating text in such situations, it is
363 advisable to cancel those properties with @code{normal-text}. See
364 @ref{Text markup commands} for more details.
366 @cindex make-dynamic-script
368 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
369 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
375 @cindex dynamics, editorial
376 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
378 It is also possible to print dynamics in round parenthesis or
379 square brackets. These are often used for adding editorial
382 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
383 rndf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
384 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } }
385 boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
396 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
414 A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or
415 @emph{legato}. They are entered using parentheses:
417 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
418 f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4)
422 Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with
423 @code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either
424 @code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the
425 default). Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff,
426 see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
428 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
432 Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once. To print
433 a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
442 @funindex \slurNeutral
444 @funindex \slurDashed
446 @funindex \slurDotted
454 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
455 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
464 @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
467 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
474 @subsubsection Phrasing slurs
476 @cindex phrasing slurs
477 @cindex phrasing marks
481 A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
482 indicate a musical sentence. It is written using @code{\(} and
483 @code{\)} respectively:
485 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
486 \time 6/4 c\( d( e) f( e) d\)
489 Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
490 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects. A
491 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead,
492 use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
493 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. Phrasing slurs may be manually
494 placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
497 You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.
502 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
503 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
504 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
505 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
506 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
507 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
513 @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
516 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
519 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
523 @subsubsection Breath marks
528 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
530 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
537 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
538 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
544 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
545 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
548 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
551 @node Falls and doits
552 @subsubsection Falls and doits
558 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
559 the @code{\bendAfter} command:
561 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
568 The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when
569 writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.
574 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
575 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
580 @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
586 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
599 @subsubsection Glissando
604 A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted
605 by a line or a wavy line between two notes. A
606 @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to
609 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
611 \override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag
618 @c Modify, add description, and put in input/new/
619 @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
620 @c {suppressing-warnings-for-clashing-note-columns.ly}
622 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
623 I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t
626 { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\
627 { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, }
638 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
640 @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
641 @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
642 @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
645 @rinternals{Glissando}.
650 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
655 @subsubsection Arpeggio
659 @cindex chord, broken
661 @c Add documentation for new 'parenthesis' style arpeggio. Maybe
662 @c create a new \arpeggioParen command, or something similar. -pm
664 You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a
665 @notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an
666 @code{\arpeggio} to the chord:
668 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
672 A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket},
673 is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be
676 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
681 The direction of the arpeggio can be denoted by adding an
682 arrowhead to the wiggly line. This is done with the commands
683 @code{arpeggioUp} and @code{arpeggioDown}. @code{arpeggioNeutral}
684 reverts to the arrow-less version:
686 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
697 @notation{Arpeggios} can be explicitly written out using
698 @notation{ties}. For more information, see @ref{Ties}.
704 @funindex \arpeggioUp
706 @funindex \arpeggioDown
707 @code{\arpeggioDown},
708 @funindex \arpeggioNeutral
709 @code{\arpeggioNeutral},
710 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
711 @code{\arpeggioBracket}.
716 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
717 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
719 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
720 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
722 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
723 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
728 @c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.
737 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
740 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
741 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
746 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
747 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
752 @subsubsection Trills
757 Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
758 articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
760 Long running @notation{trills} are made with
761 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
762 following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
763 combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the
764 placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.
766 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
768 d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] }
772 @cindex pitched trills
773 @cindex trills, pitched
775 @notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
776 specified pitch can be typeset with the command
777 @code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:
780 @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
781 @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
784 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
785 \pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
790 The first argument is the main note. The pitch of the second is
791 printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
796 @code{\startTrillSpan},
797 @funindex \startTrillSpan
798 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
799 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
808 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
811 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.