1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
132 @ref{Direction and placement},
133 @ref{List of articulations}.
136 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
139 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
143 @rinternals{TextScript}.
147 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
149 @cindex absolute dynamics
151 @cindex dynamics, absolute
190 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
191 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
192 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
193 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
194 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
195 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
196 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
197 @ref{Direction and placement}.
199 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
218 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
219 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
220 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
221 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
222 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
223 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
224 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
227 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
237 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
239 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
240 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
242 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
244 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
247 @cindex espressivo articulation
249 @funindex \espressivo
252 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
253 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
256 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
262 @funindex \crescTextCresc
263 @funindex crescTextCresc
264 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
265 @funindex dimTextDecresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecr
267 @funindex dimTextDecr
268 @funindex \dimTextDim
270 @funindex \crescHairpin
271 @funindex crescHairpin
272 @funindex \dimHairpin
275 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
276 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
277 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
278 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
279 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
280 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
283 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
295 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
296 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
298 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
299 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
301 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
304 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
305 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
308 @funindex \dynamicDown
309 @funindex dynamicDown
310 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
311 @funindex dynamicNeutral
318 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
319 @code{\crescTextCresc},
322 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
323 @code{\crescHairpin},
329 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
330 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
332 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
333 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
338 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
339 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
341 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
342 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
344 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
345 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
347 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
348 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
360 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
363 @ref{Direction and placement},
364 @ref{New dynamic marks},
365 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
366 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
369 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
372 @rinternals{DynamicText},
373 @rinternals{Hairpin},
374 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
377 @node New dynamic marks
378 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
380 @cindex new dynamic marks
381 @cindex dynamic marks, new
383 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
384 @code{\markup} objects.
386 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
387 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
390 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
395 @cindex dynamics, editorial
396 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
397 @cindex editorial dynamics
403 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
404 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
405 in @ref{Formatting text}.
407 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
408 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
409 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
410 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
417 @cindex make-dynamic-script
418 @funindex make-dynamic-script
420 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
421 @code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only
422 contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
425 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
431 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as
432 its argument. In the following example, using
433 @code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of
434 markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note
437 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
438 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
439 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
441 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
442 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
443 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
444 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
446 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
451 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
452 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
454 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
455 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
456 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
464 Font settings in markup mode are described in
465 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
471 @ref{Formatting text},
472 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
473 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
474 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
475 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
478 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
484 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
485 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
496 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
500 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
502 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
508 @cindex slurs, manual placement
509 @cindex slurs, below notes
510 @cindex slurs, above notes
513 @funindex \slurNeutral
514 @funindex slurNeutral
516 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
517 @ref{Direction and placement}.
519 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
527 @cindex phrasing slur
528 @cindex multiple slurs
529 @cindex simultaneous slurs
530 @cindex slur, phrasing
531 @cindex slurs, multiple
532 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
534 Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once.
535 For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
548 @funindex \slurDashed
550 @funindex \slurDotted
555 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
558 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
583 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
584 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
593 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
596 @ref{Direction and placement},
597 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
600 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
607 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
609 @cindex phrasing slurs
610 @cindex phrasing marks
611 @cindex slur, phrasing
612 @cindex mark, phrasing
616 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
617 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
618 @code{\)} respectively:
620 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
625 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
626 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
627 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
628 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
629 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
630 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
632 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
633 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
634 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
635 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
636 @ref{Direction and placement}.
638 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
639 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
641 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
644 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
645 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
646 @cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
647 @cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
648 @cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
649 @cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
651 Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
656 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
657 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
658 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
664 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
667 @ref{Direction and placement}.
670 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
673 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
677 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
684 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
686 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
690 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
691 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
696 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
697 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
700 @cindex railroad tracks
702 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
703 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
712 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
713 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
716 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
719 @node Falls and doits
720 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
727 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
728 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
729 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
730 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
731 @emph{beyond} the main note.
733 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
740 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
741 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
746 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
747 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
757 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
763 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
764 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
773 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
779 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
782 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
787 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
792 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
793 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
805 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
808 @rinternals{Glissando}.
813 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
818 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
822 @cindex chord, broken
826 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
827 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
828 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
829 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
830 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
831 @funindex arpeggioNormal
833 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
834 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
836 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
840 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
841 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
843 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
853 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
854 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
856 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
857 @funindex arpeggioBracket
858 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
859 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
861 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
863 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
873 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
874 information, see @ref{Ties}.
879 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
880 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
881 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
882 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
883 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
888 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
889 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
891 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
892 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
894 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
895 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
907 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
910 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
911 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
916 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
917 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
918 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
920 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
921 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
924 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
925 cross-staff arpeggios.
929 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
935 @funindex \startTrillSpan
936 @funindex startTrillSpan
937 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
938 @funindex stopTrillSpan
940 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
941 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
943 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
944 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
946 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
952 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
953 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
954 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
956 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
958 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
962 @cindex pitched trills
963 @cindex trills, pitched
964 @funindex \pitchedTrill
965 @funindex pitchedTrill
967 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
968 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
969 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
970 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
972 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
973 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
977 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
978 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
979 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
981 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
982 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
983 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
984 The second measure illustrates this method:
986 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
987 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
989 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
991 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
993 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1000 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1001 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1010 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1014 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1016 Internals Reference:
1017 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.