1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
132 @ref{Direction and placement},
133 @ref{List of articulations}.
136 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
139 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
143 @rinternals{TextScript}.
147 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
149 @cindex absolute dynamics
151 @cindex dynamics, absolute
190 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
191 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
192 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
193 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
194 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
195 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
196 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
197 @ref{Direction and placement}.
199 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
218 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
219 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
220 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
221 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
222 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
223 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
224 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
227 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
237 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
239 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
240 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
242 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
244 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
247 @cindex espressivo articulation
249 @funindex \espressivo
252 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
253 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
256 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
262 @funindex \crescTextCresc
263 @funindex crescTextCresc
264 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
265 @funindex dimTextDecresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecr
267 @funindex dimTextDecr
268 @funindex \dimTextDim
270 @funindex \crescHairpin
271 @funindex crescHairpin
272 @funindex \dimHairpin
275 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
276 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
277 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
278 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
279 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
280 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
283 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
295 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
296 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
298 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
299 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
301 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
303 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
304 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
312 @funindex \dynamicDown
313 @funindex dynamicDown
315 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
316 @funindex dynamicNeutral
317 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
318 @code{\crescTextCresc},
321 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
322 @code{\crescHairpin},
328 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
329 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
331 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
332 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
337 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
338 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
340 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
341 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
343 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
344 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
346 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
347 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
352 @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
359 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
362 @ref{Direction and placement},
363 @ref{New dynamic marks},
364 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
365 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
368 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
371 @rinternals{DynamicText},
372 @rinternals{Hairpin},
373 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
376 @node New dynamic marks
377 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
379 @cindex new dynamic marks
380 @cindex dynamic marks, new
382 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
383 @code{\markup} objects.
385 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
386 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
389 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
394 @cindex dynamics, editorial
395 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
396 @cindex editorial dynamics
402 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
403 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
404 in @ref{Formatting text}.
406 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
407 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
408 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
409 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
416 @cindex make-dynamic-script
417 @funindex make-dynamic-script
419 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
420 @code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only
421 contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
423 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
424 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
430 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as
431 its argument. In the following example, using
432 @code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of
433 markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note
436 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
437 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
438 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
440 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
441 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
442 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
443 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
445 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
450 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
451 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
453 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
454 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
455 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
463 Font settings in markup mode are described in
464 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
470 @ref{Formatting text},
471 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
472 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
473 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
474 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
477 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
483 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
484 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
495 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
499 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
501 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
507 @cindex slurs, manual placement
508 @cindex slurs, below notes
509 @cindex slurs, above notes
512 @funindex \slurNeutral
513 @funindex slurNeutral
515 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
516 @ref{Direction and placement}.
518 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
526 @cindex phrasing slur
527 @cindex multiple slurs
528 @cindex simultaneous slurs
529 @cindex slur, phrasing
530 @cindex slurs, multiple
531 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
533 Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once.
534 For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
544 @funindex \slurDashed
546 @funindex \slurDotted
551 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
554 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
571 @funindex \slurNeutral
573 @funindex \slurDashed
575 @funindex \slurDotted
583 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
584 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
593 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
596 @ref{Direction and placement},
597 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
600 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
607 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
609 @cindex phrasing slurs
610 @cindex phrasing marks
611 @cindex slur, phrasing
612 @cindex mark, phrasing
616 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
617 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
618 @code{\)} respectively:
620 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
625 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
626 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
627 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
628 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
629 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
630 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
632 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
633 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
634 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
635 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
636 @ref{Direction and placement}.
638 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
639 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
641 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
644 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
645 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
646 @cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
647 @cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
648 @cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
649 @cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
651 Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
656 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
657 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
658 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
664 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
667 @ref{Direction and placement}.
670 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
673 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
677 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
683 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
685 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
689 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
690 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
695 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
696 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
699 @cindex railroad tracks
701 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
702 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
711 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
712 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
715 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
718 @node Falls and doits
719 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
726 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
727 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
728 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
729 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
730 @emph{beyond} the main note.
732 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
739 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
740 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
745 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
746 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
751 @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
757 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
763 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
764 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
773 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
779 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
782 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
787 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
792 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
793 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
805 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
807 @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
808 @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
809 @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
812 @rinternals{Glissando}.
817 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
822 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
826 @cindex chord, broken
829 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
830 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
831 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
832 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
833 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
834 @funindex arpeggioNormal
836 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
837 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
839 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
843 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
844 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
846 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
856 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
857 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
858 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
859 @funindex arpeggioBracket
860 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
861 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
863 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
865 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
875 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
876 information, see @ref{Ties}.
881 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
882 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
883 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
884 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
885 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
890 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
891 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
893 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
894 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
896 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
897 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
909 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
912 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
913 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
918 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
919 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
920 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
922 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
923 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
926 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
927 cross-staff arpeggios.
931 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
936 @funindex \startTrillSpan
937 @funindex startTrillSpan
938 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
939 @funindex stopTrillSpan
941 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
942 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
944 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
945 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
947 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
953 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
954 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
955 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
957 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
959 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
963 @cindex pitched trills
964 @cindex trills, pitched
965 @funindex \pitchedTrill
966 @funindex pitchedTrill
968 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
969 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
970 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
971 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
973 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
974 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
978 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
979 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
980 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
982 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
983 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
984 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
985 The second measure illustrates this method:
987 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
988 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
990 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
992 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
994 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1001 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1002 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1011 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1015 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1017 Internals Reference:
1018 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.