1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
23 @node Attached to notes
24 @subsection Attached to notes
27 * Articulations and ornamentations::
32 @node Articulations and ornamentations
33 @subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations
43 @cindex organ pedal marks
61 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
62 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
69 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
70 articulations}. For example:
72 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
73 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
85 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
86 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
87 consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
88 signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for
89 @notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
90 @notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
91 and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as
94 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
99 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
100 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
101 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
102 @ref{Direction and placement}.
107 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
108 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
110 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
111 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
123 @ref{Direction and placement}.
126 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
129 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
133 @rinternals{TextScript}.
138 These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
139 MIDI rendering of the music.
143 @subsubsection Dynamics
145 @cindex absolute dynamics
147 @cindex dynamics, absolute
167 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
168 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
169 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
170 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
171 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
172 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
173 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
174 @ref{Direction and placement}.
176 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
189 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
190 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
191 @notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. A
192 @notation{decrescendo} mark is started with @code{\>} and is also
193 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or another
194 @notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. @code{\cr}
195 and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}.
196 @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this notation.
198 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
208 Spacer notes are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
210 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
212 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
215 @cindex espressivo articulation
217 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
218 the appropriate choice to indicate a @notation{crescendo} and
219 @notation{decrescendo} on one note:
221 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
229 @funindex \setTextCresc
230 @funindex \setTextDim
231 @funindex \setTextDecr
232 @funindex \setTextDecresc
233 @funindex \setHairpinCresc
234 @funindex \setHairpinDim
235 @funindex \setHairpinDecresc
237 @notation{Crescendos} and @notation{decrescendos} can be engraved
238 as textual markings instead of hairpins. The built-in commands
239 that enable these text modes are @code{\setTextCresc},
240 @code{\setTextDecresc}, @code{\setTextDecr}, and
241 @code{\setTextDim}. The corresponding @code{\setHairpinCresc},
242 @code{\setHairpinDim}, and @code{\setHairpinDecresc} commands will
243 revert to hairpins again:
245 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
256 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
257 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
259 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
260 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
267 @funindex \dynamicDown
269 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
270 @code{\dynamicNeutral}.
275 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
276 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
278 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
279 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
284 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
285 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
287 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
288 {vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes.ly}
290 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
291 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
293 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
294 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
299 @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
306 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
309 @ref{Direction and placement}.
312 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
315 @rinternals{DynamicText},
316 @rinternals{Hairpin},
317 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
320 @node New dynamic marks
321 @subsubsection New dynamic marks
323 @cindex new dynamic marks
324 @cindex dynamic marks, new
326 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
327 @code{\markup} objects.
329 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
330 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
338 @cindex dynamics, editorial
339 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
341 Markup mode makes possible, for instance, to add
342 editorial dynamics, printed in round parenthesis or square
343 brackets. Its syntax is described in @ref{Formatting text}.
345 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
346 roundf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
347 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } }
348 boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
355 Markup objects are treated differently from authentic dynamic marks.
356 Defining dynamic objects that will be entered and printed exactly like
357 standard dynamic marks is also possible, using the following function:
359 @cindex make-dynamic-script
361 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
362 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
369 Note that the dynamic font only contains the characters
370 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}. To switch to other font families,
371 it is necessary to use markup mode in its Scheme form, as
372 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
374 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
375 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup
376 #:normal-text "molto"
385 Font settings in markup mode are described in
386 @ref{Common markup commands}.
392 @ref{Formatting text},
393 @ref{Common markup commands},
394 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
397 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
415 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
417 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
423 The direction of a @notation{slur} can be specified with
424 @code{\slurUp} or @code{\slurDown}. The @code{\slurNeutral}
425 command reverts back to the default slur direction.
426 @notation{Slurs} may be manually placed above or below the staff,
427 see @ref{Direction and placement}.
429 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
437 Different styles of @notation{slurs} may be created with the
438 commands @code{\slurDashed} and @code{slurDotted};
439 @code{\slurSolid} reverts back to the default @notation{slur}
442 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
452 Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once.
453 @notation{Phrasing slurs} must be used to print a long slur over
454 one or more small slurs. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
463 @funindex \slurNeutral
465 @funindex \slurDashed
467 @funindex \slurDotted
475 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
476 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
485 @ref{Direction and placement}.
488 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
495 @subsubsection Phrasing slurs
497 @cindex phrasing slurs
498 @cindex phrasing marks
502 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or @notation{phrasing marks}) that
503 indicate a musical sentence are written using the commands
504 @code{\(} and @code{\)} respectively:
506 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
511 Typographically, a @notation{phrasing slur} behaves almost exactly
512 like a normal @notation{slur}. However, they are treated as
513 different objects; a @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a
514 @notation{phrasing slur}. The commands @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
515 @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral} are used
516 instead. Phrasing slurs may be manually placed above or below the
517 staff, see @ref{Direction and placement}.
519 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
520 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
522 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
525 Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
530 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
531 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
532 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
533 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
534 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
535 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
541 @ref{Direction and placement}.
544 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
547 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
551 @subsubsection Breath marks
556 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
558 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
565 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
566 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
572 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
573 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
576 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
579 @node Falls and doits
580 @subsubsection Falls and doits
586 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
587 the @code{\bendAfter} command:
589 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
596 The dash (@tie{-}) immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
597 command is @emph{required} when writing @notation{falls} and
603 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
604 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
609 @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
615 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
628 @subsubsection Glissando
633 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
636 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
638 \override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag
645 @c Modify, add description, and put in input/new/
646 @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
647 @c {suppressing-warnings-for-clashing-note-columns.ly}
649 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
650 I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t
653 { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\
654 { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, }
665 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
667 @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
668 @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
669 @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
672 @rinternals{Glissando}.
677 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
682 @subsubsection Arpeggio
686 @cindex chord, broken
688 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a
689 @notation{broken chord}) is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio}
690 to the chord construct:
692 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
696 The direction of an @notation{arpeggio} is indicated by adding an
697 arrowhead to the wiggly line. The commands @code{\arpeggioUp} and
698 @code{\arpeggioDown} are used for this task.
699 @code{\arpeggioNeutral} reverts back to an arrow-less
702 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
711 The command @code{\arpeggioBracket} can be used to create a square
712 bracket on the left of a chord, indicating that the chord should
713 @emph{not} be arpeggiated. @code{\arpeggioNeutral} reverts back
714 to a regular arpeggio:
716 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
724 A @emph{parenthesis} style bracket may be attached to an
725 @notation{arpeggio} instead of a square bracket.
727 @c Maybe create a new \arpeggioParen command, or something
730 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
732 \override Arpeggio #'stencil = #ly:arpeggio::brew-chord-slur
733 \override Arpeggio #'X-extent = #ly:grob::stencil-width
739 @notation{Arpeggios} can be explicitly written out with
740 @notation{ties}. For more information, see @ref{Ties}.
746 @funindex \arpeggioUp
748 @funindex \arpeggioDown
749 @code{\arpeggioDown},
750 @funindex \arpeggioNeutral
751 @code{\arpeggioNeutral},
752 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
753 @code{\arpeggioBracket}.
758 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
759 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
761 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
762 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
764 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
765 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
770 @c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.
779 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
782 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
783 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
788 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
789 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
794 @subsubsection Trills
799 Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
800 articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
802 Long running @notation{trills} are made with
803 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
804 following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
805 combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the
806 placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.
808 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
810 d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] }
814 @cindex pitched trills
815 @cindex trills, pitched
817 @notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
818 specified pitch can be typeset with the command
819 @code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:
822 @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
823 @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
826 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
827 \pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
832 The first argument is the main note. The pitch of the second is
833 printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
838 @code{\startTrillSpan},
839 @funindex \startTrillSpan
840 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
841 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
850 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
853 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.