1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
132 @ref{Direction and placement},
133 @ref{List of articulations},
137 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
140 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
144 @rinternals{TextScript}.
148 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
150 @cindex absolute dynamics
152 @cindex dynamics, absolute
191 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
192 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
193 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
194 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
195 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
196 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
197 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
198 @ref{Direction and placement}.
200 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
219 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
220 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
221 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
222 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
223 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
224 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
225 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
228 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
238 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
240 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
241 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
243 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
245 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
248 @cindex espressivo articulation
250 @funindex \espressivo
253 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
254 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
257 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
263 @funindex \crescTextCresc
264 @funindex crescTextCresc
265 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
266 @funindex dimTextDecresc
267 @funindex \dimTextDecr
268 @funindex dimTextDecr
269 @funindex \dimTextDim
271 @funindex \crescHairpin
272 @funindex crescHairpin
273 @funindex \dimHairpin
276 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
277 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
278 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
279 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
280 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
281 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
284 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
296 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
297 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
299 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
300 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
302 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
305 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
306 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
309 @funindex \dynamicDown
310 @funindex dynamicDown
311 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
312 @funindex dynamicNeutral
318 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
319 @code{\crescTextCresc},
322 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
323 @code{\crescHairpin},
330 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
331 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
333 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
334 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
339 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
340 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
342 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
343 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
345 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
346 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
348 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
349 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
361 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
364 @ref{Direction and placement},
365 @ref{New dynamic marks},
366 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
367 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
370 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
373 @rinternals{DynamicText},
374 @rinternals{Hairpin},
375 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
378 @node New dynamic marks
379 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
381 @cindex new dynamic marks
382 @cindex dynamic marks, new
384 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
385 @code{\markup} objects.
387 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
388 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
391 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
396 @cindex dynamics, editorial
397 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
398 @cindex editorial dynamics
404 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
405 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
406 in @ref{Formatting text}.
408 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
409 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
410 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
411 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
418 @cindex make-dynamic-script
419 @funindex make-dynamic-script
421 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
422 @code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only
423 contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
425 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
426 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
432 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as
433 its argument. In the following example, using
434 @code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of
435 markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note
438 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
439 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
440 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
442 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
443 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
444 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
445 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
447 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
452 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
453 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
455 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
456 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
457 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
465 Font settings in markup mode are described in
466 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
472 @ref{Formatting text},
473 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
474 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
475 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
476 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
479 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
485 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
486 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
497 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
501 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
503 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
509 @cindex slurs, manual placement
510 @cindex slurs, below notes
511 @cindex slurs, above notes
514 @funindex \slurNeutral
515 @funindex slurNeutral
517 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
518 @ref{Direction and placement}.
520 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
528 @cindex phrasing slur
529 @cindex multiple slurs
530 @cindex simultaneous slurs
531 @cindex slur, phrasing
532 @cindex slurs, multiple
533 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
535 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
536 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
537 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
550 @funindex \slurDashed
552 @funindex \slurDotted
557 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
560 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
586 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
587 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
596 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
599 @ref{Direction and placement},
600 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
603 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
610 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
612 @cindex phrasing slurs
613 @cindex phrasing marks
614 @cindex slur, phrasing
615 @cindex mark, phrasing
619 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
620 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
621 @code{\)} respectively:
623 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
628 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
629 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
630 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
631 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
632 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
633 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
634 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
635 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
636 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
637 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
638 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
639 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
641 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
642 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
643 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
644 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
645 @ref{Direction and placement}.
647 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
648 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
650 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
653 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
654 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
655 @cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
656 @cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
657 @cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
658 @cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
660 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
662 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
663 style for phrasing slurs:
665 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
677 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
678 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
679 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
680 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
681 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
682 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
689 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
692 @ref{Direction and placement}.
695 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
698 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
702 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
709 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
711 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
715 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
716 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
721 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
722 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
725 @cindex railroad tracks
727 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
728 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
740 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
743 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
746 @node Falls and doits
747 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
754 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
755 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
756 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
757 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
758 @emph{beyond} the main note.
760 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
767 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
768 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
773 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
774 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
784 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
790 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
791 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
800 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
806 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
809 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
814 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
819 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
820 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
832 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
835 @rinternals{Glissando}.
840 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
845 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
849 @cindex chord, broken
853 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
854 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
855 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
856 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
857 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
858 @funindex arpeggioNormal
860 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
861 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
863 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
867 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
868 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
870 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
880 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
881 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
883 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
884 @funindex arpeggioBracket
885 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
886 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
888 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
890 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
900 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
901 information, see @ref{Ties}.
906 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
907 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
908 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
909 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
910 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
916 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
917 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
919 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
920 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
922 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
923 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
935 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
938 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
939 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
944 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
945 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
946 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
948 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
949 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
952 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
953 cross-staff arpeggios.
957 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
963 @funindex \startTrillSpan
964 @funindex startTrillSpan
965 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
966 @funindex stopTrillSpan
968 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
969 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
971 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
972 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
974 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
980 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
981 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
982 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
984 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
986 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
990 @cindex pitched trills
991 @cindex trills, pitched
992 @funindex \pitchedTrill
993 @funindex pitchedTrill
995 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
996 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
997 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
998 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1000 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1001 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1005 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1006 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1007 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1009 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1010 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1011 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1012 The second measure illustrates this method:
1014 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1015 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1017 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1019 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1021 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1027 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1028 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1038 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1042 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1044 Internals Reference:
1045 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.