1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
131 @ref{Direction and placement},
132 @ref{List of articulations},
136 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
139 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
143 @rinternals{TextScript}.
147 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
149 @cindex absolute dynamics
151 @cindex dynamics, absolute
190 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
191 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
192 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
193 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
194 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
195 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
196 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
197 @ref{Direction and placement}.
199 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
218 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
219 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
220 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
221 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
222 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
223 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
224 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
227 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
237 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
239 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
240 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
242 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
244 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
247 @cindex espressivo articulation
249 @funindex \espressivo
252 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
253 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
256 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
262 @funindex \crescTextCresc
263 @funindex crescTextCresc
264 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
265 @funindex dimTextDecresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecr
267 @funindex dimTextDecr
268 @funindex \dimTextDim
270 @funindex \crescHairpin
271 @funindex crescHairpin
272 @funindex \dimHairpin
275 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
276 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
277 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
278 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
279 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
280 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
283 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
295 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
296 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
298 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
299 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
301 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
304 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
305 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
308 @funindex \dynamicDown
309 @funindex dynamicDown
310 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
311 @funindex dynamicNeutral
317 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
318 @code{\crescTextCresc},
321 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
322 @code{\crescHairpin},
329 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
330 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
332 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
333 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
338 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
339 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
341 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
342 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
344 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
345 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
347 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
348 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
359 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
362 @ref{Direction and placement},
363 @ref{New dynamic marks},
364 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
365 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
368 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
371 @rinternals{DynamicText},
372 @rinternals{Hairpin},
373 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
376 @node New dynamic marks
377 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
379 @cindex new dynamic marks
380 @cindex dynamic marks, new
382 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
383 @code{\markup} objects.
385 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
386 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
389 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
394 @cindex dynamics, editorial
395 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
396 @cindex editorial dynamics
402 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
403 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
404 in @ref{Formatting text}.
406 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
407 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
408 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
409 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
416 @cindex make-dynamic-script
417 @funindex make-dynamic-script
419 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
420 @code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only
421 contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
423 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
424 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
430 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as
431 its argument. In the following example, using
432 @code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of
433 markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note
436 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
437 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
438 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
440 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
441 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
442 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
443 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
445 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
450 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
451 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
453 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
454 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
455 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
463 Font settings in markup mode are described in
464 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
469 @ref{Formatting text},
470 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
471 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
472 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
473 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
476 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
482 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
483 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
494 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
498 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
500 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
506 @cindex slurs, manual placement
507 @cindex slurs, below notes
508 @cindex slurs, above notes
511 @funindex \slurNeutral
512 @funindex slurNeutral
514 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
515 @ref{Direction and placement}.
517 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
525 @cindex phrasing slur
526 @cindex multiple slurs
527 @cindex simultaneous slurs
528 @cindex slur, phrasing
529 @cindex slurs, multiple
530 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
532 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
533 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
534 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
547 @funindex \slurDashed
549 @funindex \slurDotted
554 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
557 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
583 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
584 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
592 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
595 @ref{Direction and placement},
596 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
599 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
606 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
608 @cindex phrasing slurs
609 @cindex phrasing marks
610 @cindex slur, phrasing
611 @cindex mark, phrasing
615 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
616 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
617 @code{\)} respectively:
619 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
624 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
625 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
626 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
627 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
628 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
629 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
630 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
631 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
632 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
633 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
634 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
635 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
637 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
638 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
639 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
640 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
641 @ref{Direction and placement}.
643 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
644 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
646 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
649 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
650 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
651 @cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
652 @cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
653 @cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
654 @cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
656 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
658 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
659 style for phrasing slurs:
661 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
673 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
674 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
675 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
676 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
677 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
678 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
684 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
687 @ref{Direction and placement}.
690 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
693 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
697 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
704 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
706 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
710 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
711 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
716 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
717 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
720 @cindex railroad tracks
722 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
723 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
734 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
737 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
740 @node Falls and doits
741 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
748 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
749 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
750 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
751 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
752 @emph{beyond} the main note.
754 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
761 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
762 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
767 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
768 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
777 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
783 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
784 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
793 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
799 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
802 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
807 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
812 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
813 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
824 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
827 @rinternals{Glissando}.
832 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
837 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
841 @cindex chord, broken
845 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
846 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
847 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
848 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
849 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
850 @funindex arpeggioNormal
852 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
853 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
855 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
859 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
860 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
862 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
872 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
873 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
875 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
876 @funindex arpeggioBracket
877 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
878 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
880 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
882 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
892 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
893 information, see @ref{Ties}.
898 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
899 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
900 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
901 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
902 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
908 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
909 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
911 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
912 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
914 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
915 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
926 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
929 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
930 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
935 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
936 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
937 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
939 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
940 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
943 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
944 cross-staff arpeggios.
948 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
954 @funindex \startTrillSpan
955 @funindex startTrillSpan
956 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
957 @funindex stopTrillSpan
959 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
960 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
962 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
963 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
965 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
971 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
972 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
973 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
975 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
977 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
981 @cindex pitched trills
982 @cindex trills, pitched
983 @funindex \pitchedTrill
984 @funindex pitchedTrill
986 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
987 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
988 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
989 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
991 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
992 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
996 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
997 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
998 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1000 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1001 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1002 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1003 The second measure illustrates this method:
1005 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1006 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1008 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1010 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1012 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1018 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1019 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1028 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1032 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1034 Internals Reference:
1035 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.