1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
122 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
123 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
133 @ref{Direction and placement},
134 @ref{List of articulations},
138 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
141 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
145 @rinternals{TextScript}.
149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
151 @cindex absolute dynamics
153 @cindex dynamics, absolute
192 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
193 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
194 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
195 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
196 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
197 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
198 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
199 @ref{Direction and placement}.
201 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
220 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
221 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
222 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
223 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
224 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
225 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
226 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
229 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
239 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
241 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
242 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
246 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
249 @cindex espressivo articulation
251 @funindex \espressivo
254 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
255 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
258 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
264 @funindex \crescTextCresc
265 @funindex crescTextCresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
267 @funindex dimTextDecresc
268 @funindex \dimTextDecr
269 @funindex dimTextDecr
270 @funindex \dimTextDim
272 @funindex \crescHairpin
273 @funindex crescHairpin
274 @funindex \dimHairpin
277 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
278 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
279 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
280 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
281 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
282 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
285 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
297 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
298 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
300 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
301 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
303 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
306 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
307 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
310 @funindex \dynamicDown
311 @funindex dynamicDown
312 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
313 @funindex dynamicNeutral
319 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
320 @code{\crescTextCresc},
323 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
324 @code{\crescHairpin},
331 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
332 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
334 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
335 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
340 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
341 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
343 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
344 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
346 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
347 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
349 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
350 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
361 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
364 @ref{Direction and placement},
365 @ref{New dynamic marks},
366 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
367 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
370 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
373 @rinternals{DynamicText},
374 @rinternals{Hairpin},
375 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
378 @node New dynamic marks
379 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
381 @cindex new dynamic marks
382 @cindex dynamic marks, new
384 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
385 @code{\markup} objects.
387 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
388 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
391 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
396 @cindex dynamics, editorial
397 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
398 @cindex editorial dynamics
404 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
405 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
406 in @ref{Formatting text}.
408 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
409 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
410 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
411 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
418 @cindex make-dynamic-script
419 @funindex make-dynamic-script
421 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
422 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
425 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
431 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
432 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
433 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
434 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
435 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
436 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
437 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
438 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
439 attached to the same note head.
441 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
442 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
443 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
445 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
446 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
447 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
448 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
449 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
450 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
451 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
453 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
461 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
462 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
464 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
465 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
466 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
474 Font settings in markup mode are described in
475 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
480 @ref{Formatting text},
481 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
482 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
483 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
484 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
487 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
493 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
494 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
505 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
509 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
511 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
517 @cindex slurs, manual placement
518 @cindex slurs, below notes
519 @cindex slurs, above notes
522 @funindex \slurNeutral
523 @funindex slurNeutral
525 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
526 @ref{Direction and placement}.
528 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
536 @cindex phrasing slur
537 @cindex multiple slurs
538 @cindex simultaneous slurs
539 @cindex slur, phrasing
540 @cindex slurs, multiple
541 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
543 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
544 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
545 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
555 @funindex \slurDashed
557 @funindex \slurDotted
562 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
565 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
575 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
576 @funindex slurHalfDashed
577 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
578 @funindex slurHalfSolid
579 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
581 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
582 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
585 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
595 @funindex \slurDashPattern
596 @funindex slurDashPattern
597 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
599 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
601 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
603 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
605 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
623 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
624 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
625 @code{\slurDashPattern},
632 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
633 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
635 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
636 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
638 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
639 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
646 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
649 @ref{Direction and placement},
650 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
653 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
660 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
662 @cindex phrasing slurs
663 @cindex phrasing marks
664 @cindex slur, phrasing
665 @cindex mark, phrasing
669 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
670 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
671 @code{\)} respectively:
673 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
678 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
679 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
680 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
681 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
682 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
683 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
685 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
686 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
687 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
688 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
689 @ref{Direction and placement}.
691 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
692 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
694 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
697 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
698 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
699 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
700 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
701 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
702 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
704 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
706 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
707 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
708 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
709 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
710 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
711 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
712 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
713 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
714 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
715 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
716 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
717 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
719 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
720 style for phrasing slurs:
722 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
732 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
733 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
734 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
735 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
736 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
737 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
739 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
740 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
743 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
745 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
747 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
753 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
754 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
755 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
756 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
757 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
759 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
761 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
763 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
765 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
771 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
772 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
773 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
776 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
777 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
778 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
779 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
780 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
781 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
782 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
783 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
784 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
790 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
793 @ref{Direction and placement},
797 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
800 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
804 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
811 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
813 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
817 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
818 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
823 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
824 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
827 @cindex railroad tracks
829 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
830 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
841 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
844 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
847 @node Falls and doits
848 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
855 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
856 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
857 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
858 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
859 @emph{beyond} the main note.
861 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
868 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
869 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
874 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
875 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
884 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
890 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
891 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
900 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
906 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
909 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
914 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
919 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
920 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
931 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
934 @rinternals{Glissando}.
939 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
944 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
948 @cindex chord, broken
952 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
953 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
954 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
955 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
956 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
957 @funindex arpeggioNormal
959 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
960 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
962 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
966 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
967 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
969 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
979 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
980 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
982 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
983 @funindex arpeggioBracket
984 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
985 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
986 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
987 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
989 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
991 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
997 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1003 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1004 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1006 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1007 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1012 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1013 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1014 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1015 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1016 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1017 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1023 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1024 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1026 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1027 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1029 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1030 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1042 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1044 Internals Reference:
1045 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1047 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1052 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1053 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1054 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1056 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1057 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1060 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1061 cross-staff arpeggios.
1065 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1071 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1072 @funindex startTrillSpan
1073 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1074 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1076 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1077 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1079 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1080 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1082 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1088 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1089 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1090 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1092 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1094 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1098 @cindex pitched trills
1099 @cindex trills, pitched
1100 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1101 @funindex pitchedTrill
1103 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1104 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1105 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1106 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1108 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1109 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1113 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1114 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1115 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1117 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1118 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1119 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1120 The second measure illustrates this method:
1122 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1123 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1125 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1127 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1129 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1135 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1136 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1145 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1149 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1151 Internals Reference:
1152 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.